社会学视野中的生态旅游研究
摘要
对于生态旅游的研究是近几年来关注的热点，作为可持续发展旅游的一种实践形式，如何实现生态旅游的可持续发展是一个必须考虑的课题。但从目前生态旅游的发展状况来看，生态旅游的发展还处于一个十字路口。对于倡导生态旅游的研究者们来说，生态旅游应该作为可持续的旅游形式来加以发展和管理，而实践中，生态旅游大多时候只是吸引旅游者、扩大客源市场的“标签”，生态旅游并没有实现真正的“生态”发展。因此，笔者试图从社会学的角度来分析生态旅游，以一个更为广阔的视角来探讨实现生态旅游理论与实践相对一致性的方式。
本文沿袭旅游社会学的研究路线，将研究视角定在角色、行为和互动三个方面，通过对生态旅游场景中各参与主体的角色扮演、行为和互动来探讨生态旅游系统的运行模式，从而为生态旅游的发展提供一个理性的研究思路。基于上述观点，本文的研究内容包括以下五个部分：
第一部分是从社会学的角度来分析生态旅游的研究现状、概念理解框架、研究视角、研究方法和研究内容。
第二部分研究生态旅游系统的结构和运行以及变迁机制，并对引起变迁的“流”进行分析，从而引出对流的承载者——各参与主体的角色、行为和互动研究。
第三部分研究生态旅游场景中各参与主体的角色扮演，探讨各主体的角色扮演特征和角色行为
第四部分研究生态旅游场景中各参与主体的互动，并分析生态旅游中各主体之间的伦理关系，使生态旅游中的众多主体能够在一个有着“游戏规则”的框架之下，完成自己的角色扮演，规范自己的角色行为，从而平衡各参与主体之间的利益关系，实现理想的互动，以实现生态旅游自身的角色期望。
第五部分是结束语，对本文的观点和结论进行综述，并对研究前景进行展望。
The study on ecotourism is the hot topic in recent years. As a practical type of sustainable tourism, how to achieve the sustainable development of ecotourism is a necessary topic that deserves considering.From the actual status of ecotourism, the development of ecotourism is just at it's crossroad. For its advocator, ecotourism should be considered a type of sustainable tourism to develop, whereas in practice, ecotourism is always regarded as a label which can attract more tourists and enlarge the market, so ecotourism does not achieve the real meaning of "eco'. Therefore, the paper tries to analyze the ecotourism from the point of sociology and probes into the way to achieve the congruence between the theory and practice.
Following the research road of tourism sociology, this paper put the angle of view on three aspects, that is role, action and interaction, then probes into the function pattern of ecotourism's system by studying the role play, action and interaction of participators. Based on above point views, the paper is composed of 5 chapters as follows:
Chapter One Ecotourism: An sociological Analysis: Mainly introduces the research status of ecotourism, and builds up an understanding framework of ecotourism's concept, then describes the angle of view, research methods and research content.
Chapter Two The Structure And The Ecological Function Pattern Of Ecotourism's System: Mainly studies the structure of ecotourism's system, and probes into the ecological function pattern and vicissitudinous mechanism of ecotourism's system, then analyzes the factors of vicissitudinous.
Chapter Three The role Play Of Participators In Ecotourism Scene: The Introduces the role play of participators in ecotourism scene, discusses the role characteristic and role action of participators.
Chapter Four The Interaction Of Participators In Ecotourism Scene: Studies the interaction of participators and analyzes the ethic among the participators, which make all participators playing roles in a framework of 'game rule' .Under this framework, all participators can balance there benefits and achieve the perfect reaction.
Chapter five Summarization And Prospect: summarizes the view and conclusion of the paper, and makes the prospect of the future study.
本文沿袭旅游社会学的研究路线，将研究视角定在角色、行为和互动三个方面，通过对生态旅游场景中各参与主体的角色扮演、行为和互动来探讨生态旅游系统的运行模式，从而为生态旅游的发展提供一个理性的研究思路。基于上述观点，本文的研究内容包括以下五个部分：
第一部分是从社会学的角度来分析生态旅游的研究现状、概念理解框架、研究视角、研究方法和研究内容。
第二部分研究生态旅游系统的结构和运行以及变迁机制，并对引起变迁的“流”进行分析，从而引出对流的承载者——各参与主体的角色、行为和互动研究。
第三部分研究生态旅游场景中各参与主体的角色扮演，探讨各主体的角色扮演特征和角色行为
第四部分研究生态旅游场景中各参与主体的互动，并分析生态旅游中各主体之间的伦理关系，使生态旅游中的众多主体能够在一个有着“游戏规则”的框架之下，完成自己的角色扮演，规范自己的角色行为，从而平衡各参与主体之间的利益关系，实现理想的互动，以实现生态旅游自身的角色期望。
第五部分是结束语，对本文的观点和结论进行综述，并对研究前景进行展望。
The study on ecotourism is the hot topic in recent years. As a practical type of sustainable tourism, how to achieve the sustainable development of ecotourism is a necessary topic that deserves considering.From the actual status of ecotourism, the development of ecotourism is just at it's crossroad. For its advocator, ecotourism should be considered a type of sustainable tourism to develop, whereas in practice, ecotourism is always regarded as a label which can attract more tourists and enlarge the market, so ecotourism does not achieve the real meaning of "eco'. Therefore, the paper tries to analyze the ecotourism from the point of sociology and probes into the way to achieve the congruence between the theory and practice.
Following the research road of tourism sociology, this paper put the angle of view on three aspects, that is role, action and interaction, then probes into the function pattern of ecotourism's system by studying the role play, action and interaction of participators. Based on above point views, the paper is composed of 5 chapters as follows:
Chapter One Ecotourism: An sociological Analysis: Mainly introduces the research status of ecotourism, and builds up an understanding framework of ecotourism's concept, then describes the angle of view, research methods and research content.
Chapter Two The Structure And The Ecological Function Pattern Of Ecotourism's System: Mainly studies the structure of ecotourism's system, and probes into the ecological function pattern and vicissitudinous mechanism of ecotourism's system, then analyzes the factors of vicissitudinous.
Chapter Three The role Play Of Participators In Ecotourism Scene: The Introduces the role play of participators in ecotourism scene, discusses the role characteristic and role action of participators.
Chapter Four The Interaction Of Participators In Ecotourism Scene: Studies the interaction of participators and analyzes the ethic among the participators, which make all participators playing roles in a framework of 'game rule' .Under this framework, all participators can balance there benefits and achieve the perfect reaction.
Chapter five Summarization And Prospect: summarizes the view and conclusion of the paper, and makes the prospect of the future study.
引文
[1] 卢云亭，王建军．生态旅游学[M]．北京：旅游教育出版社，2001．
[2] 杨桂华等．生态旅游[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，2000．
[3] 张建萍．生态旅游理论与实践[M]．北京：中国旅游出版社，2001．
[4] 印开蒲，鄢和琳．生态旅游与可持续发展[M]．成都：四川大学出版社，2003．
[5] 钟林生等．生态旅游规划原理与方法[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，2003．
[6] 国际环境与发展学院中国项目办公室．中国．可持续发展．实践[M]．北京：经济科学出版社，2002：148-174。
[7] 刘德谦．中国生态旅游面临选择[J]．旅游学刊，2003(2)．
[8] 李洪波，黄安民．国外生态旅游研究进展综述[J]．襄樊学院学报，2001，22(2)：9—15
[9] 宋瑞．生态旅游的多重辨析[J]．北京第二外国语学院学报，2003(3)：33—38．
[10] 王宁．旅游、现代性与好恶交织[J]．社会学研究，1999(6)．
[11] 申葆嘉．国外旅游研究进展[J]．旅游学刊，1996，(2)：48—52，(3)：48—54．
[12] 申葆嘉．旅游学原理[M]．上海：学林出版社，1999．
[13] 黄华等．尼泊尔、不丹的生态旅游业[A]．杨桂华等．生态旅游透视[C]．中国旅游出版社，2002：354—361．
[14] 郭岱宜．生态旅游——21世纪旅游新主张[M]．扬智文化事业股份有限公司出版，1999．
[15] 郑堡垒．构成生态旅游的条件[N]，中国旅游报，1998．12．15．
[16] 威廉．瑟厄波德主编全球旅游新论[M]．北京：中国旅游出版社，2001．
[17] 王家俊．关于“生态旅游”概念的探讨[J]．地理学与国土研究，2002(2)：104．
[18] 陈安泽、卢云亭等．旅游地学概论[M]．北京大学出版社，1991：24．
[19] 吴必虎．区域旅游规划原理[M]．中国旅游出版社，2001：37．
[20] 李霖．生态旅游发展模式研究[J]．理论与改革，2003(4)：121-123．
[21] 周晓虹．现代社会心理学[M]．上海：上海人民出版社，2001；
[22] 谢彦君．基础旅游学[M]．中国旅游出版社，1999．
[23] 小爱德华．J．梅奥．旅游心理学[M]．南开大学出版社，1987．
[24] 张国洪．中国文化旅游：理论·战略·实践[M]．天津：南开大学出版社，2001．
[25] 罗教讲．社会角色理论[M]．南京大学出版社，1990：232．
[26] 钟林生．论生态旅游者的保护性旅游行为[J]．中南林学院学报，2000(6)：62—65．
[27] 冯契，徐孝通．外国哲学大辞典[M]．上海辞书出版社，2000：294—304．
[28] 艾尔．巴比著，邱泽奇译．社会研究方法·上册．北京：华夏出版社，2000．4．
[29] (美)杰弗里·亚利山大(Jeffery C.Alexander)．社会学二十讲：二战以来的理论发展[M]．北京：华夏出版社，2000．
[30] (美)马尔科姆．沃特斯著，杨善华等译．现代社会学理论[M]．北京：华夏出版社，2000．4．陈向明著．质的研究方法与社会科学研究[M]．北京：教育科学出版社，2000．1．
[31] 罗钢，王中忱．消费文化读本[M]．北京：中国社会科学出版社，2003．6．
[33] (美)乔纳森．Ⅱ特纳等著，邱泽奇等译．社会学理论的结构(上下册)[M]．北京：华夏出版社，2001．1．
[34] 胡志毅，张兆干．社区参与和旅游业可持续发展[J]．人文地理，2002，17，(2)：38-41．
[35] 刘赵平．旅游对目的地社会文化影响研究结构框架[J]．桂林旅游高等专科学校学报．1999，10，(1)：29-34，56；
[36] 刘纬华．关于社区参与旅游发展的若干理论思考[J]．旅游学刊，2000，(1)：47-52．
[37] 张伟，吴必虎．利益主体(Stakeholder)理论在区域旅游规划中的应用——以四川省乐山市为例[J]．旅游学刊，2002，17，(4)：63-68．；
[38] 臧立杰译，Chandra de Silva，Sarath Kotagama．斯里兰卡梅迪里吉里亚的社区生态旅游计划——保护与开发相结合[J]．产业与环境，2002，24，(3-4)：54-57．
[38] 黎洁，赵西萍．社区参与旅游发展理论的若干经济学质疑[J]．旅游学刊，2001，16，(4)：44-47．
[39] 刘纬华．社区参与旅游发展研究应有的理论视野——兼与黎洁老师商榷[J]．海南大学学报人文社会科学版，2002，20(2)：98-103．
[40] 唐顺铁．旅游目的地的社区化及社区旅游研究[J]．地理研究，1998，17，(2)：145-149．
[41] 吴必虎．地方旅游开发与管理[M]．北京：科学出版社，2000．1-2．
[42] 章尚立．“政府主导型”旅游发展战略的反思[J]．旅游学刊，1998，(4)：43-47．
[43] 陈丕积．旅游市场信息不对称及政府行为[J]．旅游学刊，2000，(2)：27-30．
[44] 曾国安．论解决信息不对称问题的市场与政府[J]．当代经济研究，1999，(5)：50-55．
[45] 谢康．西方微观信息经济学不完全信息理论[J]．国外社会科学，1995，(2)：47-52．
[46] 曹国利．信息不对称：政府规制的经济理由[J]．财政经济，1998，(6)：15-19．
[47] (荷)汉斯·范登·德尔．民主与福利经济学[M]．陈刚等译．北京：中国社会科学出版社，1999．50-90．
[48] 哈尔·瓦力安．微观经济学[M]．北京：经济科学出版社，1997，440-468．
[49] 中国社会科学院环境与发展研究中心课题组．国家风景名胜资源上市的国家利益权衡[J]．数量经济技术经济研究，1999，(10)：3-25．
[50] 马中．环境与资源经济学概论[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1999．93-133．
[51] 鸥阳志云，王如松．生态系统服务功能、生态价值与可持续发展[J]．世界科技研究与进展，2000，22(5)：45-50．
[52] 张晰竹．自然文化遗产资源的管理体制与改革[J]．数量经济技术经济研究，2000，(9)：9-14．
[53] 龙嗣明．唤起忧患意识加强国家自然文化遗产资源管理[J]．数量经济技术经济研究，2000，(7)：79-81．
[54] 黄少安．产权经济学导论[M]．济南：山东人民出版社，1995．39-54，298-343．
[55] 郭文玲．准公共产品的两维性[J]．数量经济技术经济研究，2000，(10)：51-53．
[56] 谢庆奎．中国政府的府际关系研究[J]．北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版)，2000，37(1)：26-33．
[57] 沈满洪．论环境问题的制度根源[J]．浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)，2000，30(3)：57-65．
[58] 徐辉等．对旅游产业生态过程的研究[J]．旅游学刊，2002(2)：73-79．
[59] 雷毅．生态伦理学[M]．西安：陕西人民出版社，2000．12．
[60] 卢善庆，张本良．旅游美学[M]．福州：海潮摄影艺术出版社，1996(8)．
[61] 夏赞才．旅游伦理概念及理论架构引论[J]．旅游学刊，2003(2)30-34．
[1] Apostolopolous, Yiorgos, Stella Leivadi and AndrewYiannakis(eds.).The Sociology of Tourism:Theoreticaland Empirical Investigations[M]. London: Routledge, 1996.
[2] Bauman, Zygmunt, Fran. Pilgrim till Turist(From Pilgrim to Tourist)[J].Moderna Tider, 1994, September: 20—34.
[3] Boorstin, D.,The Image: a Guide to Pseudoeventsin [M]America, New York: Haper & Row. 1964.
[4] Borocz, Jozsef. Leisure Migration: a Sociological Study on Tourism[M].New York: Pergamon. 1996.
[5] Britton, S.,.The Politcal Economy of Tourism in the Third World[J].Annals of Tourism Research 1982, (9):331—59.
[6] Britton, S.. Tourism, Capital, and Place: towards a Critical Geography of Tourism, Environment and planning[J]. Society and Space, 1991, (9): 451—78.
[7] Brown, Graham,.Tourism and Symbolic Consumption, in Peter Johnson and Barry Thomas(eds.), Choice and Demand in Tourism[M], 1992,57—71. London: Mansell.
[8] Burns, peter and Andrew Holden 1995, Tourism: a Newperspective, London:
[9] Cevat Tosun. Limits to community participation in the tourism development process in developing countries[J].Tourism Management, 2000,21:626.
[10] Chiris Ryan. Equity, management, power sharing and sustainability: issues of the new tourism [J].Tourism Management, 2002(23)
[11] Prentice Hall. Cohen, Erik. Towarda Sociology of International Tourism[J].Social Research, 1972, 39 (1): 164—82.——Who is a Tourist: a Conceptual Clarification[J].Sociological Review 1974, (22):527—555.——Rethinking the Sociology of Tourism[J]Annals of Tourism Research, 1979a, 6(1): 18—35.——A Phenomenology of Tourist Experiences[J].Sociology, 1979b, 13(2): 179—201.——The Sociology of Tourism: Approaches, Issues, and Findings[J] Annual Review of Sociology 1984(10):373—392.——,1985, Tourism as Play, Religion 15:pp. 291—304.——,1988, Authenticity and Commoditization in Tourism, Annals of Tourism Research 15:PP. 371—386.
[12] Cohen, S. and L. Taylor, 1992, Escape Attempts: The Theory and Practice of Resistance in Eueryday Life(2nd ed.) .London: Routledge.
[13] Culler, J. Semiotics of Tourism[J], American Journal of Semiotics, 1981,1(1-2):127-140.
[14] Dann, Graham, 1977, Anomie, Ego-enhancement and Tourism[J]. Annals of Tourism Research 4:pp. 184—194.——,1981, Tourist Motivation: an Appraisal, Annals of Tourism Research 8:PP. 187—219.——,1989, The Tourist as Child: Some Reflections, Cahiers du tourisme, Serie C. No.135. Aix—en—Provence:CHET.——, 1996, The Language of Tourism, London: CABInternational.
[15] Dann, Graham and Erik Cohen, 1991, Sociology and Tourism, Annals of Tourism Research 18(1):pp. 155—169.
[16] Dumazedier, Joffre, 1967, Toward a Society of Leisure, New York:Free Press.
[17] Durkheim, Emile, 1982, The Rules of Sociological Methodsand Selected Texts on Sociology and Its Method, Stven Lukes(ed.), and W.D. Halls(trans.), London: Macmillan.
[18] Eco, U. 1986, Travels in Hyperreality, William Weaver(trans.), London:Picador.
[19] Elias, Norbert, 1978, The Civilizing Process Vol. 1: the History of Manners, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
[20] Elias, Norbert, 1982, The Civilizing Process Voi. 2: State Formation and Civilization, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
[21] Elias, Norbert; and Eric Dunning, 1986, Quest for Excitement: Sport and Leisure in the Civilising Process, Oxford: Blackwell.
[22] Francesco Frangialli. http://www.world-tourism. org/.
[23] Giddens, Anthony, 1990, The Consequences of Modernity, Cambridge: Polity Press.
[24] Greenwood, Davydd J., 1989, Culture by the pound: An Anthropological Perspective on Tourism as Cultural Commoditization, in Hosts and Guests: the Anthropology of
[25] Tourism(2nd ed.) Valene L. Smith(ed) ,pp. 171—185. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvanis Press.
[26] Gottlieb, A.,1982, American's vacations, Annals of Tourism Research 9:pp. 165—187.
[27] Graburn, Nelson H.H. (ed),1983, Anthropology of Tourism, Annals of Tourism Research, special issue 10(1):pp.1—189.
[28] Graburn, Nelson H.H., 1989, Tourism:the Sacred Journey, in Hosts and Guests: the Anthropology of Tourism(2nd ed.), V. Smith(ed.),pp. 21—36. Philadelp hia: University of PennsylvaniaPress.
[29] Greenblat, Cathy Stein and John H. Gagnon, 1983, Temporary Strangers: Travel and Tourism form a Sociologica]Perspective, Sociological Perspectives 26(1):pp. 89—110.
[30] Gunn, C.A., 1988b, Tourism Planning, New York: Taylor & Francis, 68—73.
[31] Haukeland, Jan Vidar, 1990, Non—travelers: the Flip Sideof Motivation, Annals of Tourism Research 17:pp. 172—184.
[32] Jane Robson 和 Ian Robson. From shareholders to stakeholders: critical issues for
tourism marketers[J].Tourism Management, 1996, (17).
[33] Kinnaird, Vivian and Derek Hall(eds.), 1994, Tourism: A Gender Analysis, Chichester: Wiley.
[34] Knebel, H.J., 1960, Soziologische Strukturwandlungen immodernen Tourismus, Stuttgart:Enke.
[35] Krippendorf, Jost, 1987, The Holiday Makers: Understanding the Impact of Leisure and Travel, Vera Andrassy( trans.) ,London: Heinemann.
[36] Lanfant, M.F.,1980, Introduction:Tourismin the Process of Internationalization, International SocialScience Journal 32(1):pp. 14—43.——,1993, methodological and Conceptual Issues Raisedby the Study of International Tourism: A Test of Sociology, in Tourism Research ,Douglas G. Pearce and Richard W. Butler(eds.), pp. 70—87. London: Routledge.——,1995, Introduction, in International Tourism: Identity and Change, M.-F. Lanfant, J.
[37] B. Allcock, and E.M. Bruner(eds.), pp.1—23, London:Sage.
[38] Lash, Scott, and John Urry, 1994, Economy of Signe and Space, London:Sage.
[39] Lawsom, E.,1995, Tourist Destination Management: Issues, Analysis and Policies. Routledge.
[40] Lett, James W., 1983, hudic and Liminoid Aspects of Charter Yacht Tourism in the Caribbean, Annals of Tourism Research 10(1):pp. 35—56.
[41] MacCannell, Dean, 1973, Staged Authenticity: Arrangements of Social Space in Tourist Settings, American Journal of Sociology 79:pp. 589—603.——,1976, The Tourist: a New Theory of theheis ureClass, New York:Schoken Books.——1992, Empty Metting Ground: the Tourist Papers, London:Routledge.
[42] Marilynn P Fleckenstein and Patricia Huebsch. Ethics in Tourism Reality or Hallucination[J].Journal of Business Ethics, 1999,(19)
[43] Martha H. Paying. 1995. the price of ecotourism [J].Americas, 146 (6): 40-47.
[44] Mathieson, Alister, and Geoffrey Wa11,1982, Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social impacts, London:Longman.
[45] Mergen, Bernard, 1986, Travel as Play, in Cultural Dimensions of Play, Games, and Sport,
[46] Bernard Mergen(ed.), pp. 103—111. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics Publishers.
[47] Merton, Robert K.,1976, Sociological Ambivalence and Other Essays, New York: Free press.
[48] Moeran, Brian, 1983, The Language of Japanese Tourism, Annals of Tourism Research 10(1):pp. 93—108.
[49] Nash, Dennison, 1981, Tourism as an Anthropological Subject, Current Anthropology 22(5):pp, 461—481.
[50] Orams M.1995. Using interpretation to manage nature-based tourism. Journal of
sustainable Tourism, 4(2):81-94.
[51] Peter. E. Murphy. 1995. Tourism:A Community Approach[M].Methuen. NewYorkand London, pp155-176.
[55] Ross and Wall , 1999 : Ecotourism: Towards congruence between theory and practice[J].Tourism management, 20(1),123-132.
[52] Roche, Maurice, 1992, Mega-events and Micro- Modernisation: on the Sociology of the New Urban Tourism, British Journalof Sociology 43(4):pp. 563—600.
[53] Rojek, c.,1993, Ways of Escape: Modern Transformationsin Leisure and Travel, London:Macmillan.
[54] Rojek, Chris, and John Urry, 1997, Touring Cultures, London: Routledge.
[55] Ryan, Chris(ed.),1992, The Tourist Experience, London:Casse11.
[56] Shield, R., 1991, Places on the Margin: Alternative Geographies of Modernity, London: Routledge.
[57] Smith, Valene L. (ed.),1997, Hosts and Guests: the Anthropology of Tourism, Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press.
[58] Thurot, Jean Maurice, and Gaetane Thurot, 1983, The Ideology of Class and Tourism: Confromting the Discourse of Advertising, Annals of Tourism Research 10(1):pp. 173—189.
[56] Turner, L. and J. Ash, The Golden Hordes: International Tourism and the Pleasure Periphery[M]. London:Constable, 1975.
[57] Turner, V. and E. Turner, 1978, Image and Pilgrimage in Christian culture, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
[58] Urry, John, 1990, The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies, London: Sage.——, 1995, Consuming Places, London: Routledge.
[59] Van den Abbeele, G.,1980. Sightseers:the Tourist as Theorist, Diacritics 10:pp. 2—14.
[60] Vukonic, Boris, 1996, Tourism and Religion, New York: Pergamon.
[61] Wang, Ning, 1997, Vernacular House as Attraction:an Illustration from Hutong Tourism in Beijing, Tourism Management 18(8):pp. 573—580.
[62] Wang, Ning, 1999, Rethinking Authenticity in Tourism Experience [J], Annals of Tourism Research: Forthcoming.
[63] Watson, G. Liewellyn, and Joseph P. Kopachevsky. 1994, interpretations of Tourism as Commodity, Annals of Tourism Research 21:pp. 643—660.
[64] Wight P. Sustainable Ecotourism: Balancing Economic, Environmental and Social Goals[J].Journal of Tourism Studies, 1993(4).
[65] Wood, R.E. (1993)Tourism, Culture and the Sociology of Development[J], in M. Hitchcock, V.
[2] 杨桂华等．生态旅游[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，2000．
[3] 张建萍．生态旅游理论与实践[M]．北京：中国旅游出版社，2001．
[4] 印开蒲，鄢和琳．生态旅游与可持续发展[M]．成都：四川大学出版社，2003．
[5] 钟林生等．生态旅游规划原理与方法[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，2003．
[6] 国际环境与发展学院中国项目办公室．中国．可持续发展．实践[M]．北京：经济科学出版社，2002：148-174。
[7] 刘德谦．中国生态旅游面临选择[J]．旅游学刊，2003(2)．
[8] 李洪波，黄安民．国外生态旅游研究进展综述[J]．襄樊学院学报，2001，22(2)：9—15
[9] 宋瑞．生态旅游的多重辨析[J]．北京第二外国语学院学报，2003(3)：33—38．
[10] 王宁．旅游、现代性与好恶交织[J]．社会学研究，1999(6)．
[11] 申葆嘉．国外旅游研究进展[J]．旅游学刊，1996，(2)：48—52，(3)：48—54．
[12] 申葆嘉．旅游学原理[M]．上海：学林出版社，1999．
[13] 黄华等．尼泊尔、不丹的生态旅游业[A]．杨桂华等．生态旅游透视[C]．中国旅游出版社，2002：354—361．
[14] 郭岱宜．生态旅游——21世纪旅游新主张[M]．扬智文化事业股份有限公司出版，1999．
[15] 郑堡垒．构成生态旅游的条件[N]，中国旅游报，1998．12．15．
[16] 威廉．瑟厄波德主编全球旅游新论[M]．北京：中国旅游出版社，2001．
[17] 王家俊．关于“生态旅游”概念的探讨[J]．地理学与国土研究，2002(2)：104．
[18] 陈安泽、卢云亭等．旅游地学概论[M]．北京大学出版社，1991：24．
[19] 吴必虎．区域旅游规划原理[M]．中国旅游出版社，2001：37．
[20] 李霖．生态旅游发展模式研究[J]．理论与改革，2003(4)：121-123．
[21] 周晓虹．现代社会心理学[M]．上海：上海人民出版社，2001；
[22] 谢彦君．基础旅游学[M]．中国旅游出版社，1999．
[23] 小爱德华．J．梅奥．旅游心理学[M]．南开大学出版社，1987．
[24] 张国洪．中国文化旅游：理论·战略·实践[M]．天津：南开大学出版社，2001．
[25] 罗教讲．社会角色理论[M]．南京大学出版社，1990：232．
[26] 钟林生．论生态旅游者的保护性旅游行为[J]．中南林学院学报，2000(6)：62—65．
[27] 冯契，徐孝通．外国哲学大辞典[M]．上海辞书出版社，2000：294—304．
[28] 艾尔．巴比著，邱泽奇译．社会研究方法·上册．北京：华夏出版社，2000．4．
[29] (美)杰弗里·亚利山大(Jeffery C.Alexander)．社会学二十讲：二战以来的理论发展[M]．北京：华夏出版社，2000．
[30] (美)马尔科姆．沃特斯著，杨善华等译．现代社会学理论[M]．北京：华夏出版社，2000．4．陈向明著．质的研究方法与社会科学研究[M]．北京：教育科学出版社，2000．1．
[31] 罗钢，王中忱．消费文化读本[M]．北京：中国社会科学出版社，2003．6．
[33] (美)乔纳森．Ⅱ特纳等著，邱泽奇等译．社会学理论的结构(上下册)[M]．北京：华夏出版社，2001．1．
[34] 胡志毅，张兆干．社区参与和旅游业可持续发展[J]．人文地理，2002，17，(2)：38-41．
[35] 刘赵平．旅游对目的地社会文化影响研究结构框架[J]．桂林旅游高等专科学校学报．1999，10，(1)：29-34，56；
[36] 刘纬华．关于社区参与旅游发展的若干理论思考[J]．旅游学刊，2000，(1)：47-52．
[37] 张伟，吴必虎．利益主体(Stakeholder)理论在区域旅游规划中的应用——以四川省乐山市为例[J]．旅游学刊，2002，17，(4)：63-68．；
[38] 臧立杰译，Chandra de Silva，Sarath Kotagama．斯里兰卡梅迪里吉里亚的社区生态旅游计划——保护与开发相结合[J]．产业与环境，2002，24，(3-4)：54-57．
[38] 黎洁，赵西萍．社区参与旅游发展理论的若干经济学质疑[J]．旅游学刊，2001，16，(4)：44-47．
[39] 刘纬华．社区参与旅游发展研究应有的理论视野——兼与黎洁老师商榷[J]．海南大学学报人文社会科学版，2002，20(2)：98-103．
[40] 唐顺铁．旅游目的地的社区化及社区旅游研究[J]．地理研究，1998，17，(2)：145-149．
[41] 吴必虎．地方旅游开发与管理[M]．北京：科学出版社，2000．1-2．
[42] 章尚立．“政府主导型”旅游发展战略的反思[J]．旅游学刊，1998，(4)：43-47．
[43] 陈丕积．旅游市场信息不对称及政府行为[J]．旅游学刊，2000，(2)：27-30．
[44] 曾国安．论解决信息不对称问题的市场与政府[J]．当代经济研究，1999，(5)：50-55．
[45] 谢康．西方微观信息经济学不完全信息理论[J]．国外社会科学，1995，(2)：47-52．
[46] 曹国利．信息不对称：政府规制的经济理由[J]．财政经济，1998，(6)：15-19．
[47] (荷)汉斯·范登·德尔．民主与福利经济学[M]．陈刚等译．北京：中国社会科学出版社，1999．50-90．
[48] 哈尔·瓦力安．微观经济学[M]．北京：经济科学出版社，1997，440-468．
[49] 中国社会科学院环境与发展研究中心课题组．国家风景名胜资源上市的国家利益权衡[J]．数量经济技术经济研究，1999，(10)：3-25．
[50] 马中．环境与资源经济学概论[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1999．93-133．
[51] 鸥阳志云，王如松．生态系统服务功能、生态价值与可持续发展[J]．世界科技研究与进展，2000，22(5)：45-50．
[52] 张晰竹．自然文化遗产资源的管理体制与改革[J]．数量经济技术经济研究，2000，(9)：9-14．
[53] 龙嗣明．唤起忧患意识加强国家自然文化遗产资源管理[J]．数量经济技术经济研究，2000，(7)：79-81．
[54] 黄少安．产权经济学导论[M]．济南：山东人民出版社，1995．39-54，298-343．
[55] 郭文玲．准公共产品的两维性[J]．数量经济技术经济研究，2000，(10)：51-53．
[56] 谢庆奎．中国政府的府际关系研究[J]．北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版)，2000，37(1)：26-33．
[57] 沈满洪．论环境问题的制度根源[J]．浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)，2000，30(3)：57-65．
[58] 徐辉等．对旅游产业生态过程的研究[J]．旅游学刊，2002(2)：73-79．
[59] 雷毅．生态伦理学[M]．西安：陕西人民出版社，2000．12．
[60] 卢善庆，张本良．旅游美学[M]．福州：海潮摄影艺术出版社，1996(8)．
[61] 夏赞才．旅游伦理概念及理论架构引论[J]．旅游学刊，2003(2)30-34．
[1] Apostolopolous, Yiorgos, Stella Leivadi and AndrewYiannakis(eds.).The Sociology of Tourism:Theoreticaland Empirical Investigations[M]. London: Routledge, 1996.
[2] Bauman, Zygmunt, Fran. Pilgrim till Turist(From Pilgrim to Tourist)[J].Moderna Tider, 1994, September: 20—34.
[3] Boorstin, D.,The Image: a Guide to Pseudoeventsin [M]America, New York: Haper & Row. 1964.
[4] Borocz, Jozsef. Leisure Migration: a Sociological Study on Tourism[M].New York: Pergamon. 1996.
[5] Britton, S.,.The Politcal Economy of Tourism in the Third World[J].Annals of Tourism Research 1982, (9):331—59.
[6] Britton, S.. Tourism, Capital, and Place: towards a Critical Geography of Tourism, Environment and planning[J]. Society and Space, 1991, (9): 451—78.
[7] Brown, Graham,.Tourism and Symbolic Consumption, in Peter Johnson and Barry Thomas(eds.), Choice and Demand in Tourism[M], 1992,57—71. London: Mansell.
[8] Burns, peter and Andrew Holden 1995, Tourism: a Newperspective, London:
[9] Cevat Tosun. Limits to community participation in the tourism development process in developing countries[J].Tourism Management, 2000,21:626.
[10] Chiris Ryan. Equity, management, power sharing and sustainability: issues of the new tourism [J].Tourism Management, 2002(23)
[11] Prentice Hall. Cohen, Erik. Towarda Sociology of International Tourism[J].Social Research, 1972, 39 (1): 164—82.——Who is a Tourist: a Conceptual Clarification[J].Sociological Review 1974, (22):527—555.——Rethinking the Sociology of Tourism[J]Annals of Tourism Research, 1979a, 6(1): 18—35.——A Phenomenology of Tourist Experiences[J].Sociology, 1979b, 13(2): 179—201.——The Sociology of Tourism: Approaches, Issues, and Findings[J] Annual Review of Sociology 1984(10):373—392.——,1985, Tourism as Play, Religion 15:pp. 291—304.——,1988, Authenticity and Commoditization in Tourism, Annals of Tourism Research 15:PP. 371—386.
[12] Cohen, S. and L. Taylor, 1992, Escape Attempts: The Theory and Practice of Resistance in Eueryday Life(2nd ed.) .London: Routledge.
[13] Culler, J. Semiotics of Tourism[J], American Journal of Semiotics, 1981,1(1-2):127-140.
[14] Dann, Graham, 1977, Anomie, Ego-enhancement and Tourism[J]. Annals of Tourism Research 4:pp. 184—194.——,1981, Tourist Motivation: an Appraisal, Annals of Tourism Research 8:PP. 187—219.——,1989, The Tourist as Child: Some Reflections, Cahiers du tourisme, Serie C. No.135. Aix—en—Provence:CHET.——, 1996, The Language of Tourism, London: CABInternational.
[15] Dann, Graham and Erik Cohen, 1991, Sociology and Tourism, Annals of Tourism Research 18(1):pp. 155—169.
[16] Dumazedier, Joffre, 1967, Toward a Society of Leisure, New York:Free Press.
[17] Durkheim, Emile, 1982, The Rules of Sociological Methodsand Selected Texts on Sociology and Its Method, Stven Lukes(ed.), and W.D. Halls(trans.), London: Macmillan.
[18] Eco, U. 1986, Travels in Hyperreality, William Weaver(trans.), London:Picador.
[19] Elias, Norbert, 1978, The Civilizing Process Vol. 1: the History of Manners, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
[20] Elias, Norbert, 1982, The Civilizing Process Voi. 2: State Formation and Civilization, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
[21] Elias, Norbert; and Eric Dunning, 1986, Quest for Excitement: Sport and Leisure in the Civilising Process, Oxford: Blackwell.
[22] Francesco Frangialli. http://www.world-tourism. org/.
[23] Giddens, Anthony, 1990, The Consequences of Modernity, Cambridge: Polity Press.
[24] Greenwood, Davydd J., 1989, Culture by the pound: An Anthropological Perspective on Tourism as Cultural Commoditization, in Hosts and Guests: the Anthropology of
[25] Tourism(2nd ed.) Valene L. Smith(ed) ,pp. 171—185. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvanis Press.
[26] Gottlieb, A.,1982, American's vacations, Annals of Tourism Research 9:pp. 165—187.
[27] Graburn, Nelson H.H. (ed),1983, Anthropology of Tourism, Annals of Tourism Research, special issue 10(1):pp.1—189.
[28] Graburn, Nelson H.H., 1989, Tourism:the Sacred Journey, in Hosts and Guests: the Anthropology of Tourism(2nd ed.), V. Smith(ed.),pp. 21—36. Philadelp hia: University of PennsylvaniaPress.
[29] Greenblat, Cathy Stein and John H. Gagnon, 1983, Temporary Strangers: Travel and Tourism form a Sociologica]Perspective, Sociological Perspectives 26(1):pp. 89—110.
[30] Gunn, C.A., 1988b, Tourism Planning, New York: Taylor & Francis, 68—73.
[31] Haukeland, Jan Vidar, 1990, Non—travelers: the Flip Sideof Motivation, Annals of Tourism Research 17:pp. 172—184.
[32] Jane Robson 和 Ian Robson. From shareholders to stakeholders: critical issues for
tourism marketers[J].Tourism Management, 1996, (17).
[33] Kinnaird, Vivian and Derek Hall(eds.), 1994, Tourism: A Gender Analysis, Chichester: Wiley.
[34] Knebel, H.J., 1960, Soziologische Strukturwandlungen immodernen Tourismus, Stuttgart:Enke.
[35] Krippendorf, Jost, 1987, The Holiday Makers: Understanding the Impact of Leisure and Travel, Vera Andrassy( trans.) ,London: Heinemann.
[36] Lanfant, M.F.,1980, Introduction:Tourismin the Process of Internationalization, International SocialScience Journal 32(1):pp. 14—43.——,1993, methodological and Conceptual Issues Raisedby the Study of International Tourism: A Test of Sociology, in Tourism Research ,Douglas G. Pearce and Richard W. Butler(eds.), pp. 70—87. London: Routledge.——,1995, Introduction, in International Tourism: Identity and Change, M.-F. Lanfant, J.
[37] B. Allcock, and E.M. Bruner(eds.), pp.1—23, London:Sage.
[38] Lash, Scott, and John Urry, 1994, Economy of Signe and Space, London:Sage.
[39] Lawsom, E.,1995, Tourist Destination Management: Issues, Analysis and Policies. Routledge.
[40] Lett, James W., 1983, hudic and Liminoid Aspects of Charter Yacht Tourism in the Caribbean, Annals of Tourism Research 10(1):pp. 35—56.
[41] MacCannell, Dean, 1973, Staged Authenticity: Arrangements of Social Space in Tourist Settings, American Journal of Sociology 79:pp. 589—603.——,1976, The Tourist: a New Theory of theheis ureClass, New York:Schoken Books.——1992, Empty Metting Ground: the Tourist Papers, London:Routledge.
[42] Marilynn P Fleckenstein and Patricia Huebsch. Ethics in Tourism Reality or Hallucination[J].Journal of Business Ethics, 1999,(19)
[43] Martha H. Paying. 1995. the price of ecotourism [J].Americas, 146 (6): 40-47.
[44] Mathieson, Alister, and Geoffrey Wa11,1982, Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social impacts, London:Longman.
[45] Mergen, Bernard, 1986, Travel as Play, in Cultural Dimensions of Play, Games, and Sport,
[46] Bernard Mergen(ed.), pp. 103—111. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics Publishers.
[47] Merton, Robert K.,1976, Sociological Ambivalence and Other Essays, New York: Free press.
[48] Moeran, Brian, 1983, The Language of Japanese Tourism, Annals of Tourism Research 10(1):pp. 93—108.
[49] Nash, Dennison, 1981, Tourism as an Anthropological Subject, Current Anthropology 22(5):pp, 461—481.
[50] Orams M.1995. Using interpretation to manage nature-based tourism. Journal of
sustainable Tourism, 4(2):81-94.
[51] Peter. E. Murphy. 1995. Tourism:A Community Approach[M].Methuen. NewYorkand London, pp155-176.
[55] Ross and Wall , 1999 : Ecotourism: Towards congruence between theory and practice[J].Tourism management, 20(1),123-132.
[52] Roche, Maurice, 1992, Mega-events and Micro- Modernisation: on the Sociology of the New Urban Tourism, British Journalof Sociology 43(4):pp. 563—600.
[53] Rojek, c.,1993, Ways of Escape: Modern Transformationsin Leisure and Travel, London:Macmillan.
[54] Rojek, Chris, and John Urry, 1997, Touring Cultures, London: Routledge.
[55] Ryan, Chris(ed.),1992, The Tourist Experience, London:Casse11.
[56] Shield, R., 1991, Places on the Margin: Alternative Geographies of Modernity, London: Routledge.
[57] Smith, Valene L. (ed.),1997, Hosts and Guests: the Anthropology of Tourism, Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press.
[58] Thurot, Jean Maurice, and Gaetane Thurot, 1983, The Ideology of Class and Tourism: Confromting the Discourse of Advertising, Annals of Tourism Research 10(1):pp. 173—189.
[56] Turner, L. and J. Ash, The Golden Hordes: International Tourism and the Pleasure Periphery[M]. London:Constable, 1975.
[57] Turner, V. and E. Turner, 1978, Image and Pilgrimage in Christian culture, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
[58] Urry, John, 1990, The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies, London: Sage.——, 1995, Consuming Places, London: Routledge.
[59] Van den Abbeele, G.,1980. Sightseers:the Tourist as Theorist, Diacritics 10:pp. 2—14.
[60] Vukonic, Boris, 1996, Tourism and Religion, New York: Pergamon.
[61] Wang, Ning, 1997, Vernacular House as Attraction:an Illustration from Hutong Tourism in Beijing, Tourism Management 18(8):pp. 573—580.
[62] Wang, Ning, 1999, Rethinking Authenticity in Tourism Experience [J], Annals of Tourism Research: Forthcoming.
[63] Watson, G. Liewellyn, and Joseph P. Kopachevsky. 1994, interpretations of Tourism as Commodity, Annals of Tourism Research 21:pp. 643—660.
[64] Wight P. Sustainable Ecotourism: Balancing Economic, Environmental and Social Goals[J].Journal of Tourism Studies, 1993(4).
[65] Wood, R.E. (1993)Tourism, Culture and the Sociology of Development[J], in M. Hitchcock, V.