汉语新闻电视访谈会话研究
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摘要
自二十世纪六十年代末以来，语言学家对会话的研究不断深入。以前国内、外对于电视新闻访谈会话的研究都是以英语节目为语料的。随着国人文化生活的日益丰富，国内电视媒体出现了大量访谈会话类节目。此类访谈节目以问答会话为谈话形式，邀请社会新闻热点人物为访谈对象。其中有体现时代特征的嘉宾访谈；有具有一定社会影响力的名人访谈；还有与当前焦点话题相关的人物访谈；专业性很强的学者、专家访谈等等。大量的汉语访谈节目为本研究提供了现实依据，本研究在电视新闻访谈会话这种特殊的会话机构中，以会话合作原则为指导，对于新闻访谈语言的积极社会效果会话目的进行了分析。
本文试图论证：汉语电视新闻访谈会话在会话合作原则的指导下，达到了积极社会效果的会话目的。具体从三方面来论证：(1)电视访谈会话的话轮转换不同于一般的日常会话，其问答形式的话轮转换是为了积极社会效果会话目的的实现；(2)电视访谈会话的目的听众是电视观众，电视作为一种社会传媒工具，要求以创造积极社会效果为会话目的；(3)普遍认为采访人在访谈过程中对于被访人的会话内容采取中立态度，但是在汉语的语料中发现，为了使会话取得积极社会效果，采访人违反了中立立场。这种对于中立的违反有时以电视观众利益为取向，有时以被访人利益为取向。并且这种非中立立场是有限度的，是以积极社会效果为目的的。
This thesis, based on a thorough investigation of Chinese TV news interviews in line with the Conversation Analysis Approach, proposes that Chinese TV news interviews, guided by the Cooperative Principle, can achieve positive social effects.
This hypothesis is attested to from three aspects: (1) The question-answer format turn-taking of TV news interviews, different from that of ordinary conversation, is aimed for positive social effects; (2) As a social media tool, TV news interview talk has its own target audience, and is required to create positive social effects; (3) Previous studies conclude that the interviewer takes a neutral stance towards the interviewee's utterances. But this thesis demonstrates that the interviewer violates the neutralistic stance in order to achieve positive social effects, either for benefits of the audience or for benefits of the interviewee. In each case, however, the non-neutralism is intended for positive social effects.
Since the 1960s, the research on the conversation analysis has been broadened by linguists worldwide. Previous studies on TV news interview talk were based on the English language data. Moreover, there appear a lot of TV news interview talk programs in China nowadays. Usually, this kind of interview programs takes a one to one, face to face, question-answer format. Interviewees are celebrities, professional scholars, experts or specialists and so on. Based on the Chinese data, the thesis offers an analysis of the positive social effects conversation purpose in the institutional TV news interview talk.
本文试图论证：汉语电视新闻访谈会话在会话合作原则的指导下，达到了积极社会效果的会话目的。具体从三方面来论证：(1)电视访谈会话的话轮转换不同于一般的日常会话，其问答形式的话轮转换是为了积极社会效果会话目的的实现；(2)电视访谈会话的目的听众是电视观众，电视作为一种社会传媒工具，要求以创造积极社会效果为会话目的；(3)普遍认为采访人在访谈过程中对于被访人的会话内容采取中立态度，但是在汉语的语料中发现，为了使会话取得积极社会效果，采访人违反了中立立场。这种对于中立的违反有时以电视观众利益为取向，有时以被访人利益为取向。并且这种非中立立场是有限度的，是以积极社会效果为目的的。
This thesis, based on a thorough investigation of Chinese TV news interviews in line with the Conversation Analysis Approach, proposes that Chinese TV news interviews, guided by the Cooperative Principle, can achieve positive social effects.
This hypothesis is attested to from three aspects: (1) The question-answer format turn-taking of TV news interviews, different from that of ordinary conversation, is aimed for positive social effects; (2) As a social media tool, TV news interview talk has its own target audience, and is required to create positive social effects; (3) Previous studies conclude that the interviewer takes a neutral stance towards the interviewee's utterances. But this thesis demonstrates that the interviewer violates the neutralistic stance in order to achieve positive social effects, either for benefits of the audience or for benefits of the interviewee. In each case, however, the non-neutralism is intended for positive social effects.
Since the 1960s, the research on the conversation analysis has been broadened by linguists worldwide. Previous studies on TV news interview talk were based on the English language data. Moreover, there appear a lot of TV news interview talk programs in China nowadays. Usually, this kind of interview programs takes a one to one, face to face, question-answer format. Interviewees are celebrities, professional scholars, experts or specialists and so on. Based on the Chinese data, the thesis offers an analysis of the positive social effects conversation purpose in the institutional TV news interview talk.
引文
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Button, G. 1987b. Answers as interactional products. Two sequential practicws Used in interviews. Social Psychology Quarterly.
Button, G. 1988/9. Topic initiation: business at hand. Research on Language and Social Interaction. Cambridge University Press
Button, G. and Casey, N. 1984: Generating Topic: The Use of Topic Initial Elicitor. In Atkinson and Heritage 1984.
Button, G and Lee, J. R. E. 1987: Talk and Social Organization. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Button, G. 1990. On members' time. In B. Conein, M.de Fornel.and L. Quere(eds.) Les Formes de la Conversation, vol. I. Pairs: CNET
Button, G. 1993. Technology in Working Order. London: Routledge.
Chafe, W. 1970. Meaning and Structure of Language. University of Chicago Press
Clayman, S. 1986. "Making News Through Talk: the organization of turn taking in televised news interviews". Paper presented at the Conference on Talk and Social Structure, Santa Barbara. Conversation Analysis
Clayman, S.1987. Generating news: the International organization of news interviews. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Sociology. University of California, Santa Barbara.
Clayman, S.1988. Displaying neutrality in television news interviews. Social Problems, 35(4): 100-475
Comstock, J. & Strzyewski, K. 1980. Interpersonal Interaction on Television.. Family conflict and jealousy on primetime. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 34, 263-282.
David R. Evans, Margaret T. Hearn, Max R. Uhlemann, Allen E. Lvey, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, Pacific Grove, California 93950, 1979. Essential Interviewing: A Programmed Approach to Effective Communication. A division of Wadsworth, Inc.
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Drew, Paul and John Heritage. 1992. Talk at Work. Cambridge: Cambridge Universtity Press
Duncan, S. and Fiske, S. 1985. The Turn System. Interaction Structure and Strategy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Fairclough, N. 1988b: Discourse Representation in Media Discourse. Sociolinguistics, 17, 39-125.
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Fairclough, Norman. 1989. Language and Power. Longman.
Fairclough, Norman. 1992. Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.
Fairclough, Norman. 1995. Media Discourse . London: Edward Arnold.
Gillian Brown & George Yule. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Printed in Great Britain at the Pitman Press, Bath.
Glenn Starlin & Ronald Sherriffs. 1971. Speech Communication via radio and television. WM.C.BROWN Company Publisher, Dubuque, Iowa, Printed in the United States of America
Goffman, E. 1976. Replies and Responses. Languange in Society, 5: 200-300
Goffman, E. 1981a. Forms of Talk. Oxford: Blackwell
Goffman, E. 1981c. Footing. In E. Goffman, Forms of Talk. Oxford: Blackwell,pp. 59-124
Goffman, E. 1983. The Interaction Order. American Sociological Review, 48(1): 1-17
Grice, H.P. 1975. Logic and Conversation. New York Academic Press
Graham,Button. 1998. 0 Foundational Relationships between Ethnomethodology and System Design. 60-86
Graham Button. 1993. Supporting the Design Process within an Organisational Context. p.46-59.
Greatbatch, D. 1985. The Social organization of news interview interaction. Unpublished PhD. Dissertation, University of Warwick, England/
Greatbatch, D.1988. A turn taking system for British news interviews Language in Society, 17: 300-400
Harvey Sacks. 1974. A simplest Systematic for the Organization of Turn-taking for Conversation [J]. Language,(50)
Hayashi, R. 1991. "Floor Structure of English and Japanese Conversation", Journal of Pragmatics. 16:1-30
Heritage, J.C.& D.R. Watson. 1979. Formulations as Conversational Objects. In: Psathas ed. Everyday Language: Studies in Ethnomethodology, Irvington.
Heritage, J. 1984b. A Change-of-state token and aspects of its sequential placement. Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis. Cambrideg: Cambridge University Press, pp. 200-300.
Heritage, J. 1985: Analyzing News Interview: aspects of the production of talk for an overhearing audience. In van Dijk 1985a. vol.3, London: Academic Press
Heritage, J and Greatbatch, D. 1991. "On the institutitional character of institutional talk: the case of news interviews". Talk and Social Structure. Cambridge: Polity Press. pp: 93-130
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Atkinson, J.M.& J.Heritage.1984. Structures of Social Action. Studies in Conversation Analysis. Cambridge University Press
Austin, J.L. 1962. How to do Things with Words. Oxford Clarendon Press
Brown, G. and Yule, G. 1983: Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge U. P.
Brown, P. & S. Levinson. Universals in Language Usage: Politeness Phenomena. In Goody, E. N. (ed.) Questions and Politeness: Strategies in Social Interaction, Cambridge University Press, 1978.
Button, G. 1987a. Moving out of closings. In G. Button and J.R. E. Lee. Talk and Social Organization. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. 51-106
Button, G. 1987b. Answers as interactional products. Two sequential practicws Used in interviews. Social Psychology Quarterly.
Button, G. 1988/9. Topic initiation: business at hand. Research on Language and Social Interaction. Cambridge University Press
Button, G. and Casey, N. 1984: Generating Topic: The Use of Topic Initial Elicitor. In Atkinson and Heritage 1984.
Button, G and Lee, J. R. E. 1987: Talk and Social Organization. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Button, G. 1990. On members' time. In B. Conein, M.de Fornel.and L. Quere(eds.) Les Formes de la Conversation, vol. I. Pairs: CNET
Button, G. 1993. Technology in Working Order. London: Routledge.
Chafe, W. 1970. Meaning and Structure of Language. University of Chicago Press
Clayman, S. 1986. "Making News Through Talk: the organization of turn taking in televised news interviews". Paper presented at the Conference on Talk and Social Structure, Santa Barbara. Conversation Analysis
Clayman, S.1987. Generating news: the International organization of news interviews. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Sociology. University of California, Santa Barbara.
Clayman, S.1988. Displaying neutrality in television news interviews. Social Problems, 35(4): 100-475
Comstock, J. & Strzyewski, K. 1980. Interpersonal Interaction on Television.. Family conflict and jealousy on primetime. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 34, 263-282.
David R. Evans, Margaret T. Hearn, Max R. Uhlemann, Allen E. Lvey, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, Pacific Grove, California 93950, 1979. Essential Interviewing: A Programmed Approach to Effective Communication. A division of Wadsworth, Inc.
David R. Evans, Margaret T. Hearn, Max R. Uhlemann, Allen E. Lvey, 1984. Essential Interviewing: A Programmed Approach to Effective Communication,Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, Pacific Grove, California, 2~(ND) Edition.
Drew, Paul and John Heritage. 1992. Talk at Work. Cambridge: Cambridge Universtity Press
Duncan, S. and Fiske, S. 1985. The Turn System. Interaction Structure and Strategy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Edelshy, C. 1993. Gender Patters Revisited in S. Herring(ed.) Computer-Mediated Conversation. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Edelsky, Carole. 1991. With Literacy and Justice for all: Rethinking the Social in Language and education. London: Falmer
Edwin T. Cornelius. JR. 1981. Interview. Longman New York.
Fairclough, N. 1988b: Discourse Representation in Media Discourse. Sociolinguistics, 17, 39-125.
Fairclough, N. 1988c: Linguistic and Social Change, and Consequences for Language Education. Centre for Language in Social Life Research Paper, 2. Unversity of Lancaster.
Fairclough, Norman. 1989. Language and Power. Longman.
Fairclough, Norman. 1992. Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.
Fairclough, Norman. 1995. Media Discourse . London: Edward Arnold.
Gillian Brown & George Yule. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Printed in Great Britain at the Pitman Press, Bath.
Glenn Starlin & Ronald Sherriffs. 1971. Speech Communication via radio and television. WM.C.BROWN Company Publisher, Dubuque, Iowa, Printed in the United States of America
Goffman, E. 1976. Replies and Responses. Languange in Society, 5: 200-300
Goffman, E. 1981a. Forms of Talk. Oxford: Blackwell
Goffman, E. 1981c. Footing. In E. Goffman, Forms of Talk. Oxford: Blackwell,pp. 59-124
Goffman, E. 1983. The Interaction Order. American Sociological Review, 48(1): 1-17
Grice, H.P. 1975. Logic and Conversation. New York Academic Press
Graham,Button. 1998. 0 Foundational Relationships between Ethnomethodology and System Design. 60-86
Graham Button. 1993. Supporting the Design Process within an Organisational Context. p.46-59.
Greatbatch, D. 1985. The Social organization of news interview interaction. Unpublished PhD. Dissertation, University of Warwick, England/
Greatbatch, D.1988. A turn taking system for British news interviews Language in Society, 17: 300-400
Harvey Sacks. 1974. A simplest Systematic for the Organization of Turn-taking for Conversation [J]. Language,(50)
Hayashi, R. 1991. "Floor Structure of English and Japanese Conversation", Journal of Pragmatics. 16:1-30
Heritage, J.C.& D.R. Watson. 1979. Formulations as Conversational Objects. In: Psathas ed. Everyday Language: Studies in Ethnomethodology, Irvington.
Heritage, J. 1984b. A Change-of-state token and aspects of its sequential placement. Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis. Cambrideg: Cambridge University Press, pp. 200-300.
Heritage, J. 1985: Analyzing News Interview: aspects of the production of talk for an overhearing audience. In van Dijk 1985a. vol.3, London: Academic Press
Heritage, J and Greatbatch, D. 1991. "On the institutitional character of institutional talk: the case of news interviews". Talk and Social Structure. Cambridge: Polity Press. pp: 93-130
Hoffman, M. L. 1982. Development of Positive Social Motivation: Empathy and In N. Eisenberg(ed). The development of positive social behavior. New York: Academic Press, pp. 218-231
Hutchby. 1996. Confrontation Talk Arguments, asymmetries and power on talk radio. L. Erlbaum. Associates.
J.A.Simpson & Edumund. S. Weirer, 1933. Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press
Jefferson, G..1972. Notes on a Conversational practice: formulating place. In D.Sudnow(ed.) Studies in Social Interaction. New York: Free Press.
Jefferson, G..1984b. Notes on a systematic deployment of the acknowledgement tokens "yeah" and "mm hm". Papers in Linguistics, 17: 197-206
Jefferson, G..1997. Notes on a systematic Development of the Acknowledgement Tokens. Papers in Linguistics 17, 196-216
Johnston, J. & Ettema, J. 1987. Positive images: Breaking stereotypes with Children's Television. Beverly Itilles: sage.
Kress, G. 1986: Language in the Media. The Conversation of the Domains of Public and Private. Media, Culture and Society, 8. 395-419.
Labov, William and David Fanshel. 1977. Therapeutic Discourse: Psychotherapy as Conversation. New York: Academic Press.
Levinson, S. C. 1983. Pragmatics, Cambridge University Press
Leroy L. Lane. 1987. By All Means Communicate. Prentice-Hall, Inc, 07632, 1987. A Division of Simon & Schuster Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 120-125.
Noah Rorter. 1913. Webstre 's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. G&C. Merriam Co, 781.
Paul Drew & John Heritage, 1992. Talk at Work. Cambridge University Press. 194
Rubinstein, E. A. & Sprafkin, J. N.1982. Television and persons in institution. In D. Pearl, L. Bouthilet, & J. Lazar(Eds.) Television and behavior: Ten years of scientific progress and implication for the eighties: Vol 2. Maryland.
Sacks, H. 1972. Aspects of the Sequential Organization of Conversation. New York: Free Press
Sacks, H. 1987 , "On the preference for agreement and contiguity in sequences in conversation". In G. Button and J.R.E. Lee(eds.) Talk and Social Organization. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp.54-69
Sacks, H. 1992. Lectures on Conversation. Vol.1, II. Edited by Gail Jefferson. Oxford, Uk/Cambridge, USA: Blackwell.
Sacks, H., E.Schegloff, G.Jefferson. 1974. A Simplest Systematics for the Organization of Turn-taking for Conversation. Language, Nr.50, 696-736.
Schegloff, E.1968. Sequencing in Conversational Openings. American Anthropologist, Nr. 70. 1076-1096.
Schegloff, E.1982, Discourse as an interactional achievement: Some uses of "uh huh" and other things that come between sentences. In D. Tannen(ed.) Analying Discourse: Text and Talk. Georgetown University Roundtable on Language and Linguistics , Washington D.C. Georgetown University Press pp. 70-83.
Schegloff, E.1992, "Repair after next turn: the last structurally provided defense of intersubjectivity in conversation." American Journal of Sociology, 97: 1295-1346
Schegloff, E. and Sacks, H. 1973: Opening up Cosings. Semiotica, 8,289-327.
Schegloff, E.A., G. Jefferson, and H. Sacks, 1977. "The preference for self-correction in the organization of repair for conversation language". 53: 80-300.
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