海底管道的可靠度设计方法及施工程序编制
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摘要
海底管道是海上油气运输中最主要的，也是最快捷、经济、可靠的方式。自1954年在美国的墨西哥湾铺设的第一条海底管道以来，在世界各近海海域成功地铺设了无数条各种类型、各种管径的海底管道。将海底管道作为海洋油气的输送方式已越来越普遍。
一直以来，国内大多数海底管道都是根据DnV1981(旧规范)规范进行设计，并采用OFFPIPE(1996)软件进行管道施工分析。随着海底管道建设事业的发展，海底管道的设计规范、内外检测技术、施工技术和与海底管道设计施工相关的各类分析软件也相应得到了发展。国内的海底管线将逐步采用极限状态设计标准DnV OS F101规范(新规范)取代旧规范进行设计。
本文总结了国内外在海底管道设计、施工、安装、检测等方面的最新研究状况；归纳了海底管道设计、施工中所应用的基本理论以及海底管道强度设计的方法和步骤；分析了DnV OS F101中管道强度设计的有关规定，并与DnV1981规范作对比分析；并根据新规范，采用基于可靠度的分析方法，对按旧规范设计的服役多年的旧管线的安全性进行了评估。
《海底管道铺设分析系统SPLAS》(2000版)是浙江大学结构工程研究所在2000年根据DnV1981规范开发的具有自主知识产权的管线施工分析程序，随着新规范的发布，需对该程序进行修改和完善。本文在原程序基础上，增加了波浪理论和船舶运动理论计算模块，使程序能根据要求选择合适的波浪理论进行计算，并输出船舶在波浪中的运动方程。此外，通过读取OFFPIPE软件计算结果数据文件，程序能对管线铺设时的内力和应力应变，按新版规范进行校核，并输出校核结果。使OFFPIPE(1996)软件能适应新规范的要求。
Submarine pipeline is one of the most important, quick, economical and reliable manner for offshore oil and gas transportation, which is widely used nowadays. Since the first submarine pipeline in the Gulf of Mexico was installed in 1954, a great number of submarine pipelines with various calibers and types have been successfully installed in offshore all over the world. Using submarine pipeline as a way to transport submarine oil and gas has been becoming more and more common.
So far, most of the submarine pipelines in China have been designed according to the Code of DnV1981, and the stress and strain of pipes during installation have been calculated by the OFFPIPE (1996) software. As the development of submarine pipeline's design code, detection technique inside-outside, installation techniques and all kinds of the corresponding analysis software, the limit-state design standard-DnV OS F101 Code will be gradually used in domestic submarine pipeline designs.
Latest researches on submarine pipeline design, installation and detection as well as the basic theory used in the submarine pipeline design and construction are summarized in this paper. The strength design approach of pipeline in DnV OS F101 is analyzed, and the method and process for submarine pipeline strength design are summarized in comparison with DnV1981. Based on the new design code, an evaluation of an old pipeline, which was designed under the DnV1981 and has been used for many years, is carried out by reliability theory.
<> (Version 2000) is an object-oriented software for analyzing the stress and strain of pipelines during installation. The software has independent intellectual property by Structural Engineering Institute of Zhejiang University. With the introduction of new design code, SPLAS 2000 needs to be upgraded. A new calculation function for wave theory and laybarge motion theory based on original program is appended to it. In the upgraded SPLAS, user can choose a suitable wave theory to calculate wave forces subjected to submarine pipeline and output the equation of laybarge motion in waves. By reading the calculation result files of OFFPIPE and checking the internal force and stress-strain of pipeline during installation according to DnV OS F101, the program makes OFFPIPE (1996) suitable for the new code.
一直以来，国内大多数海底管道都是根据DnV1981(旧规范)规范进行设计，并采用OFFPIPE(1996)软件进行管道施工分析。随着海底管道建设事业的发展，海底管道的设计规范、内外检测技术、施工技术和与海底管道设计施工相关的各类分析软件也相应得到了发展。国内的海底管线将逐步采用极限状态设计标准DnV OS F101规范(新规范)取代旧规范进行设计。
本文总结了国内外在海底管道设计、施工、安装、检测等方面的最新研究状况；归纳了海底管道设计、施工中所应用的基本理论以及海底管道强度设计的方法和步骤；分析了DnV OS F101中管道强度设计的有关规定，并与DnV1981规范作对比分析；并根据新规范，采用基于可靠度的分析方法，对按旧规范设计的服役多年的旧管线的安全性进行了评估。
《海底管道铺设分析系统SPLAS》(2000版)是浙江大学结构工程研究所在2000年根据DnV1981规范开发的具有自主知识产权的管线施工分析程序，随着新规范的发布，需对该程序进行修改和完善。本文在原程序基础上，增加了波浪理论和船舶运动理论计算模块，使程序能根据要求选择合适的波浪理论进行计算，并输出船舶在波浪中的运动方程。此外，通过读取OFFPIPE软件计算结果数据文件，程序能对管线铺设时的内力和应力应变，按新版规范进行校核，并输出校核结果。使OFFPIPE(1996)软件能适应新规范的要求。
Submarine pipeline is one of the most important, quick, economical and reliable manner for offshore oil and gas transportation, which is widely used nowadays. Since the first submarine pipeline in the Gulf of Mexico was installed in 1954, a great number of submarine pipelines with various calibers and types have been successfully installed in offshore all over the world. Using submarine pipeline as a way to transport submarine oil and gas has been becoming more and more common.
So far, most of the submarine pipelines in China have been designed according to the Code of DnV1981, and the stress and strain of pipes during installation have been calculated by the OFFPIPE (1996) software. As the development of submarine pipeline's design code, detection technique inside-outside, installation techniques and all kinds of the corresponding analysis software, the limit-state design standard-DnV OS F101 Code will be gradually used in domestic submarine pipeline designs.
Latest researches on submarine pipeline design, installation and detection as well as the basic theory used in the submarine pipeline design and construction are summarized in this paper. The strength design approach of pipeline in DnV OS F101 is analyzed, and the method and process for submarine pipeline strength design are summarized in comparison with DnV1981. Based on the new design code, an evaluation of an old pipeline, which was designed under the DnV1981 and has been used for many years, is carried out by reliability theory.
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引文
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[9]BSI BS 8010 (1993): "Code of Practice for Pipeline - Part 3. Pipeline Subsea: Design, Construction and Installation"
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Proceedings of the 4th International Conference of Advances in Riser Technologies, Aberdeen, UK, May 24th - 25th, 1999
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[2]李宁．我国海洋石油油气储运回顾与展望．2003年中国管道发展暨技术研讨会，2003
[3]周延东，刘日柱．我国海底管道的发展状况与前景．中国海上油气，1998，10(4)．
[4]宋儒鑫．深水开发中的海底管道和海洋立管．船舶工业技术经济信息，2003(6)．
[5]API RP 1111 (1998): "Design, Construction, Operation, and Maintenance of Offshore Hydrocarbon Pipeline s - Limit State Design"
[6]ASME B31.8 (1992): "Code for Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems" (1994 Addendum)
[7]ABS (2001): "Guide for Building and Classing Undersea Pipelines and Risers"
[8]ASME B31.4 (1992): "Code for Liquid Trans Transportation System for Hydrocarbons, Liquid Petroleum Gas, Anhydrous Ammonia and Alcohol's"
[9]BSI BS 8010 (1993): "Code of Practice for Pipeline - Part 3. Pipeline Subsea: Design, Construction and Installation"
[10]DnV OS F101 (2000): "Submarine Pipeline Systems"
[11]DnV 1981: "Rules for Submarine Pipeline Systems"
[12]DnV 1996: "Rules for Submarine Pipeline Systems"
[13]中国船级社．海底管道系统规范．北京：人民交通出版社．
[14]王金英．海底油气管道工程．中国海上油气，1993，5(3)．
[15]Sotberg, T and Leira, B (1994): "Reliability Based Pipeline Design and Code Calibration", Proceedings of OMAE'94
[16]Zimmerman, et al. (1992): "Development of Limit State Guideline for the Pipeline Industry". Proceedings of OMAE'92
[17]Bai, Y. and Song, R. "Reliability-Based Limit-State Design and Re-qualification of Pipelines", Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, OMAE98-2849, July, 1998, Lisboa, Portugal
[18]Song, R., Clausen, T and Stuijk, P., "Design and Installation of a Banded Riser System for a North Sea Application", Proceedings of the Offshore Technology Conference (OTC 2001), Houston, USA, April - May, 2001
[19]Song, R. and Knutsen, C, "Limit State Design of Pipeline Bundle Systems", proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Risk & Limit State Design & Operation of Pipelines, Oslo, Norway, Oct., 1999
[20]Song, R. and Clausen, T, "Reliability-based Limit State Design of Metallic Risers",
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference of Advances in Riser Technologies, Aberdeen, UK, May 24th - 25th, 1999
[21]API RP 2RD (1998): "Design of Risers for Floating production Systems and Tension Leg Platforms", First Edition, 1998
[22]DnV OS F201(2000): "Dynamic Risers"
[23]马良．海底油气管道工程，海洋出版社， 北京1987
[24]A.H. Mousselli(许正名译)．海底管道设计分析及方法，海洋出版社，北京1984
[25]马良(译)，王金英(校对)．海底管道．国外油气储运．1993，11(2)．
[26]程志虎．海底管线的检测．无损检测，1998，20(5)．
[27]李勇，陈开明，熊建嘉，付建华．漏磁式智能检测在管道中的运用及管道腐蚀分析．控制与测量．2002(4)．
[28]毛宁林，李新军，魏中格．海底管道内外腐蚀的在线检测技术．石油工程建设，2001,(2)．
[29]周明，陶纪明．在役石油管道的超声检测．测试技术学报，1998，12(3)．
[30]何宏，江秀汉，李琳．国内外管道腐蚀检测技术的现状与发展．油气储运，2001，20(4)．
[31]Gas Research Institute. R&D is helping to make smart pigs even smarter. Pipeline & Gas Journal, 1997, 224(8).
[32]W.R. Gwartney. Ultrasonie in-Service inspection. Pipeline & Gas Journal, 1991, 218(3).
[33]Jesse L. Mitchell. Smart pigs getting smarter to meet operator demands. Pipeline &Gas Journal, 1996, 79(6).
[34]李爱国，郑爱静(译)．管道检测装置．国外油气储运，1995，13(6)．
[35]Housner G W, et al. Structure Control: Past, Present and Future. ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics,1997,123(9).
[36]张志鹏，Gambling W A．光线传感器原理．北京：中国计量出版社，1991．
[37]金伟良，张恩勇，邵剑文，刘德华．分布式光纤传感技术在海底管道健康监测中的应用．中国海上油气(工程)，2003，15(4)．
[38]赵国藩，金伟良，贡金鑫．结构可靠度理论．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2000．12．
[39]李国强，黄宏伟．工程结构荷载与可靠度设计原理．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1999．
[40]邱大洪．波浪理论及其在工程中的应用．北京：高等教育出版社，1985．
[41]竺艳蓉．海洋工程波浪力学．天津：天津大学出版社，1991．12．
[42]天津大学水文水力学教研室．海洋石油工程环境——水文分析计算．北京：石油工业出版社，1983．
[43]Morison J R etc. The Force Exerted by Surface Wave on Piles. Petrol, Trans., AIME, 1950, 189.
[44]Sarpkaya T. In-Line and Transverse Forces on Cylinders in Oscillatory low at High Reynolds Numbers. OTC2533, 1976, 11.
[45]浙江大学结构工程研究所．海底管线设计基本理论摘要．2003．12．
[46]Dean R G. Relative Validities of Water Wave Theories. Proc. ASCE, 1970, 96(1).
[47]Bernald Le Me'haute. An Introduction to Hydrodynamics and Water Waves, 1976.
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