高性能彩色印模饰面混凝土技术的研究
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摘要
城市环境美化的需求及建筑装饰装修材料的发展为混凝土在其中的应用提供了广阔的前景。
本论文研究了高性能彩色印模饰面混凝土技术，其技术核心为：高性能彩色固化剂(High Performance Color Hardener，以下简称为HPCH)的研究与应用；印模施工技术的研究与探索。主要研究内容有以下几个方面：采用高性能混凝土配制技术获得彩色饰面层的超高强度和优异的耐久性；根据材料复合优化原理，通过表面处理和罩面技术，降低彩色饰面层的渗透性，大幅度延长彩色印模饰面的使用寿命；借鉴印刷原理和模具造型并巧妙地利用饰面层的流变特性，实现饰面与基体的一次性快速施工和立体造型。
论文的主要工作及研究成果包括以下几个方面。
根据混凝土的着色方式、质感成型方式以及耐久性破坏因素，确定高性能彩色印模饰面混凝土的整体结构及其设计原则，采用面层着色、连同基体混凝土一次压印成型及表面封闭的三体结构，提出优异的抗离子迁移及耐磨阻蚀设计原则。
研究探讨了颜料的物理化学性能及其在水泥基材料中的应用，通过测试与比较确定颜料的种类及最佳掺量；通过研究材料彼此间性能的相互作用与影响，复配出HPCH的颜色体系，同时选择合理的生产方式，以保证HPCH的材料性质。
采用多组份复合技术路线配制出高工作性、高耐久性、低离子迁移率的HPCH材料，对其宏观物理力学性能、耐久性能和微观结构进行了分析研究。宏观性能测试结果表明，科学合理的引入辅助胶凝材料在一定程度上使HPCH材料的工作性及相应物理力学性能得以最佳匹配，同时改善了着色物质与水泥基材料的相容性，增强了HPCH材料对离子迁移的阻碍能力及对环境侵蚀破坏的抵抗能力。
本论文以传统装饰混凝土及国外同期产品为参比体系，HPCH材料的耐候性比传统材料捉高一个等级，达国外同期产品水平。通过干湿循环测试及快速氯离子渗透试验，HPCH材料的抗析霜能力较强，在25次干湿循环条件下，仅在角部出现少量且不扩散的白斑，而传统装饰混凝土材料则出现延边棱迅速扩散的大面积析霜；快速氯离子渗透结果表明，在同样条件下HPCH材料通过的电量(即离子迁移能力)仅为传统材料的49.68％，比国外同期产品提高25.34％。耐磨性、耐化学侵蚀性能、抗冻性均
高性能彩色印模饰面混凝土技术的研究
较传统材料提高l－2倍。
通过X－射线、SEM观察及孔结构特征的系统试验研究，探明了HPCH的材料组
成、结构对性能的影响规律。测试结果表明科学合理地5！人辅助胶凝材料能够使材料
浆体孔径细化，水化产物相密实，形成浆体在不同层次的细颗粒包围垛密结构，改善
界面过渡区性质，减少不利晶相总量（28天CofOHb量为传统材料的61．37％，90天
为传统材料的 48．18％），提高固化有害离子能力，从而提高了 HPCH材料的抗离子迁
移性能，提高了耐磨性及相应耐久性。
在上述理论研究基础之上，将本研究成果一一一VPCH材料应用于实际施工工程，
应用面积约有35000平方米，其施工工艺及施工工具技术己基本完善。实践证明，HPCH
材料具有较好的装饰效果及耐久性能，在技术、施工和经济方面均有明显的发展潜能
与优势。
The requirements of city environmental beautification and the developments of building decoration and fitment material offer widely foreground for concrete's application.
The technique of high performance color stamped decorative concrete is studied in this paper. The core of this technique consists of two aspects. One is the research and application of High Performance Color Hardener (abbr. HPCH), and the other is the study and explorations of stamped construction technique. The primary study contents as follows: acquire the superhigh strength and excellent duration by adoption of the confecting technique of high performance concrete; reduce the penetrability of color facing layer and extend the fixed number of serve years of color stamped facing layer to a great extent by the basis of the compound optimum principle of materials and the technique of surface managing and coating; realize onetime quick construction and tridimensional modeling of facing and foundation by printing principle and mould and by using subtly the flowing-changing characteristic effacing layer.
The main works and research consequences of this paper as follows:
By the basis of pigmentation mode of concrete, texture shape-taking and the factor of duration damage, whole structure and design principle of high performance color stamped decorative concrete is determined. This structure is a three-layer construct consisting of pigmentation of surface, onetime stamped with base concrete and surface coating. And a design principle of excellent performance on ion transfer resistance, wear resistance and corrosion resistance is brought forward.
The physical chemistry performances of pigments and their application in cementitious materials are studied. The sorts and optimum quantities of them are determined through test and comparison. By studying reciprocity of materials, the color system of HPCH is confected. And production fashion is selected optional for assurance of the material character of HPCH.
The HPCH material, in which the compound technique route of polybasic components is applied, has better properties such as high workability, high durability, low ion transference rate and so on. In this paper, the performances of macroscopic physical mechanics, durability, and microstructure are analyzed and studied. The results of macroscopic properties indicate that the workability and relevant physical mechanics are matched best with the scientific introduction of auxiliary cementitious materials. At the same time, the compatibility between stained
materials and cement-basic materials is improved, as well as the resistant abilities of the ions transference and environmental corrosive damages.
In the experiments, the contrastive system is the comparison of HPCH material with the traditional decorative concrete and foreign materials of the corresponding period. Through a series of experiments, the aging-resistance ability of HPCH is increased one grade compared with the traditional materials, and the equal level with the foreign materials.
The results of dry-wet circle test and quick test for chloride permeability show that the ability of efflorescence resistance of HPCH is better. On the condition of 25 times circulation of dry-wet, there are a few non-development white spots just on the corner of specimens. For the traditional materials, great area efflorescence emerges and develops quickly along the arris. It is known from quick test for chloride permeability that HPCH has good ions permeability resistance. The electric quantity through it is only 49.68% of the traditional materials and 25.34% more than the foreign productions. The performance of HPCH is 1-2 times more than the traditional materials on the resistant abilities of wearing, chemical corrosion and freezing.
Based on the testing of X-ray, pore structural characteristic and SEM pictures analyses, the property varietal law of HPCH is ascertained, which is influenced by the components and structures. From the results, it is known that the structures and components are cha
本论文研究了高性能彩色印模饰面混凝土技术，其技术核心为：高性能彩色固化剂(High Performance Color Hardener，以下简称为HPCH)的研究与应用；印模施工技术的研究与探索。主要研究内容有以下几个方面：采用高性能混凝土配制技术获得彩色饰面层的超高强度和优异的耐久性；根据材料复合优化原理，通过表面处理和罩面技术，降低彩色饰面层的渗透性，大幅度延长彩色印模饰面的使用寿命；借鉴印刷原理和模具造型并巧妙地利用饰面层的流变特性，实现饰面与基体的一次性快速施工和立体造型。
论文的主要工作及研究成果包括以下几个方面。
根据混凝土的着色方式、质感成型方式以及耐久性破坏因素，确定高性能彩色印模饰面混凝土的整体结构及其设计原则，采用面层着色、连同基体混凝土一次压印成型及表面封闭的三体结构，提出优异的抗离子迁移及耐磨阻蚀设计原则。
研究探讨了颜料的物理化学性能及其在水泥基材料中的应用，通过测试与比较确定颜料的种类及最佳掺量；通过研究材料彼此间性能的相互作用与影响，复配出HPCH的颜色体系，同时选择合理的生产方式，以保证HPCH的材料性质。
采用多组份复合技术路线配制出高工作性、高耐久性、低离子迁移率的HPCH材料，对其宏观物理力学性能、耐久性能和微观结构进行了分析研究。宏观性能测试结果表明，科学合理的引入辅助胶凝材料在一定程度上使HPCH材料的工作性及相应物理力学性能得以最佳匹配，同时改善了着色物质与水泥基材料的相容性，增强了HPCH材料对离子迁移的阻碍能力及对环境侵蚀破坏的抵抗能力。
本论文以传统装饰混凝土及国外同期产品为参比体系，HPCH材料的耐候性比传统材料捉高一个等级，达国外同期产品水平。通过干湿循环测试及快速氯离子渗透试验，HPCH材料的抗析霜能力较强，在25次干湿循环条件下，仅在角部出现少量且不扩散的白斑，而传统装饰混凝土材料则出现延边棱迅速扩散的大面积析霜；快速氯离子渗透结果表明，在同样条件下HPCH材料通过的电量(即离子迁移能力)仅为传统材料的49.68％，比国外同期产品提高25.34％。耐磨性、耐化学侵蚀性能、抗冻性均
高性能彩色印模饰面混凝土技术的研究
较传统材料提高l－2倍。
通过X－射线、SEM观察及孔结构特征的系统试验研究，探明了HPCH的材料组
成、结构对性能的影响规律。测试结果表明科学合理地5！人辅助胶凝材料能够使材料
浆体孔径细化，水化产物相密实，形成浆体在不同层次的细颗粒包围垛密结构，改善
界面过渡区性质，减少不利晶相总量（28天CofOHb量为传统材料的61．37％，90天
为传统材料的 48．18％），提高固化有害离子能力，从而提高了 HPCH材料的抗离子迁
移性能，提高了耐磨性及相应耐久性。
在上述理论研究基础之上，将本研究成果一一一VPCH材料应用于实际施工工程，
应用面积约有35000平方米，其施工工艺及施工工具技术己基本完善。实践证明，HPCH
材料具有较好的装饰效果及耐久性能，在技术、施工和经济方面均有明显的发展潜能
与优势。
The requirements of city environmental beautification and the developments of building decoration and fitment material offer widely foreground for concrete's application.
The technique of high performance color stamped decorative concrete is studied in this paper. The core of this technique consists of two aspects. One is the research and application of High Performance Color Hardener (abbr. HPCH), and the other is the study and explorations of stamped construction technique. The primary study contents as follows: acquire the superhigh strength and excellent duration by adoption of the confecting technique of high performance concrete; reduce the penetrability of color facing layer and extend the fixed number of serve years of color stamped facing layer to a great extent by the basis of the compound optimum principle of materials and the technique of surface managing and coating; realize onetime quick construction and tridimensional modeling of facing and foundation by printing principle and mould and by using subtly the flowing-changing characteristic effacing layer.
The main works and research consequences of this paper as follows:
By the basis of pigmentation mode of concrete, texture shape-taking and the factor of duration damage, whole structure and design principle of high performance color stamped decorative concrete is determined. This structure is a three-layer construct consisting of pigmentation of surface, onetime stamped with base concrete and surface coating. And a design principle of excellent performance on ion transfer resistance, wear resistance and corrosion resistance is brought forward.
The physical chemistry performances of pigments and their application in cementitious materials are studied. The sorts and optimum quantities of them are determined through test and comparison. By studying reciprocity of materials, the color system of HPCH is confected. And production fashion is selected optional for assurance of the material character of HPCH.
The HPCH material, in which the compound technique route of polybasic components is applied, has better properties such as high workability, high durability, low ion transference rate and so on. In this paper, the performances of macroscopic physical mechanics, durability, and microstructure are analyzed and studied. The results of macroscopic properties indicate that the workability and relevant physical mechanics are matched best with the scientific introduction of auxiliary cementitious materials. At the same time, the compatibility between stained
materials and cement-basic materials is improved, as well as the resistant abilities of the ions transference and environmental corrosive damages.
In the experiments, the contrastive system is the comparison of HPCH material with the traditional decorative concrete and foreign materials of the corresponding period. Through a series of experiments, the aging-resistance ability of HPCH is increased one grade compared with the traditional materials, and the equal level with the foreign materials.
The results of dry-wet circle test and quick test for chloride permeability show that the ability of efflorescence resistance of HPCH is better. On the condition of 25 times circulation of dry-wet, there are a few non-development white spots just on the corner of specimens. For the traditional materials, great area efflorescence emerges and develops quickly along the arris. It is known from quick test for chloride permeability that HPCH has good ions permeability resistance. The electric quantity through it is only 49.68% of the traditional materials and 25.34% more than the foreign productions. The performance of HPCH is 1-2 times more than the traditional materials on the resistant abilities of wearing, chemical corrosion and freezing.
Based on the testing of X-ray, pore structural characteristic and SEM pictures analyses, the property varietal law of HPCH is ascertained, which is influenced by the components and structures. From the results, it is known that the structures and components are cha
引文
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67． 刘蕙兰，黄艳，韩云屏，环境水对砂浆、混凝土的侵蚀性研究，混凝土与水泥制品，1997(6) ,pp12-15
68． G.L.Kalousek, L.C. Porter, E.J.Benton. Concrete for long-time service in sulfate environment. Cement and Concrete Research. Vol.2, No. 1,1 972, pp79-89
69． G.J.Osborne. Determination of the sulphate resistance of blastfurnace slag cements using small-scale accelerated methods of test. Advances in Cement Research. 1989(5) . Pp21-27
70． M.N. Haque, H.Al-Khaiat. Durable concrete structures in a chloride-sulfate rich environment. Concrete International. 1999(9) , pp49-52
71． 刘蕙兰，贾立群，利用双掺技术提高混凝土抗环境水侵蚀性能的研究，混凝土，1998(6) . pp37-54
72． E.F. Irassar, A.Di Maio, O.R. Batic. Sulfate attack on concrete with mineral admixtures. Cement and Concrete Research. Vol.26, No.1, 1996, pp 113-123
73． William S. Phelan. High-Performance Concrete for Wear-Resistant Floors. Concrete Construction, October, 1997
74． Scott Niemitalo. Planning Leads to High-Performance Floor. Concrete Construction, December, 1999
75． Roger Kettle, Massud Sadegzadeh. Abrasion resistance of concrete and the new BS 8204: Part2． Concrete. Feb. 2000． Vol. 34． No. 2, pp18
76． V. Matte & M. Moranville. Durability of reactive powder composites: influence of silica fume on the leaching properties of very low water/binder pastes. Cement & Concrete Composites. Feb. 1999． Vol. 21． No. 1, pp1
77． Torger Bearland, etc. Abrasion resistance of high-strength concrete pavemant. Concrete International. 1990(12) . Pp55-60
78． 章银祥，赵智荣，李崇智，彩色耐磨混凝土在首都机场新航站楼工程应用，施工技术. Vol.29, No.2, 2000, pp31-51
79. Roger Kettle, Massud Sadegzadeh. Abrasion resistance of concrete. Concrete.Vol.34,No.2, 2000, pp18-21
80. Charles H. Goodspeed, Suneel Vanikar, Raymond A. Cook. High-performance concrete defined for highway structures. Concrete International. 1996(2), pp62-67
81．田倩，孙伟．高性能水泥基复合材料抗冻性能的研究．混凝土与水泥制品．1997(1)，pp12-15
82．蔡吴，覃维祖，刘西拉．砂浆孔隙水结冰规律的研究．混凝土．1997(6)，即．13
83. H.Cai, X.lin. Free-thaw-durability of concrete: ice formation process in pores. Cement and Concrete Research. Vol.28, No.9, 1998, pp1281-1287
84．陈惠苏，孙伟，慕儒．掺不同品种混合材的高强混凝土与钢纤维高性能混凝土在冻融，氯盐同时作用下的耐久性能．混凝土与水泥制品．2000(2)，pp36-39
85. Royh. Keck. Improving concrete durability with cementitious materials. Concrete International. Vol.23, No.9,2001, pp47-51
86. Anna Kronlof, Markkn Leivo, Pekka Sipari. Experimental study on the basic phenonena of shrinkage and cracking of fresh mortar. Cement and Concrete Research.Vol.25, No.8, 1995, pp1747-1754
87. Ei-ichi Tazawa, Shingo Miyazawa. Experimental study on mechanism of autogenous shrinkage of concrete. Cement and Concrete Research. Vol.25, No.8, 1995, pp1633-1638
88. M.N. Haque. Strength development and drying shrinkage of high-strength concrete. Cement and Concrete Composite. 1996(18), pp333-342
89. Kevin J. Folliard, Neal S.Berke. Properties of high-performance concrete containing shringkage-reducing admixture. Cement and Concrete Research. Vol.27, No.9, 1997,pp1357-1369
90. Joe Nasvik. Avoiding Surface Crusting. Concrete Construction, August, 2000
91．H．索默著，冯乃谦，丁建彤等译．高性能混凝土的耐久性．北京：科学出版社．1998：118-125
92．第九届国际水泥化学会议综合报告译文集．南京化工学院材料系编译．pp．240-606
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62． John A. Koski. Removing Efflorescence. Masonry Construction, May, 1992
63． No Author. Efflorescence . Concrete Construction, March, 1970
64． Christine Beal. How to Stop Efflorescence. Masonry Construction, May, 1988
65． Allan R. Kenney. Avoiding Efflorescence in Architectural Precast Concrete. Concrete Producer, July, 1996
66． Martin S. McGovern. Protecting Floors from Chemical Attack. Concrete Repair Digest, August, 1997
67． 刘蕙兰，黄艳，韩云屏，环境水对砂浆、混凝土的侵蚀性研究，混凝土与水泥制品，1997(6) ,pp12-15
68． G.L.Kalousek, L.C. Porter, E.J.Benton. Concrete for long-time service in sulfate environment. Cement and Concrete Research. Vol.2, No. 1,1 972, pp79-89
69． G.J.Osborne. Determination of the sulphate resistance of blastfurnace slag cements using small-scale accelerated methods of test. Advances in Cement Research. 1989(5) . Pp21-27
70． M.N. Haque, H.Al-Khaiat. Durable concrete structures in a chloride-sulfate rich environment. Concrete International. 1999(9) , pp49-52
71． 刘蕙兰，贾立群，利用双掺技术提高混凝土抗环境水侵蚀性能的研究，混凝土，1998(6) . pp37-54
72． E.F. Irassar, A.Di Maio, O.R. Batic. Sulfate attack on concrete with mineral admixtures. Cement and Concrete Research. Vol.26, No.1, 1996, pp 113-123
73． William S. Phelan. High-Performance Concrete for Wear-Resistant Floors. Concrete Construction, October, 1997
74． Scott Niemitalo. Planning Leads to High-Performance Floor. Concrete Construction, December, 1999
75． Roger Kettle, Massud Sadegzadeh. Abrasion resistance of concrete and the new BS 8204: Part2． Concrete. Feb. 2000． Vol. 34． No. 2, pp18
76． V. Matte & M. Moranville. Durability of reactive powder composites: influence of silica fume on the leaching properties of very low water/binder pastes. Cement & Concrete Composites. Feb. 1999． Vol. 21． No. 1, pp1
77． Torger Bearland, etc. Abrasion resistance of high-strength concrete pavemant. Concrete International. 1990(12) . Pp55-60
78． 章银祥，赵智荣，李崇智，彩色耐磨混凝土在首都机场新航站楼工程应用，施工技术. Vol.29, No.2, 2000, pp31-51
79. Roger Kettle, Massud Sadegzadeh. Abrasion resistance of concrete. Concrete.Vol.34,No.2, 2000, pp18-21
80. Charles H. Goodspeed, Suneel Vanikar, Raymond A. Cook. High-performance concrete defined for highway structures. Concrete International. 1996(2), pp62-67
81．田倩，孙伟．高性能水泥基复合材料抗冻性能的研究．混凝土与水泥制品．1997(1)，pp12-15
82．蔡吴，覃维祖，刘西拉．砂浆孔隙水结冰规律的研究．混凝土．1997(6)，即．13
83. H.Cai, X.lin. Free-thaw-durability of concrete: ice formation process in pores. Cement and Concrete Research. Vol.28, No.9, 1998, pp1281-1287
84．陈惠苏，孙伟，慕儒．掺不同品种混合材的高强混凝土与钢纤维高性能混凝土在冻融，氯盐同时作用下的耐久性能．混凝土与水泥制品．2000(2)，pp36-39
85. Royh. Keck. Improving concrete durability with cementitious materials. Concrete International. Vol.23, No.9,2001, pp47-51
86. Anna Kronlof, Markkn Leivo, Pekka Sipari. Experimental study on the basic phenonena of shrinkage and cracking of fresh mortar. Cement and Concrete Research.Vol.25, No.8, 1995, pp1747-1754
87. Ei-ichi Tazawa, Shingo Miyazawa. Experimental study on mechanism of autogenous shrinkage of concrete. Cement and Concrete Research. Vol.25, No.8, 1995, pp1633-1638
88. M.N. Haque. Strength development and drying shrinkage of high-strength concrete. Cement and Concrete Composite. 1996(18), pp333-342
89. Kevin J. Folliard, Neal S.Berke. Properties of high-performance concrete containing shringkage-reducing admixture. Cement and Concrete Research. Vol.27, No.9, 1997,pp1357-1369
90. Joe Nasvik. Avoiding Surface Crusting. Concrete Construction, August, 2000
91．H．索默著，冯乃谦，丁建彤等译．高性能混凝土的耐久性．北京：科学出版社．1998：118-125
92．第九届国际水泥化学会议综合报告译文集．南京化工学院材料系编译．pp．240-606
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