马铃薯对水分胁迫的生理响应及抗旱调控措施研究
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摘要
我国马铃薯种植区主要分布在干旱和半干旱地区,干旱是造成马铃薯单产低而不稳的重要原因。因此,研究水分胁迫对马铃薯生理特性的影响及寻找有效的抗旱调控措施,为提高旱作马铃薯单产提供理论依据和技术支持。本研究采用盆栽和田间试验相结合的方法,研究了水分胁迫对马铃薯生理特性和营养品质的影响,以及秸秆覆盖、覆膜和施用保水剂等措施对马铃薯抗旱特性的调控作用。主要研究结果如下:
1.水分胁迫对马铃薯的生长和生理特性影响较大。轻度水分胁迫下马铃薯株高和根长最大,较正常供水处理分别高出1.73%和1.15%。与正常供水相比,其根系体积和鲜重降低较少,叶片质膜透性、丙二醛含量和脯氨酸含量、SOD、POD酶活性增加较少,产量降低仅为8.04%,降低程度最低;中度胁迫对马铃薯的生长正向影响作用次于轻度胁迫。水涝胁迫严重抑制了根系的生长,降低根系体积、活力、总吸收面积和活跃吸收面积的程度最大。重度胁迫导致马铃薯叶片质膜透性增大、丙二醛和脯氨酸含量升高、生育前期的SOD和POD活性值增大。
2.轻度水分胁迫可显著降低两个马铃薯品种薯块氯原酸含量。轻度胁迫下马铃薯Russian blue薯块中抗氧化剂物质活性、总酚含量、氯原酸含量较正常供水相比分别降低21.69%、12.41%和23.13%,夏波蒂品种分别降低2.96%、5.68%和17.51%,轻度水分胁迫下抗氧化剂物质活性和总酚含量降低程度均小于氯原酸含量降低程度。且轻度水分胁迫对紫色马铃薯Russian blue品种抗氧化剂物质活性、总酚、氯原酸含量的降低作用均大于夏波蒂品种;重度水分胁迫对两个马铃薯品种中抗氧化剂物质活性、总酚含量、氯原酸含量的降低程度最大。
3.轻度水分胁迫下两个马铃薯品种薯块总氮含量和(15)~N同位素含量均最接近于正常供水。水涝胁迫处理的15N同位素含量值为第三位。夏波蒂品种轻度水分胁迫处理的总氮含量、15N同位素含量较正常供水处理分别降低1.13%和5.11%,而Russian blue两个指标降低的程度大于夏波蒂品种。表明在土壤相对持水率未达到马铃薯生长最佳需水量(土壤田间持水量的75%)时,提高土壤水分含量可促进氮素循环和积累,同时引起15N同位素含量的增加。
4.秸秆覆盖与秸秆覆盖加施保水剂措施显著增加了0～80cm土层土壤含水率。这两种措施能够增加马铃薯植株鲜重和株高,并达到降低质膜透性,减少丙二醛、脯氨酸合成量,提高了生育后期SOD、POD活性的效果,因此可显著降低土壤干旱对马铃薯胁迫作用。行间覆膜加施保水剂措施作用效果次之。秸秆覆盖及覆盖加施保水剂、行间覆膜加施保水剂措施增产达49.69%～107.85%,增产效果显著。
5.保水剂在采用穴施、施用深度15cm、用量60kg/hm~2三种施用措施时,能明显增加马铃薯株幅、株高、鲜重、干重、茎粗和根系长度,降低质膜透性、丙二醛和脯氨酸含量及作物生长前期的SOD、POD活性,增加叶绿素含量,表明三种施用措施均能降低土壤干旱对马铃薯的胁迫作用。与对照相比,产量增加量分别为8.19%、8.41%和8.23%。但保水剂采取沟施方式、深度在10cm～20cm之间、施用剂量在30～90kg/hm~2之间均提高了马铃薯产量。施量30～90kg/hm~2使马铃薯增产4.10%～8.41%,施用深度10cm～20cm增产4.83%～8.23%。
6.通过对马铃薯形态指标、生理特性、薯块营养品质与产量间的关系的相关分析,总结出地上部分植株株高、鲜重和茎粗,POD酶活性,地下部分根系长度和鲜重,薯块中氯原酸、总酚、抗氧化剂物质活性及总氮、(15)~N同位素含量均与产量呈显著或极显著正相关,丙二醛和脯氨酸含量与产量呈显著负相关。以上指标均可用于评价马铃薯的抗旱性及推测干旱条件下马铃薯的产量和品质。
Potato growing areas are mainly distributed in arid and semi-arid areas in China. Drought is one of the most important factors for low yield per potato and the instability of the yield. Therefore, it is of theoretical and practical value to study the influence of water stress on potato physiological characteristics and to seek effective control measures on drought resistance to improve the per unit area yield of potatoes. Potting and field work were combined to study the physiological characteristics and nutritional quality under water stress. Regulations for drought resistant related physiological characteristics by straw mulch, plastic mulch and water-retaining agent were studied. Main results were as follows.
1. The influence of water stress on potato growth and physiological characteristics was obvious. The longest lengths of potato plants and of root were observed under low water stress. They were increased by 1.73% and 1.15%, respectively. Root volume and fresh weight were slightly decreased and leaf Plastic mulch permeability, MDA and proline contents, SOD and POD activities were slightly increased compared with normal water supply. The yield reduced only by 8.04%, which was on the second place. The positive influence of moderate water stress on potato growth was inferior to low water stress. Water logging stress significantly inhibited root growth and reduced root volume, activity and total absorption area and the maximum level of active absorption area. Severe water stress induced the increase of Plastic mulch permeability in leaves, MDA and proline contents, and the activity of SOD and POD in early stage of potato.
2. Low water stress could significantly reduce the contents of chlorogenic acid in two potato cultivars. The antioxidant substance activity, total polyphenols content, and chlorogenic acid content were lower by 21.69%, 12.41% and 23.13% respectively compared with normal water supply in Russian blue potato tuber. And those indexes reduced by 2.96%, 5.68% and 17.51% respectively in Shepody. Activity of antioxidant substance and total polyphenol content decreased less than chlorogenic acid content. The activity of antioxidant substance, total polyphenol and chlorogenic acid content on Russian blue purple potato varieties under low water stress were lower than the role of Shepody. These indexes above reduced more sharply.
3. Total nitrogen content and (15)~N isotopic content under low water stress in tubers in two potato cultivars were the closest to normal water supply. (15)~N isotope content in potato under Waterlogging stress was in the third place. The total nitrogen content and (15)~N isotope contents of Shepody under low water stress treatment were lower than normal water treatment by 1.13% and 5.11% respectively, while the contents of these characteristics above in Russian blue reduced more than Shepody. When the soil moisture content did not reach the best of field capacity (75%) for potato growth, by improving soil moisture content could accelerate nitrogen cycle and accumulation, and also caused the increase of the content of (15)~N isotopes.
4. Straw mulch and it combined with water-retaining agent increased moisture content in 0～80cm soil layer significantly. Both of the two measures could increase plant fresh weight and length of plant. They could also lower phase-Plastic mulch permeability, decrease MDA and proline content and increase the activity of SOD, POD in late growth stage. The stress effect on plants from dry land was reduced by these control measures. The effect of plastic mulch between lines combined with water-retaining agent on potatoes was secondary to the measures above. Straw mulch and it combined with water-retaining agent and plastic mulch between lines combined with water-retaining agent increased the yield of potato by 49.69%～107.85%.
5. When water-retaining regent was applied in holes, of 15cm depth, with the amount of 60kg/hm2, it could significantly increase length of plant, fresh weight, dry weight, stem diameter and root length, and reduce Plastic mulch permeability, MDA, and proline contents, activities of SOD and POD in early growth stage, and increase chlorophyll content, which showed that these measures could reduce the effect on plants from dry land. Compared with control group, yield of the three measures above increased by 8.19%, 8.41% and 8.23%, respectively. The water-retaining regent applied by sink pattern, of 10cm～20cm depth, with asuplication amount of 30～90kg/hm2, increased the yield of potatoes by 4.10%～8.41%, and that increased by 4.83%～8.23% of the depth of 10cm～20cm.
6. Conclusions on the relationship between morphological indexes, physiological characteristics, tuber nutritional quality and yield of potatoes by correlation analysis was made.Aboveground parts of potato, including length of plant, fresh weight and stem diameter, POD enzyme activity, fresh weight and length of root, which is the underground part and indexes in tuber, including chlorogenic acid, total phenolic content, antioxidant substrate activity, total nitrogen, (15)~N isotopes showed significant or very significant positive correlation with potato yield. A significant negative correlation between the content of MDA and proline and potato yield was also obtained. All the indexes above could be used to Evaluate drought resistance of potatoes and to speculate the yield and quality of potatoes in dry land.
1.水分胁迫对马铃薯的生长和生理特性影响较大。轻度水分胁迫下马铃薯株高和根长最大,较正常供水处理分别高出1.73%和1.15%。与正常供水相比,其根系体积和鲜重降低较少,叶片质膜透性、丙二醛含量和脯氨酸含量、SOD、POD酶活性增加较少,产量降低仅为8.04%,降低程度最低;中度胁迫对马铃薯的生长正向影响作用次于轻度胁迫。水涝胁迫严重抑制了根系的生长,降低根系体积、活力、总吸收面积和活跃吸收面积的程度最大。重度胁迫导致马铃薯叶片质膜透性增大、丙二醛和脯氨酸含量升高、生育前期的SOD和POD活性值增大。
2.轻度水分胁迫可显著降低两个马铃薯品种薯块氯原酸含量。轻度胁迫下马铃薯Russian blue薯块中抗氧化剂物质活性、总酚含量、氯原酸含量较正常供水相比分别降低21.69%、12.41%和23.13%,夏波蒂品种分别降低2.96%、5.68%和17.51%,轻度水分胁迫下抗氧化剂物质活性和总酚含量降低程度均小于氯原酸含量降低程度。且轻度水分胁迫对紫色马铃薯Russian blue品种抗氧化剂物质活性、总酚、氯原酸含量的降低作用均大于夏波蒂品种;重度水分胁迫对两个马铃薯品种中抗氧化剂物质活性、总酚含量、氯原酸含量的降低程度最大。
3.轻度水分胁迫下两个马铃薯品种薯块总氮含量和(15)~N同位素含量均最接近于正常供水。水涝胁迫处理的15N同位素含量值为第三位。夏波蒂品种轻度水分胁迫处理的总氮含量、15N同位素含量较正常供水处理分别降低1.13%和5.11%,而Russian blue两个指标降低的程度大于夏波蒂品种。表明在土壤相对持水率未达到马铃薯生长最佳需水量(土壤田间持水量的75%)时,提高土壤水分含量可促进氮素循环和积累,同时引起15N同位素含量的增加。
4.秸秆覆盖与秸秆覆盖加施保水剂措施显著增加了0～80cm土层土壤含水率。这两种措施能够增加马铃薯植株鲜重和株高,并达到降低质膜透性,减少丙二醛、脯氨酸合成量,提高了生育后期SOD、POD活性的效果,因此可显著降低土壤干旱对马铃薯胁迫作用。行间覆膜加施保水剂措施作用效果次之。秸秆覆盖及覆盖加施保水剂、行间覆膜加施保水剂措施增产达49.69%～107.85%,增产效果显著。
5.保水剂在采用穴施、施用深度15cm、用量60kg/hm~2三种施用措施时,能明显增加马铃薯株幅、株高、鲜重、干重、茎粗和根系长度,降低质膜透性、丙二醛和脯氨酸含量及作物生长前期的SOD、POD活性,增加叶绿素含量,表明三种施用措施均能降低土壤干旱对马铃薯的胁迫作用。与对照相比,产量增加量分别为8.19%、8.41%和8.23%。但保水剂采取沟施方式、深度在10cm～20cm之间、施用剂量在30～90kg/hm~2之间均提高了马铃薯产量。施量30～90kg/hm~2使马铃薯增产4.10%～8.41%,施用深度10cm～20cm增产4.83%～8.23%。
6.通过对马铃薯形态指标、生理特性、薯块营养品质与产量间的关系的相关分析,总结出地上部分植株株高、鲜重和茎粗,POD酶活性,地下部分根系长度和鲜重,薯块中氯原酸、总酚、抗氧化剂物质活性及总氮、(15)~N同位素含量均与产量呈显著或极显著正相关,丙二醛和脯氨酸含量与产量呈显著负相关。以上指标均可用于评价马铃薯的抗旱性及推测干旱条件下马铃薯的产量和品质。
Potato growing areas are mainly distributed in arid and semi-arid areas in China. Drought is one of the most important factors for low yield per potato and the instability of the yield. Therefore, it is of theoretical and practical value to study the influence of water stress on potato physiological characteristics and to seek effective control measures on drought resistance to improve the per unit area yield of potatoes. Potting and field work were combined to study the physiological characteristics and nutritional quality under water stress. Regulations for drought resistant related physiological characteristics by straw mulch, plastic mulch and water-retaining agent were studied. Main results were as follows.
1. The influence of water stress on potato growth and physiological characteristics was obvious. The longest lengths of potato plants and of root were observed under low water stress. They were increased by 1.73% and 1.15%, respectively. Root volume and fresh weight were slightly decreased and leaf Plastic mulch permeability, MDA and proline contents, SOD and POD activities were slightly increased compared with normal water supply. The yield reduced only by 8.04%, which was on the second place. The positive influence of moderate water stress on potato growth was inferior to low water stress. Water logging stress significantly inhibited root growth and reduced root volume, activity and total absorption area and the maximum level of active absorption area. Severe water stress induced the increase of Plastic mulch permeability in leaves, MDA and proline contents, and the activity of SOD and POD in early stage of potato.
2. Low water stress could significantly reduce the contents of chlorogenic acid in two potato cultivars. The antioxidant substance activity, total polyphenols content, and chlorogenic acid content were lower by 21.69%, 12.41% and 23.13% respectively compared with normal water supply in Russian blue potato tuber. And those indexes reduced by 2.96%, 5.68% and 17.51% respectively in Shepody. Activity of antioxidant substance and total polyphenol content decreased less than chlorogenic acid content. The activity of antioxidant substance, total polyphenol and chlorogenic acid content on Russian blue purple potato varieties under low water stress were lower than the role of Shepody. These indexes above reduced more sharply.
3. Total nitrogen content and (15)~N isotopic content under low water stress in tubers in two potato cultivars were the closest to normal water supply. (15)~N isotope content in potato under Waterlogging stress was in the third place. The total nitrogen content and (15)~N isotope contents of Shepody under low water stress treatment were lower than normal water treatment by 1.13% and 5.11% respectively, while the contents of these characteristics above in Russian blue reduced more than Shepody. When the soil moisture content did not reach the best of field capacity (75%) for potato growth, by improving soil moisture content could accelerate nitrogen cycle and accumulation, and also caused the increase of the content of (15)~N isotopes.
4. Straw mulch and it combined with water-retaining agent increased moisture content in 0～80cm soil layer significantly. Both of the two measures could increase plant fresh weight and length of plant. They could also lower phase-Plastic mulch permeability, decrease MDA and proline content and increase the activity of SOD, POD in late growth stage. The stress effect on plants from dry land was reduced by these control measures. The effect of plastic mulch between lines combined with water-retaining agent on potatoes was secondary to the measures above. Straw mulch and it combined with water-retaining agent and plastic mulch between lines combined with water-retaining agent increased the yield of potato by 49.69%～107.85%.
5. When water-retaining regent was applied in holes, of 15cm depth, with the amount of 60kg/hm2, it could significantly increase length of plant, fresh weight, dry weight, stem diameter and root length, and reduce Plastic mulch permeability, MDA, and proline contents, activities of SOD and POD in early growth stage, and increase chlorophyll content, which showed that these measures could reduce the effect on plants from dry land. Compared with control group, yield of the three measures above increased by 8.19%, 8.41% and 8.23%, respectively. The water-retaining regent applied by sink pattern, of 10cm～20cm depth, with asuplication amount of 30～90kg/hm2, increased the yield of potatoes by 4.10%～8.41%, and that increased by 4.83%～8.23% of the depth of 10cm～20cm.
6. Conclusions on the relationship between morphological indexes, physiological characteristics, tuber nutritional quality and yield of potatoes by correlation analysis was made.Aboveground parts of potato, including length of plant, fresh weight and stem diameter, POD enzyme activity, fresh weight and length of root, which is the underground part and indexes in tuber, including chlorogenic acid, total phenolic content, antioxidant substrate activity, total nitrogen, (15)~N isotopes showed significant or very significant positive correlation with potato yield. A significant negative correlation between the content of MDA and proline and potato yield was also obtained. All the indexes above could be used to Evaluate drought resistance of potatoes and to speculate the yield and quality of potatoes in dry land.
引文
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