遥感震害指数与地面调查震害指数关系的定量研究
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摘要
地震是危及人民生命财产的突发式自然灾害,一次破坏性地震往往在极短时间内造成十分严重的灾害损失和人员伤亡,政府、科学家、公众都希望尽快地了解地震造成破坏的范围和震灾的严重程度,而这些也是有效地组织救灾和震后恢复重建的重要依据。许多震例表明,恰当的应急反应可以有效的减轻灾害,尤其是能减少人员的伤亡。而地震灾害信息的快速准确的获取是做出正确的应急反应的基础,因此灾害信息快速准确的获取就显得尤为重要。
遥感技术具有覆盖范围广、受地面状况影响小、图像获取方便,反映客观世界全面、直观等特点,因此遥感图像为震害快速评估提供了一种新的信息源。利用遥感数据评估震害,方便、迅速、效率高,一直是防灾减灾领域和遥感应用技术领域研究人员共同关注的问题。
现在利用遥感技术提取地震灾害信息的研究主要有两大类方法,计算机辅助的目视判读方法和还在不断发展的计算机自动/半自动识别震害的方法。目前利用遥感技术提取震害信息的方法主要是识别震害区域并通过一定手段将之显示出来,现在对严重破坏的区域已经能较好的识别,但是还没有达到定量的震害评估这一要求。定量震害评估要求使用定量的表示震害程度的指标,目前确定震害程度的宏观指标为地震烈度。倒塌率能在一定程度上定量地表示一个小范围内的震害程度,但是由于受房屋结构类型等的影响,仅通过倒塌率不能准确地对灾区进行损失评估。对比两个地方灾害的轻重时倒塌率并不是唯一有效的指标,因为即使两个地方房屋倒塌率一样,也可能由于房屋的结构类型的不同造成的经济损失和人员伤亡有较大差别。因此本文依据综合震害指数的概念提出了一个新的指标遥感震害指数,利用这一指标不仅可以定量的表示小范围内的震害程度,还可以有效的对比不同地区的震害严重程度。论文收集了新疆2003年2月24日巴楚-伽师地震的地面调查资料和64幅航空遥感图像,计算了地面调查的综合震害指数和遥感震害指数。在此基础上建立了遥感震害指数和地面调查震害指数的定量关系模型,并讨论了遥感图像分辨率的影响。该模型对遥感震害定量研究,进而利用遥感技术进行地震灾害快速评估以及地震应急救援等工作都有着重要意义。
具体地说,本文的研究内容如下:
1.在综合震害指数概念的基础上,提出了遥感震害指数的概念,建立了遥感震害指数计算模型。
2.建立了中国西部各种典型结构房屋平均震害指数的关系模型。
3.以2003年2月24日新疆巴楚-伽师地震为实例,处理了地面调查数据和遥感图像,建立了遥感震害指数与地面调查震害指数的关系模型。
4.研究影响遥感震害指数和地面调查震害指数定量关系模型的因素-图像分辨率,完善了所得模型。
Earthquake is a natural disaster occurred suddenly and can be dangerous to people’s lives and property. A destructive earthquake may cause a lot of property loss in less than a minute. The government, the public and the scientists would like to know the damage range and severity as soon as possible, which may be helpful for the rescuing and reconstruction of the damage area. Many earthquakes indicate that right emergency measure can reduce the loss in a certain degree and can reduce the life loss especially. The more quickly that the accurate information of earthquake damage can be obtained, the more right decision can be made after the earthquake. Then, it is just important to obtain the damage information after the earthquake.
The remote sensing technology has a wide view, rarely affected by the ground activity, and the image can be obtained easily, which mirror the objective world entirely and intuitionally. And the remote sensing image can be an information source for earthquake damage rapid estimation. Applying remote sensing technology to estimate the damage caused by earthquake can be convenient, rapid and can achieve high efficiency. Therefore, how to apply the remote sensing technology to extract damage information is always the topic concerned by people. Now there are two kinds of method to extract the damage information from the remote sensing image, visual interpreta- tion and auto or semi-auto extract the damage information throw the digital image processing. The research of the application of remote sensing technology to abstract damage information from the images focuses on the displaying of damage area and the undamaged area in different colors. There is no effective index to indicate the different damage degree in a quantitative way, although an index called collapse rate can description the damage quantitatively in a certain degree. For example, two damage areas can have same collapse rate, but the damage degree or the loss can be different because of the different types of buildings. Then in this case, collapse rate is not an effective index. According to this, the author proposed a new index called Remote Sensing Damage Index (RSDI) to measure the damage degree in quantitative way. To apply the new index, the author collected the investigation material and remote sensing images of the Bachu-Jiashi Earthquake Ms6.8 occurred on Feb.24th, 2003 in Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China. After processing the field investigation data and remote sensing images, a relation model between RSDI and CMDI based on the groud survey was obtained. Then, the factor resolution of images was taken to account to make the model better.
In detail, the research content can be listed here:
1 According to the concept of Compositive Mean Damage Index, an index called Remote Sensing Damage Index was proposed and the model of calculating it was established. .
2 The model of relation between different type buildings’Mean Damage Index in West China was established.
3 Take the Bachu-Jiashi Ms6.8 earthquake which occurred on Feb.24th, 2003 as an example, the field investigation data and the aerial photos was processed. Then, a model of relation between the RSDI and CMDI was obtained.
4 Take the resolution of the aerial photos as a factor to account, the author made the relation between the RSDI and CMDI better.
遥感技术具有覆盖范围广、受地面状况影响小、图像获取方便,反映客观世界全面、直观等特点,因此遥感图像为震害快速评估提供了一种新的信息源。利用遥感数据评估震害,方便、迅速、效率高,一直是防灾减灾领域和遥感应用技术领域研究人员共同关注的问题。
现在利用遥感技术提取地震灾害信息的研究主要有两大类方法,计算机辅助的目视判读方法和还在不断发展的计算机自动/半自动识别震害的方法。目前利用遥感技术提取震害信息的方法主要是识别震害区域并通过一定手段将之显示出来,现在对严重破坏的区域已经能较好的识别,但是还没有达到定量的震害评估这一要求。定量震害评估要求使用定量的表示震害程度的指标,目前确定震害程度的宏观指标为地震烈度。倒塌率能在一定程度上定量地表示一个小范围内的震害程度,但是由于受房屋结构类型等的影响,仅通过倒塌率不能准确地对灾区进行损失评估。对比两个地方灾害的轻重时倒塌率并不是唯一有效的指标,因为即使两个地方房屋倒塌率一样,也可能由于房屋的结构类型的不同造成的经济损失和人员伤亡有较大差别。因此本文依据综合震害指数的概念提出了一个新的指标遥感震害指数,利用这一指标不仅可以定量的表示小范围内的震害程度,还可以有效的对比不同地区的震害严重程度。论文收集了新疆2003年2月24日巴楚-伽师地震的地面调查资料和64幅航空遥感图像,计算了地面调查的综合震害指数和遥感震害指数。在此基础上建立了遥感震害指数和地面调查震害指数的定量关系模型,并讨论了遥感图像分辨率的影响。该模型对遥感震害定量研究,进而利用遥感技术进行地震灾害快速评估以及地震应急救援等工作都有着重要意义。
具体地说,本文的研究内容如下:
1.在综合震害指数概念的基础上,提出了遥感震害指数的概念,建立了遥感震害指数计算模型。
2.建立了中国西部各种典型结构房屋平均震害指数的关系模型。
3.以2003年2月24日新疆巴楚-伽师地震为实例,处理了地面调查数据和遥感图像,建立了遥感震害指数与地面调查震害指数的关系模型。
4.研究影响遥感震害指数和地面调查震害指数定量关系模型的因素-图像分辨率,完善了所得模型。
Earthquake is a natural disaster occurred suddenly and can be dangerous to people’s lives and property. A destructive earthquake may cause a lot of property loss in less than a minute. The government, the public and the scientists would like to know the damage range and severity as soon as possible, which may be helpful for the rescuing and reconstruction of the damage area. Many earthquakes indicate that right emergency measure can reduce the loss in a certain degree and can reduce the life loss especially. The more quickly that the accurate information of earthquake damage can be obtained, the more right decision can be made after the earthquake. Then, it is just important to obtain the damage information after the earthquake.
The remote sensing technology has a wide view, rarely affected by the ground activity, and the image can be obtained easily, which mirror the objective world entirely and intuitionally. And the remote sensing image can be an information source for earthquake damage rapid estimation. Applying remote sensing technology to estimate the damage caused by earthquake can be convenient, rapid and can achieve high efficiency. Therefore, how to apply the remote sensing technology to extract damage information is always the topic concerned by people. Now there are two kinds of method to extract the damage information from the remote sensing image, visual interpreta- tion and auto or semi-auto extract the damage information throw the digital image processing. The research of the application of remote sensing technology to abstract damage information from the images focuses on the displaying of damage area and the undamaged area in different colors. There is no effective index to indicate the different damage degree in a quantitative way, although an index called collapse rate can description the damage quantitatively in a certain degree. For example, two damage areas can have same collapse rate, but the damage degree or the loss can be different because of the different types of buildings. Then in this case, collapse rate is not an effective index. According to this, the author proposed a new index called Remote Sensing Damage Index (RSDI) to measure the damage degree in quantitative way. To apply the new index, the author collected the investigation material and remote sensing images of the Bachu-Jiashi Earthquake Ms6.8 occurred on Feb.24th, 2003 in Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China. After processing the field investigation data and remote sensing images, a relation model between RSDI and CMDI based on the groud survey was obtained. Then, the factor resolution of images was taken to account to make the model better.
In detail, the research content can be listed here:
1 According to the concept of Compositive Mean Damage Index, an index called Remote Sensing Damage Index was proposed and the model of calculating it was established. .
2 The model of relation between different type buildings’Mean Damage Index in West China was established.
3 Take the Bachu-Jiashi Ms6.8 earthquake which occurred on Feb.24th, 2003 as an example, the field investigation data and the aerial photos was processed. Then, a model of relation between the RSDI and CMDI was obtained.
4 Take the resolution of the aerial photos as a factor to account, the author made the relation between the RSDI and CMDI better.
引文
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[3] 李德仁.浅论 21 世纪遥感与 GIS 的发展 [J]. 东北测绘,2002,5(4):3-5
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