架空输电线路雷电监测及雷击杆塔暂态特性分析
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摘要
雷击是输电线路可靠运行的主要危害。随着输电线路电压等级越来越高，输电线路上杆塔的高度也越来越高，因此增加了雷击输电线路和杆塔的概率。鉴于目前对架空输电线路雷电监测缺乏有效的手段和对雷击杆塔的冲击响应缺乏合理的理论分析，因此对架空输电线路进行雷电监测和对雷击杆塔的暂态特性进行分析，为输电线路及杆塔防雷提供科学依据及指导具有重要的科学意义和工程应用价值。
①为了实时在线监测输电线路过电压及雷击杆塔电流，本文提出并搭建了一套输电线路过电压及雷击杆塔电流在线监测系统。该在线监测系统由过电压传感器、电流传感器、嵌入式监控装置和监控主机四部分组成。其中过电压传感器利用电容分压原理，采用线板模型和串联法计算了过电压传感器的高压臂电容，得到线板电容计算公式，通过仿真和试验，验证了该串联电容计算法的准确性。同时优化了过电压传感器的结构，通过试验验证了该过电压传感器的测量性能。并对影响该过电压传感器测量精度的各种因素如相间耦合、电晕、温度、湿度、污秽、杆塔等进行分析。嵌入式监控装置采取模块化设计，由模拟前置通道、采集模块、监控模块和无线通信模块四部分构成，采集模块采用CPLD作为控制芯片，用来实现信号的高速采样，监控模块采用ARM处理器，用来实现数据存储。并详细介绍了各模块的组成结构。对该在线监测系统进行试验，试验结果表明：该传感器有较好的测量精度；嵌入式监控装置能够正常采集信号，并且能够与监控主机进行快速通讯。
②为了识别反击和绕击两种雷电过电压，本文提出并搭建了一套输电线路电流行波在线监测系统对输电线路电流行波进行在线监测，该在线监测系统利用带气隙的线圈从输电线路上感应取能，并通过电源管理单元和充电管理单元，将输电线路上的电流转变为稳定的输出电压，为在线监测系统供能。根据反击，绕击两种雷电过电压的波形特征，提出根据输电线路电流行波的上升时间比来识别两种雷电过电压，并分析了该特征参量在工程应用中可能受到的干扰因素及解决方法。
③考虑到雷电流在线监测系统结构复杂，供能困难，不利于大规模普及。本文提出并搭建了一套自供能雷电流在线监测系统。在雷电流通道上钳套信号线圈和取能线圈，利用雷电流对监测系统进行触发、供能和信号采集，将雷电流的极性、峰值存储在非易失存储器中。通过理论计算与仿真分析，实现对信号线圈和取能线圈结构、尺寸、线圈匝数等参数的合理选择。在雷电流10～200kA范围内，信号线圈输出电压与被测雷电流成线性关系；通过信号调理电路，实现对正、负极性雷电流幅值信号的保持；取能线圈通过电磁感应，从雷电通道摄取能量，经过压保护、整流、充电、稳压后，为雷电流监测系统提供满足时间、电压要求的供电电源。试验结果表明该在线监测系统能够精确测量雷电流幅值，误差小于4%，其电源供给能够满足监测系统的能量需求。同时本文进行了单片机采集系统的软硬件设计。
④为了准确地分析雷击输电线路杆塔时的波过程，研究了输电线路杆塔波阻抗的建模方法。以高杆塔为研究对象，引入模块化思想对杆塔结构进行细化，以求更真实具体地反映杆塔的实际情况。本文对雷击杆塔时的波过程作了以下研究分析：从电磁场的相关理论出发，结合杆塔的实际结构提出了杆塔新的等效阻抗模型的建立方法；在圆锥天线模型理论基础上得到垂直单导体的等效阻抗；考虑杆塔主体四根垂直支柱的实际情况，引入修正系数得到垂直四导体系统的等效阻抗；搭建了横担的等效阻抗模型；分析斜材对杆塔主体的影响，搭建了斜材等效阻抗模型；将杆塔模块化处理，得到杆塔阻抗随高度变化的函数关系；对张家坝—长寿500kV输电线路上的SZC3型直线塔建立了等效阻抗模型。基于搭建的杆塔等效波阻抗模型，在ATP中针对独立杆塔及线路中杆塔遭受雷击时的波过程进行仿真分析，得到横担端部的电位分布情况，并与Hara模型仿真结果进行比较。
Lightning stroke is a major hazard to the reliable operation of power transmissionline. With the transmission line voltage level increase higher and higher, the height oftower on lines is raising. It helps to increase the probability of lightning stroke on thetransmission lines and towers. However, there lack effective ways of the overheadtransmission lines lightning monitoring and reasonable theoretical analysis of theimpulse response of the lightning stroke on the tower. Therefore, it is of greatimportance in scientific significance and engineering application value to provide ascientific basis and guidance for lines and towers defending lightning from the overheadtransmission lines lightning monitoring and an analysis of the transient characteristics atthe lightning stroke on towers.
①To monitor transmission line overvoltage and lightning tower current, the paperproposes a set of transmission line overvoltage and lightning tower current onlinemonitoring system. The online monitoring system consists of overvoltage sensor,current sensor, embedded monitoring device and monitoring computer. This paperpresents the basic principle of the overvoltage sensor and has analysis the line-boardmodel of the overvoltage sensor. Using the series-parallel method, the capacitance ofthe high voltage arm of the overvoltage sensor is calculated and the result has beenproved by the simulation and experiment. Meanwhile, the structural of the overvoltagesensor is optimized. The performance and measurement accuracy of the overvoltagesensor has been proved by the experiment. And various influencing factors of theaccuracy of the overvoltage sensor, like interphase coupling, corona, temperature,humidity, pollution, tower, etc are also analyzed. The hardware of the embeddedmonitoring device is of modular design, mainly including four parts: signal conditioningmodule, data acquisition module，monitoring module and wireless communicationmodule. The data acquisition module adopts CPLD as controller chip, achieving dataacquisition with high speed. The monitoring unit adopts high-powered ARM processorto realize data saving and transmission. The compositional structure of all functionmodules are introduced in this paper. At last, the frequency and impulse voltageexperiment has proved that the monitoring system is of better measurement accuracy,the data acquisition function of the embedded monitoring device works regularly, andfast in communication with the monitoring computer.
②For shield failure overvoltage and back flashover recognition, this paperdevelops a set of transmission line current wave online monitoring system formonitoring transmission line current wave. Based on electromagnetic induction, thispower gains induction power from transmission line in high potentials by draw-outpower coil with air-gap and changes transmission line current into stable output voltageby power management unit and charging management unit which supplies power fortransmission line current wave online monitoring system. This paper suggests use frontpart of transmission line current wave as research object because the front part ofcurrent wave can avoid the disturbance of wave reflection. The rise time rate oftransmission current wave is raised to identify the two kind of lightning overvoltageabove. Influencing factors and solutions in application are also considered in this paper.
③Considering complicated structure and lack of power supply are key problemsfor the lightning online monitoring system mass popularization, the paper proposes a setof the energy harvesting and online monitoring system for lightning. Signal coil and thepower supply coil would be nested in lightning flow channel. The lightning current willsupply the trigger signal and required energy to the monitoring system to acquire objectsignals, while the polarity and peak value of the lightning current will be stored innon-volatile storage. According to the result of theoretical calculation and simulationanalysis reasonable structure, size, winding turns and other parameters of the signal andthe power supply coil could be obtained. Within the range of10～200kA lightningcurrent, output voltage of signal coil would be linear with the measured lightningcurrent; The signal of the positive and negative polarities lightning current amplitudecould be maintained through the signal conditioning circuit; Through electromagneticinduction, energy could be obtained from the lightning channel by the power supply coil.After the process of overvoltage protection, rectification, charging and voltagestabilization, the energy would be used for the power supply of the lightning currentmonitoring system with suitable time and voltage requirements. According to theexperiment results, this method has been proved to be practical and feasible to measurelightning current accurately with a error below4%, while its power supply enoughenergy to guarantee the normal operation of the monitoring system.
④The tower model corresponding to the real circumstances is established toaccurately analyze the wave process at lightning stroke on the tower. This paper takesthe high tower as the object of study and conducts a detailed analysis of the structure ofthe tower by introducing the modular idea in order to report the real situation of the tower in a more authentic and more concrete way. The paper makes the following studyand analysis of the wave process of the lightning striking on the tower: a new towerequivalent impedance modeling method for the tower is put forward in view of therelated theory of electromagnetic field and combining the real structure of the tower.The equivalent impedance of a single vertical conductor is acquired on the basis of thetheory of taper antenna. The equivalent impedance of the vertical four-conductor systemis acquired by introducing compensation factor in consideration of the realcircumstances of the four vertical supports of tower main body. The equivalentimpedance modeling of the cross arm is constructed. The equivalent impedancemodeling of the inclined holder is put up by analyzing the influence of the inclinedholder on the main part of the tower. The functional relationship of the impedance withthe change of the height of the tower by the modularization of the tower is found. TheSZC3tower equivalent impedance model of Zhangjiaba-Changshou is build. Based onthe tower model, this paper analyses the wave process of transmission tower underlightning striking in the ATP simulation software, the distribution condition of voltageon the terminal of cross arm was found, comparing with the simulation result of Haramodel.
①为了实时在线监测输电线路过电压及雷击杆塔电流，本文提出并搭建了一套输电线路过电压及雷击杆塔电流在线监测系统。该在线监测系统由过电压传感器、电流传感器、嵌入式监控装置和监控主机四部分组成。其中过电压传感器利用电容分压原理，采用线板模型和串联法计算了过电压传感器的高压臂电容，得到线板电容计算公式，通过仿真和试验，验证了该串联电容计算法的准确性。同时优化了过电压传感器的结构，通过试验验证了该过电压传感器的测量性能。并对影响该过电压传感器测量精度的各种因素如相间耦合、电晕、温度、湿度、污秽、杆塔等进行分析。嵌入式监控装置采取模块化设计，由模拟前置通道、采集模块、监控模块和无线通信模块四部分构成，采集模块采用CPLD作为控制芯片，用来实现信号的高速采样，监控模块采用ARM处理器，用来实现数据存储。并详细介绍了各模块的组成结构。对该在线监测系统进行试验，试验结果表明：该传感器有较好的测量精度；嵌入式监控装置能够正常采集信号，并且能够与监控主机进行快速通讯。
②为了识别反击和绕击两种雷电过电压，本文提出并搭建了一套输电线路电流行波在线监测系统对输电线路电流行波进行在线监测，该在线监测系统利用带气隙的线圈从输电线路上感应取能，并通过电源管理单元和充电管理单元，将输电线路上的电流转变为稳定的输出电压，为在线监测系统供能。根据反击，绕击两种雷电过电压的波形特征，提出根据输电线路电流行波的上升时间比来识别两种雷电过电压，并分析了该特征参量在工程应用中可能受到的干扰因素及解决方法。
③考虑到雷电流在线监测系统结构复杂，供能困难，不利于大规模普及。本文提出并搭建了一套自供能雷电流在线监测系统。在雷电流通道上钳套信号线圈和取能线圈，利用雷电流对监测系统进行触发、供能和信号采集，将雷电流的极性、峰值存储在非易失存储器中。通过理论计算与仿真分析，实现对信号线圈和取能线圈结构、尺寸、线圈匝数等参数的合理选择。在雷电流10～200kA范围内，信号线圈输出电压与被测雷电流成线性关系；通过信号调理电路，实现对正、负极性雷电流幅值信号的保持；取能线圈通过电磁感应，从雷电通道摄取能量，经过压保护、整流、充电、稳压后，为雷电流监测系统提供满足时间、电压要求的供电电源。试验结果表明该在线监测系统能够精确测量雷电流幅值，误差小于4%，其电源供给能够满足监测系统的能量需求。同时本文进行了单片机采集系统的软硬件设计。
④为了准确地分析雷击输电线路杆塔时的波过程，研究了输电线路杆塔波阻抗的建模方法。以高杆塔为研究对象，引入模块化思想对杆塔结构进行细化，以求更真实具体地反映杆塔的实际情况。本文对雷击杆塔时的波过程作了以下研究分析：从电磁场的相关理论出发，结合杆塔的实际结构提出了杆塔新的等效阻抗模型的建立方法；在圆锥天线模型理论基础上得到垂直单导体的等效阻抗；考虑杆塔主体四根垂直支柱的实际情况，引入修正系数得到垂直四导体系统的等效阻抗；搭建了横担的等效阻抗模型；分析斜材对杆塔主体的影响，搭建了斜材等效阻抗模型；将杆塔模块化处理，得到杆塔阻抗随高度变化的函数关系；对张家坝—长寿500kV输电线路上的SZC3型直线塔建立了等效阻抗模型。基于搭建的杆塔等效波阻抗模型，在ATP中针对独立杆塔及线路中杆塔遭受雷击时的波过程进行仿真分析，得到横担端部的电位分布情况，并与Hara模型仿真结果进行比较。
Lightning stroke is a major hazard to the reliable operation of power transmissionline. With the transmission line voltage level increase higher and higher, the height oftower on lines is raising. It helps to increase the probability of lightning stroke on thetransmission lines and towers. However, there lack effective ways of the overheadtransmission lines lightning monitoring and reasonable theoretical analysis of theimpulse response of the lightning stroke on the tower. Therefore, it is of greatimportance in scientific significance and engineering application value to provide ascientific basis and guidance for lines and towers defending lightning from the overheadtransmission lines lightning monitoring and an analysis of the transient characteristics atthe lightning stroke on towers.
①To monitor transmission line overvoltage and lightning tower current, the paperproposes a set of transmission line overvoltage and lightning tower current onlinemonitoring system. The online monitoring system consists of overvoltage sensor,current sensor, embedded monitoring device and monitoring computer. This paperpresents the basic principle of the overvoltage sensor and has analysis the line-boardmodel of the overvoltage sensor. Using the series-parallel method, the capacitance ofthe high voltage arm of the overvoltage sensor is calculated and the result has beenproved by the simulation and experiment. Meanwhile, the structural of the overvoltagesensor is optimized. The performance and measurement accuracy of the overvoltagesensor has been proved by the experiment. And various influencing factors of theaccuracy of the overvoltage sensor, like interphase coupling, corona, temperature,humidity, pollution, tower, etc are also analyzed. The hardware of the embeddedmonitoring device is of modular design, mainly including four parts: signal conditioningmodule, data acquisition module，monitoring module and wireless communicationmodule. The data acquisition module adopts CPLD as controller chip, achieving dataacquisition with high speed. The monitoring unit adopts high-powered ARM processorto realize data saving and transmission. The compositional structure of all functionmodules are introduced in this paper. At last, the frequency and impulse voltageexperiment has proved that the monitoring system is of better measurement accuracy,the data acquisition function of the embedded monitoring device works regularly, andfast in communication with the monitoring computer.
②For shield failure overvoltage and back flashover recognition, this paperdevelops a set of transmission line current wave online monitoring system formonitoring transmission line current wave. Based on electromagnetic induction, thispower gains induction power from transmission line in high potentials by draw-outpower coil with air-gap and changes transmission line current into stable output voltageby power management unit and charging management unit which supplies power fortransmission line current wave online monitoring system. This paper suggests use frontpart of transmission line current wave as research object because the front part ofcurrent wave can avoid the disturbance of wave reflection. The rise time rate oftransmission current wave is raised to identify the two kind of lightning overvoltageabove. Influencing factors and solutions in application are also considered in this paper.
③Considering complicated structure and lack of power supply are key problemsfor the lightning online monitoring system mass popularization, the paper proposes a setof the energy harvesting and online monitoring system for lightning. Signal coil and thepower supply coil would be nested in lightning flow channel. The lightning current willsupply the trigger signal and required energy to the monitoring system to acquire objectsignals, while the polarity and peak value of the lightning current will be stored innon-volatile storage. According to the result of theoretical calculation and simulationanalysis reasonable structure, size, winding turns and other parameters of the signal andthe power supply coil could be obtained. Within the range of10～200kA lightningcurrent, output voltage of signal coil would be linear with the measured lightningcurrent; The signal of the positive and negative polarities lightning current amplitudecould be maintained through the signal conditioning circuit; Through electromagneticinduction, energy could be obtained from the lightning channel by the power supply coil.After the process of overvoltage protection, rectification, charging and voltagestabilization, the energy would be used for the power supply of the lightning currentmonitoring system with suitable time and voltage requirements. According to theexperiment results, this method has been proved to be practical and feasible to measurelightning current accurately with a error below4%, while its power supply enoughenergy to guarantee the normal operation of the monitoring system.
④The tower model corresponding to the real circumstances is established toaccurately analyze the wave process at lightning stroke on the tower. This paper takesthe high tower as the object of study and conducts a detailed analysis of the structure ofthe tower by introducing the modular idea in order to report the real situation of the tower in a more authentic and more concrete way. The paper makes the following studyand analysis of the wave process of the lightning striking on the tower: a new towerequivalent impedance modeling method for the tower is put forward in view of therelated theory of electromagnetic field and combining the real structure of the tower.The equivalent impedance of a single vertical conductor is acquired on the basis of thetheory of taper antenna. The equivalent impedance of the vertical four-conductor systemis acquired by introducing compensation factor in consideration of the realcircumstances of the four vertical supports of tower main body. The equivalentimpedance modeling of the cross arm is constructed. The equivalent impedancemodeling of the inclined holder is put up by analyzing the influence of the inclinedholder on the main part of the tower. The functional relationship of the impedance withthe change of the height of the tower by the modularization of the tower is found. TheSZC3tower equivalent impedance model of Zhangjiaba-Changshou is build. Based onthe tower model, this paper analyses the wave process of transmission tower underlightning striking in the ATP simulation software, the distribution condition of voltageon the terminal of cross arm was found, comparing with the simulation result of Haramodel.
引文
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