矿渣胶凝材料胶结矿山尾砂充填性能及机理研究
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摘要
矿山胶结充填中的胶凝材料大部分采用通用水泥,但水泥做胶结固化材料时,对充填料的粒度有一定要求,存在着凝结时间长、脱水困难和成本太高等问题。而矿渣是炼铁过程中排放的工业废渣,具有较好的潜在活性,而且产生量很大。从有效利用资源、节约能源、保护环境的角度出发,选用矿渣作为矿山充填胶凝材料的主要原材料具有重要的战略意义。
本文以高炉矿渣作为原材料,通过在矿渣中掺入不同含量水泥熟料和石膏、不同激发剂含量和类型,探讨不同型号的矿渣胶凝材料对不同类型尾砂的胶结效果,从而确定其优化配比选出效果最好的矿渣胶凝材料。根据矿渣胶凝材料对胶结充填体强度及性能的影响规律,探讨了矿渣胶凝材料在矿山充填中的胶凝机理,并为矿渣胶凝材料进一步应用于矿山胶结充填提供理论依据和技术支持。
(1)试验结果表明不同的尾砂作为充填骨料用于矿山充填时,对矿渣胶凝材料有一定的选择性。以无侧限抗压强度指标来衡量,对于颗粒较粗的程潮尾砂,采用H1低硫型矿渣胶凝材料固化效果较好；而H4高硫型矿渣胶凝材料则对颗粒较细的金山店尾砂具有良好的固结性能。
(2)通过充填体的强度试验,探讨了掺灰量、料浆质量浓度、龄期等因素对充填体强度的影响规律,并与水泥尾砂胶结体进行对比。当矿渣胶凝材料的掺量为5.3%时,其胶结体强度要高于10%掺量的水泥硬化体。同时,影响充填体强度的因素有很多,分别从絮凝剂和细粒废石掺量、试验用水及养护条件等因素探讨了对充填体强度的影响。
(3)在室内无侧限抗压强度的试验基础上,分析充填体的细观损伤机制及损伤特性,推导出在全尾砂胶结体和废石尾砂胶结体两种不同的损伤本构方程模型。
(4)借助于XRD、SEM、TG-DSC等微观分析手段,探讨了矿渣胶凝材料水化产物和充填胶结体的微观结构特点及其胶凝机理。通过试验结果发现,矿渣胶凝材料具有较高强度的原因是其水化产物主要以C-S-H凝胶和AFt晶体为主,这些产物共同参与胶结体网状结构形成；而且在固结尾砂的过程中,尾砂中的活性成分如方英石、云母和白云石、方解石等碳酸盐矿物会与胶凝材料发生反应,提高胶结体的固化性能。
(5)根据矿渣胶凝材料、尾砂系统的反应特点,采用扫描电镜分析方法,建立了矿渣胶凝材料的水化反应物理模型。通过水化反应模型,可将矿渣胶凝材料水化反应看成是多矿物的化合反应,矿渣受到碱和硫酸盐的双重激发,从而反映出良好的胶凝性能。
(6)矿山现场胶结充填试验表明,矿渣胶凝材料完全可以代替水泥作为矿山充填系统中的胶结剂,而且充填体在井下环境中养护更有利于强度的增长。
Portland cement is traditionally used as binder for cemented paste backfill, which makes the mining cost high, the filling mining used in underground mine becomes the fatal technology problem. The blast furnace slag (BFS) is a kind of industrial waste which is produced in blast furnace process, and it not only contains the potential pozzuolana activity but also has high production. Using BFS as the main raw material in mine filling system, which has important strategic significance to save production resources and energy and protect environment.
This paper takes BFS as the raw material, through mixing into different content of cement clinker, gypsum and activator in the slag material make up binders. The different types of slag cementitious materials are used to solidify the different type of tailings in order to ascertain the mixture ratio. According to the rule of filling body strength and capability, the paper discussed cementing mechanism of slag cementitious material in mine backfilling, which will provide theory evidence and technical support for further application of the slag cementitious materials in paste backfill.
(1) The experimental results indicated that the different types of tailings have some selectivity for slag cementitious material. The mechanical strength results have shown that using H1 material has the best solidification effect relative to CHENCHAO tailings, and the H4 has better performance for JINSHANDIAN tailings than other types of slag cementitious material.
(2) By unconfined compression strength (UCS) tests of filling body with slag cementitious material, influencing rules of binder addition ratio, mortar density and curing time on the strength are individually analyzed. The UCS of tailing added 5.3% slag cementitious material are higher than the tailings added 10% cement after curing 28 days. There are many other factors influence on the strength of filling body, for example, the content of flocculating agent and fine waste rock, experimental water, curing condition.
(3) Based on the analysis of micro-damage mechanism and damage performance of the whole tailings and the waste rock-tailings filling body, two different damage constitutive model are established under unconfined compression condition.
(4) Using XRD, SEM, TG-DSC et al tests to observe and analysis the hydration products of slag cementitious material and component and microcosmic frame of filling body. It is found that the main hydration products of slag cementitious material are calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel and ettringite (AFt) crystal. The presence of hydration products is a good indication that cementitious bonds are forming and therefore the strength of material is increased. The active components of tailings are mica clay minerals and carbonate minerals, which take part in hydrate reaction in order to improve filling body's performance.
(5) According to the characteristic of slag cementitious material and tailings system hydrating process, the paper establishes a physical model of slag cementitous material hydrating reaction by using SEM analysis. The hydrate reaction of slag cementitious material can be considered as multiply-reaction of mineral through physical model. The potential hydraulicity of slag is activated by alkali and sulphate, which reflects favorable cementing capability.
(6) The tests of paste backfill in mine industry indicate:slag cementitious material can instead of cement as a binder in backfill system, and the filling body is more advantageous to the development of its intensity in the moist environment in well.
本文以高炉矿渣作为原材料,通过在矿渣中掺入不同含量水泥熟料和石膏、不同激发剂含量和类型,探讨不同型号的矿渣胶凝材料对不同类型尾砂的胶结效果,从而确定其优化配比选出效果最好的矿渣胶凝材料。根据矿渣胶凝材料对胶结充填体强度及性能的影响规律,探讨了矿渣胶凝材料在矿山充填中的胶凝机理,并为矿渣胶凝材料进一步应用于矿山胶结充填提供理论依据和技术支持。
(1)试验结果表明不同的尾砂作为充填骨料用于矿山充填时,对矿渣胶凝材料有一定的选择性。以无侧限抗压强度指标来衡量,对于颗粒较粗的程潮尾砂,采用H1低硫型矿渣胶凝材料固化效果较好；而H4高硫型矿渣胶凝材料则对颗粒较细的金山店尾砂具有良好的固结性能。
(2)通过充填体的强度试验,探讨了掺灰量、料浆质量浓度、龄期等因素对充填体强度的影响规律,并与水泥尾砂胶结体进行对比。当矿渣胶凝材料的掺量为5.3%时,其胶结体强度要高于10%掺量的水泥硬化体。同时,影响充填体强度的因素有很多,分别从絮凝剂和细粒废石掺量、试验用水及养护条件等因素探讨了对充填体强度的影响。
(3)在室内无侧限抗压强度的试验基础上,分析充填体的细观损伤机制及损伤特性,推导出在全尾砂胶结体和废石尾砂胶结体两种不同的损伤本构方程模型。
(4)借助于XRD、SEM、TG-DSC等微观分析手段,探讨了矿渣胶凝材料水化产物和充填胶结体的微观结构特点及其胶凝机理。通过试验结果发现,矿渣胶凝材料具有较高强度的原因是其水化产物主要以C-S-H凝胶和AFt晶体为主,这些产物共同参与胶结体网状结构形成；而且在固结尾砂的过程中,尾砂中的活性成分如方英石、云母和白云石、方解石等碳酸盐矿物会与胶凝材料发生反应,提高胶结体的固化性能。
(5)根据矿渣胶凝材料、尾砂系统的反应特点,采用扫描电镜分析方法,建立了矿渣胶凝材料的水化反应物理模型。通过水化反应模型,可将矿渣胶凝材料水化反应看成是多矿物的化合反应,矿渣受到碱和硫酸盐的双重激发,从而反映出良好的胶凝性能。
(6)矿山现场胶结充填试验表明,矿渣胶凝材料完全可以代替水泥作为矿山充填系统中的胶结剂,而且充填体在井下环境中养护更有利于强度的增长。
Portland cement is traditionally used as binder for cemented paste backfill, which makes the mining cost high, the filling mining used in underground mine becomes the fatal technology problem. The blast furnace slag (BFS) is a kind of industrial waste which is produced in blast furnace process, and it not only contains the potential pozzuolana activity but also has high production. Using BFS as the main raw material in mine filling system, which has important strategic significance to save production resources and energy and protect environment.
This paper takes BFS as the raw material, through mixing into different content of cement clinker, gypsum and activator in the slag material make up binders. The different types of slag cementitious materials are used to solidify the different type of tailings in order to ascertain the mixture ratio. According to the rule of filling body strength and capability, the paper discussed cementing mechanism of slag cementitious material in mine backfilling, which will provide theory evidence and technical support for further application of the slag cementitious materials in paste backfill.
(1) The experimental results indicated that the different types of tailings have some selectivity for slag cementitious material. The mechanical strength results have shown that using H1 material has the best solidification effect relative to CHENCHAO tailings, and the H4 has better performance for JINSHANDIAN tailings than other types of slag cementitious material.
(2) By unconfined compression strength (UCS) tests of filling body with slag cementitious material, influencing rules of binder addition ratio, mortar density and curing time on the strength are individually analyzed. The UCS of tailing added 5.3% slag cementitious material are higher than the tailings added 10% cement after curing 28 days. There are many other factors influence on the strength of filling body, for example, the content of flocculating agent and fine waste rock, experimental water, curing condition.
(3) Based on the analysis of micro-damage mechanism and damage performance of the whole tailings and the waste rock-tailings filling body, two different damage constitutive model are established under unconfined compression condition.
(4) Using XRD, SEM, TG-DSC et al tests to observe and analysis the hydration products of slag cementitious material and component and microcosmic frame of filling body. It is found that the main hydration products of slag cementitious material are calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel and ettringite (AFt) crystal. The presence of hydration products is a good indication that cementitious bonds are forming and therefore the strength of material is increased. The active components of tailings are mica clay minerals and carbonate minerals, which take part in hydrate reaction in order to improve filling body's performance.
(5) According to the characteristic of slag cementitious material and tailings system hydrating process, the paper establishes a physical model of slag cementitous material hydrating reaction by using SEM analysis. The hydrate reaction of slag cementitious material can be considered as multiply-reaction of mineral through physical model. The potential hydraulicity of slag is activated by alkali and sulphate, which reflects favorable cementing capability.
(6) The tests of paste backfill in mine industry indicate:slag cementitious material can instead of cement as a binder in backfill system, and the filling body is more advantageous to the development of its intensity in the moist environment in well.
引文
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