爆炸荷载下钢筋混凝土板的动态响应及损伤评估
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摘要
现代社会中，爆炸袭击或意外爆炸事故日益频繁发生，不仅造成严重的人员伤亡和设备财产损失，也导致临近的建筑结构损伤破坏甚至灾难性的倒塌。国内对建筑结构构件的抗爆性能研究进展缓慢，迫切需要开展全面的结构构件抗爆研究。在爆炸冲击过程中，钢筋混凝土板由于承载面积大、截面厚度小，容易出现大范围的损伤破坏，甚至将使梁、柱等主要结构构件丧失侧向支撑承载力，引发整体框架连续倒塌。本文采用理论分析和数值模拟方法对爆炸荷载下钢筋混凝土板的动态响应和损伤评估进行了系统研究，具有重要的理论意义和工程应用价值。主要的研究工作和成果如下：
（1）将钢筋混凝土板简化为单自由度体系，进行了爆炸荷载下动态响应的理论分析。结合爆炸荷载下混凝土板发生塑性大变形时的性质特点，基于合理假设条件，运用能量守恒原理，采用Lagrangian方程建立大变形混凝土板的极限变形公式；基于挠度相等和能量守恒原则，将钢筋混凝土板经转换系数等效成单自由度体系，应用单自由度体系动力分析方法，计算出动态响应的最大位移。与数值结果对比验证理论公式和分析的正确性和有效性。
（2）基于显式动力学程序ANSYS/LS-DYNA建立了爆炸荷载下四边简支钢筋混凝土双向板动态响应和损伤评估的数值模拟方法，并与相关文献试验进行了对比验证。揭示了钢筋混凝土板动态响应中各参数的发展变化过程，得到了不同条件下动态响应的参数影响规律，找出了钢筋混凝土板抗爆性能的主要影响参数，为抗爆设计时确定合理的设计参数和抗爆措施提供了理论依据和建议。
（3）建立了基于支座转角的爆炸荷载下钢筋混凝土板的超压—冲量损伤评估准则，提出了确定超压—冲量（P-I）曲线的数值试算法，进而得到了钢筋混凝土板的P-I曲线和曲线拟合公式，与理论方法建立的P-I曲线对比验证。并探讨了不同损伤等级时相关参数对P-I曲线影响的变化规律。所建立的钢筋混凝土板的P-I曲线相比于理论方法的P-I曲线更能反映真实的材料性能和构件动态响应，可以准确地评估不同爆炸荷载下钢筋混凝土板的损伤。
（4）基于等效单自由度体系方法进行了钢筋混凝土板的抗爆设计，提出钢筋混凝土板的抗爆措施。研究结果表明：提高混凝土强度、增加板厚、减小跨厚比、增加钢筋配筋率，采取双向双层配筋形式，加强支座联结均能提高新设计钢筋混凝土板的抗爆性能；对于已建构件，可综合采用多层次多种加固方法形成的多层复合结构进行抗爆加固。
In the modern society, more and more explosive terror attacks and explosive accidentshave happended around the world. These explosions not only inflict heavy casualties andproperty loss, but also cause serious damage even disastrous collapse to neighboring buildings.The research for blast resistant capacity of structures is far from sufficient in China, so it isnecessary to carry out overall research on it. During explosions, reinforced concrete (RC)slabs with large a surface area for the pressure to act on and a comparably small thickness, arevulnerable to widespread damage More seriously, RC slabs failure may cause the loss oflateral support capacity for major members of columns and beams, even may lead to theprogressive collapse of RC frame. This dissertation integrates theoretical analysis andnumerical simulation method to study dynamic response and damage assessment of RC slabssubjected to blast loading, and this research also has important theoretical significance andpractical value. Main research and conclusions can be obtained as follows:
(1) RC slabs are reduced to one-degree systems to study dynamic response theoretically.Based on reasonable assumptions, combined with severe plastic deformation properties ofconcrete slabs, a theoretical formula for limit deformation of concrete slabs with largedeformation is established by means of using the law of conservation of energy andLagrange's equations. Base on the principles of equal deflections and equal energy, the RCslab element is represented by an equivalent one-degree system through conversion factors.Then the maximum displacement of key point of a RC slab is calculated by single degrees offreedom system dynamic analysis. The formula and theoretical analysis are verified bycompared with some numerical results
(2) Using a explicit dynamic finite element analysis program, LS-DYNA, a finiteelement model method of RC slabs with simply supported on four sides is developed forsimulating dynamic response and damage assement, then is discussed and verified throughcorrelated experimental studies. Development change processes for various parameters ofdynamic response of RC slabs are revealed. Under different conditions, several parameters were simulated to get the effects on dynamic response and explosion resistance. The majorinfluential parameters were screened out to provide some theories and suggestions ondetermining reasonable parameters in blast-resistance design and blast resistant measures.
(3) Damage assessment parameters and criteria for RC slabs are discussed. Apressure-impluse damage criterion for RC slabs is defined based on the support rotation, and anumerical method to generate pressure-impulse diagrams is established. Pressure-impulsediagrams and curves fitting formulas for RC slabs are established, and compared withpressure-impulse diagrams from equivalent one-degree system approach. Under differentdamage levels, the effects of key parameters on pressure-impulse diagrams are discussed.Pressure-impulse diagrams established in this dissertation can reflect the actual materialproperties and dynamic response more effectively, and can carry out accurate damageassessments for RC slabs under different blast loads.
(4) Based on an equivalent one-degree system method, a blast-resistant design for RCslabs structural elements is carried out. Blast resistant measures for new and exsiting RC slabsare put forward. It is found that blast resistance of a new RC slab can be improved by meansof enhancing concrete strength, increasing thickness, decreasing span-thickness ratio,increasing reinforcement ratio, two-way double layers of reinforcement layout, andstrengthening supports for slabs. For exsiting RC slabs, forming composite protectivestructure with multilevels and various methods is an effective blast-resistant improvementmeasure.
（1）将钢筋混凝土板简化为单自由度体系，进行了爆炸荷载下动态响应的理论分析。结合爆炸荷载下混凝土板发生塑性大变形时的性质特点，基于合理假设条件，运用能量守恒原理，采用Lagrangian方程建立大变形混凝土板的极限变形公式；基于挠度相等和能量守恒原则，将钢筋混凝土板经转换系数等效成单自由度体系，应用单自由度体系动力分析方法，计算出动态响应的最大位移。与数值结果对比验证理论公式和分析的正确性和有效性。
（2）基于显式动力学程序ANSYS/LS-DYNA建立了爆炸荷载下四边简支钢筋混凝土双向板动态响应和损伤评估的数值模拟方法，并与相关文献试验进行了对比验证。揭示了钢筋混凝土板动态响应中各参数的发展变化过程，得到了不同条件下动态响应的参数影响规律，找出了钢筋混凝土板抗爆性能的主要影响参数，为抗爆设计时确定合理的设计参数和抗爆措施提供了理论依据和建议。
（3）建立了基于支座转角的爆炸荷载下钢筋混凝土板的超压—冲量损伤评估准则，提出了确定超压—冲量（P-I）曲线的数值试算法，进而得到了钢筋混凝土板的P-I曲线和曲线拟合公式，与理论方法建立的P-I曲线对比验证。并探讨了不同损伤等级时相关参数对P-I曲线影响的变化规律。所建立的钢筋混凝土板的P-I曲线相比于理论方法的P-I曲线更能反映真实的材料性能和构件动态响应，可以准确地评估不同爆炸荷载下钢筋混凝土板的损伤。
（4）基于等效单自由度体系方法进行了钢筋混凝土板的抗爆设计，提出钢筋混凝土板的抗爆措施。研究结果表明：提高混凝土强度、增加板厚、减小跨厚比、增加钢筋配筋率，采取双向双层配筋形式，加强支座联结均能提高新设计钢筋混凝土板的抗爆性能；对于已建构件，可综合采用多层次多种加固方法形成的多层复合结构进行抗爆加固。
In the modern society, more and more explosive terror attacks and explosive accidentshave happended around the world. These explosions not only inflict heavy casualties andproperty loss, but also cause serious damage even disastrous collapse to neighboring buildings.The research for blast resistant capacity of structures is far from sufficient in China, so it isnecessary to carry out overall research on it. During explosions, reinforced concrete (RC)slabs with large a surface area for the pressure to act on and a comparably small thickness, arevulnerable to widespread damage More seriously, RC slabs failure may cause the loss oflateral support capacity for major members of columns and beams, even may lead to theprogressive collapse of RC frame. This dissertation integrates theoretical analysis andnumerical simulation method to study dynamic response and damage assessment of RC slabssubjected to blast loading, and this research also has important theoretical significance andpractical value. Main research and conclusions can be obtained as follows:
(1) RC slabs are reduced to one-degree systems to study dynamic response theoretically.Based on reasonable assumptions, combined with severe plastic deformation properties ofconcrete slabs, a theoretical formula for limit deformation of concrete slabs with largedeformation is established by means of using the law of conservation of energy andLagrange's equations. Base on the principles of equal deflections and equal energy, the RCslab element is represented by an equivalent one-degree system through conversion factors.Then the maximum displacement of key point of a RC slab is calculated by single degrees offreedom system dynamic analysis. The formula and theoretical analysis are verified bycompared with some numerical results
(2) Using a explicit dynamic finite element analysis program, LS-DYNA, a finiteelement model method of RC slabs with simply supported on four sides is developed forsimulating dynamic response and damage assement, then is discussed and verified throughcorrelated experimental studies. Development change processes for various parameters ofdynamic response of RC slabs are revealed. Under different conditions, several parameters were simulated to get the effects on dynamic response and explosion resistance. The majorinfluential parameters were screened out to provide some theories and suggestions ondetermining reasonable parameters in blast-resistance design and blast resistant measures.
(3) Damage assessment parameters and criteria for RC slabs are discussed. Apressure-impluse damage criterion for RC slabs is defined based on the support rotation, and anumerical method to generate pressure-impulse diagrams is established. Pressure-impulsediagrams and curves fitting formulas for RC slabs are established, and compared withpressure-impulse diagrams from equivalent one-degree system approach. Under differentdamage levels, the effects of key parameters on pressure-impulse diagrams are discussed.Pressure-impulse diagrams established in this dissertation can reflect the actual materialproperties and dynamic response more effectively, and can carry out accurate damageassessments for RC slabs under different blast loads.
(4) Based on an equivalent one-degree system method, a blast-resistant design for RCslabs structural elements is carried out. Blast resistant measures for new and exsiting RC slabsare put forward. It is found that blast resistance of a new RC slab can be improved by meansof enhancing concrete strength, increasing thickness, decreasing span-thickness ratio,increasing reinforcement ratio, two-way double layers of reinforcement layout, andstrengthening supports for slabs. For exsiting RC slabs, forming composite protectivestructure with multilevels and various methods is an effective blast-resistant improvementmeasure.
引文
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