长沙地区典型商业建筑空调系统能耗实测与分析
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摘要
空调系统的能耗统计和分析是进行空调系统节能研究的基础，虽然国外在这些方面进行了大量的工作，但是国内尚处于起步阶段，有限的研究仅限于北京和上海地区，国内大多数地区尚缺乏可供分析的实测数据。本课题以长沙地区一栋典型商业建筑的空调系统为研究对象，逐小时测量了该建筑空调系统的夏、冬季能耗，并对这些实测数据进行了统计和分析。
本文从空调能耗结构、冷负荷指标、能效比和水输送系数四个方面分析了夏季运行能耗的特点：实际供冷指标、制冷机能效比和水输送系数均低于国家节能标准，实际能耗偏大；采用当量满负荷运行时间法计算了空调系统全年能耗，指出了该大厦具有很大的节能潜力；分析了该建筑空调能耗居高不下的主要原因，并对被测大厦提出了具体节能改造建议，这些建议包括：合并南北空调系统、增设水泵变频装置，调整新风系统运行方案、加强空调设备的运行维护管理。同时也强调了在空调设计时，只有充分考虑综合性商业建筑的功能、运行特点等，才能达到较好的节能效果。
本课题是国内暖通空调专业首次在长沙地区对典型商业空调建筑的能耗进行实测，所测数据和相关分析具有一定的代表性，可作为评估本地区同类商业建筑空调系统运行能耗的基础资料，该项研究对于长沙地区商业建筑的空调系统的今后节能设计、节能改造和运行管理具有一定的参考价值。
Statistics and analysis of air conditioning energy consumption is the base of the study of energy conservation. While the abroad owns a blood of the statistical result, the data of air conditioning energy performance that can be used for analysis in domestic lacks very much except in Beijing and Shanghai. The lesson measures and reports air conditioning energy performance hours by hours in a typical commercial building in Changsha, and analyzes the monitored data in summer and winter.
This paper analyzes the energy use in summer from four aspects: the component parts of energy consumption, cooling load per square meter, coefficient of performance and coefficient of conveyance of chilled water, and counts the annual energy use with operating time of equivalent load. The primary conclusion of the work is that the system is less energy efficient. The coefficients above-mentioned are lower than National Standard. Based on these points, some conservation measures can be done, those are to combine the south system with the north' s, to add frequency control for pump, to lay out a practical scheme for fresh air handling units, to intensify the management and maintenance of the system. Moreover, only the designer being in full-scale view of the building characteristics playing a dominant role in determining the shape of load, the energy savings in design can be realized.
As the first air conditioning energy data monitored in commercial building in Changsha, the data and the analysis are representative, which can serve as a base for valuing and estimating air conditioning energy consumption in similar types of buildings. The study is useful for designing, innovation and running for air conditioning energy conservation in commercial buildings in Changsha.
本文从空调能耗结构、冷负荷指标、能效比和水输送系数四个方面分析了夏季运行能耗的特点：实际供冷指标、制冷机能效比和水输送系数均低于国家节能标准，实际能耗偏大；采用当量满负荷运行时间法计算了空调系统全年能耗，指出了该大厦具有很大的节能潜力；分析了该建筑空调能耗居高不下的主要原因，并对被测大厦提出了具体节能改造建议，这些建议包括：合并南北空调系统、增设水泵变频装置，调整新风系统运行方案、加强空调设备的运行维护管理。同时也强调了在空调设计时，只有充分考虑综合性商业建筑的功能、运行特点等，才能达到较好的节能效果。
本课题是国内暖通空调专业首次在长沙地区对典型商业空调建筑的能耗进行实测，所测数据和相关分析具有一定的代表性，可作为评估本地区同类商业建筑空调系统运行能耗的基础资料，该项研究对于长沙地区商业建筑的空调系统的今后节能设计、节能改造和运行管理具有一定的参考价值。
Statistics and analysis of air conditioning energy consumption is the base of the study of energy conservation. While the abroad owns a blood of the statistical result, the data of air conditioning energy performance that can be used for analysis in domestic lacks very much except in Beijing and Shanghai. The lesson measures and reports air conditioning energy performance hours by hours in a typical commercial building in Changsha, and analyzes the monitored data in summer and winter.
This paper analyzes the energy use in summer from four aspects: the component parts of energy consumption, cooling load per square meter, coefficient of performance and coefficient of conveyance of chilled water, and counts the annual energy use with operating time of equivalent load. The primary conclusion of the work is that the system is less energy efficient. The coefficients above-mentioned are lower than National Standard. Based on these points, some conservation measures can be done, those are to combine the south system with the north' s, to add frequency control for pump, to lay out a practical scheme for fresh air handling units, to intensify the management and maintenance of the system. Moreover, only the designer being in full-scale view of the building characteristics playing a dominant role in determining the shape of load, the energy savings in design can be realized.
As the first air conditioning energy data monitored in commercial building in Changsha, the data and the analysis are representative, which can serve as a base for valuing and estimating air conditioning energy consumption in similar types of buildings. The study is useful for designing, innovation and running for air conditioning energy conservation in commercial buildings in Changsha.
引文
[1] R.P. Mazzucchi. The Project on Restaurant Energy Performance End-use Monitoring and Analysis. ASHRAE Transactions, 1986, 92(2): 328-349
[2] J.J.Pfeiffer. Energy Measurement Result. ASHRAE Transactions, 1987, 93 (2):2046-2054
[3] D.R.Dohrmann, M.Martinez, D.Mort. End-use Metered Data for Commercial Buildings. ASHRAE Transactions, 1990, 96(1): 1004-1010
[4] F.H.Hendrigan. Data for Specific End Use Customer/Marketing Application. ASHRAE Transactions, 1987, 93 (2): 2039-2045
[5] P.G..Cleary. Which Types of Analysis Can Be Carried Out With EMS Data? An Examination of Data From An Apartment Building. ASHRAE Transactions, 1987, 93(2): 2350-2359
[6] 龙惟定．试论建筑节能的新观念．暖通空调，1999，29(1)：31-35
[7] 刘加平，武六元．建筑节能与建筑设计中的新能源利用．能源工程，2001，2．：12-13
[8] 涂逢祥．建筑节能技术．第一版．北京：中国计划出版社，1996
[9] 龙惟定．上海的建筑节能与空调冷热源．暖通空调，1996，26(4)：4-8
[10] 洪天真，江亿．低能耗健康建筑与可持续发展．暖通空调，1996，26(3)：28-30
[11] 龙惟定．试论我国暖通空调业的可持续发展．空调暖通技术，1999，2：1-9
[12] 冯宗宁，沈华熙．楼宇自动化系统与节能．能源工程，2000，4：25-27，
[13] 薛志峰．商业建筑节能技术与市场分析．清华同方技术通讯，2000，3：70-71
[14] 李世朋，狄哲，林泉标等．北京市旅馆类建筑的现状调查与分析．暖通空调新技术，2000，2：105-108
[15] R.P. Mazzuichi. Commercial Building Energy Use Monitoring for Utility Load Research. ASHRAE Transactions, 1987, 93 (1): 1580-1596
[16] J.S.Reiley. Separately Metered Heating and Air-conditioning Energy in Commercial Buildings. ASHRAE Transactions, 1987, 93 (2): 2055-2063
[17] D.E.Claridge, J.S.Haberl, R.J.Sparks. Monitored Commercial Building Energy Data:Reporting the Results. ASHRAE Transactions, 1992, 98 (1): 881-889
[18] 张瑞武．智能建筑．第一版．北京：清华大学出版社，1996
[19] 孙一坚，刘泽华．空调多工况运行全年能耗计算．《高大厂房空调多工况节能与控制技术》课题组，1989
[20] Chen Qingyuan, T.Vander Kooi. Accuracy Computer Program for Combined Problems of Energy Analysis Indoor Airflow and Air Quality. ASHRAE Transactions, 1988, 94 (1A):564-576
[21] 彦启森．暖通空调系统能耗模拟分析展望．暖通空调，1988，18(1)：9-12
[22] R.D.Fischer, L.J.Flanigan, S.G.Talbert etc. Degree-Days Method for Simplified Energy Analysis. ASHRAE Transactions, 1982, 82(2): 552-562
[23] S.A.M.Said. Degree-Day Base Temperature for Residential Building Energy Prediction in SAUDI ARABIA. ASHRAE Transactions, 1986,92(2B): 346-353
[24] D.Y.Abdel-Nabi, S.M.Zubair, M.A.Abdelrahman etc. Regression Analysis of Residential Air-conditioning Energy Consumption at DHAHRAN, SAUDI ARABIA. ASHRAE Transactions, 1990, 96(2): 223-234
[25] 陆耀庆主编．供暖通风设计手册．第一版．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1987
[26] 龙惟定．用BIN参数作建筑物能耗分析．暖通空调，1992，22(2)：6-10
[27] 李力，田胜元．对中国建筑供热、空调能耗分析实用简化法——温湿频数(BIN)法的研究．建筑热能通风空调，1999，4：16-17
[28] 陆耀庆主编．实用供热空调设计手册．第一版．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1993
[29] 朱伟峰，江亿．理想COP电耗比例法．清华同方技术通讯，2000，3：79-82
[30] 中华人民共和国建设部主编．旅游旅馆建筑热工与空气调节节能设计标准(GB50189-93)．第一版．北京，中国建筑工业出版社，1994
[31] 程紫润．日本对节能建筑的评价方法．暖通空调，1985，15(2)：25-27
[32] 金东哲．日本空调节能技术简介．暖通空调，1984，14(2)：26-31
[33] 龙惟定．国内建筑合理用能的现状及展望，能源工程，2001，2：1-6
[34] H.Akbari, M.Warren, J.harris. Monitoring and Control Capabilities of Energy Management Systems in Large Commercial Buildings. ASHRAE Transactions, 1987, 93(1): 961-973
[35] Energy Management. ASHRAE Applications Handbook(SI). 1995
[36] Jack S.Wolpert,Gory F. Schroeder. Energy Management Impact In a Small Office Building. ASHRAE Journal, 1998, 12:41-47
[37] L.K.Norford, A.Rabl. Energy Management Systems as Diagnostic Tools for Building Managers And Energy Auditors. ASHRAE Transactions, 1987,93(2): 2360-2375
[38] 王福林，朱伟峰，薛志峰等．商业建筑空调节能技术措施探讨．清华同方技术通讯，2000，3：75-78
[39] 陆诤岚．饭店节能与创建“绿色饭店”，能源工程，2000，3：44-45
[40] 钱以明，高层建筑空调与节能．第一版．上海，同济大学出版社，1990
[41] 金源大厦空调系统竣工图纸及资料．1998
[42] P.D.Relter. Early Results From Commercial ELCAP Buildings: Schedules As A Primary Determinant of Load Shapes In The Commercial Sector. ASHRAE Transactions, 1986, 92(2B): 297-309
[2] J.J.Pfeiffer. Energy Measurement Result. ASHRAE Transactions, 1987, 93 (2):2046-2054
[3] D.R.Dohrmann, M.Martinez, D.Mort. End-use Metered Data for Commercial Buildings. ASHRAE Transactions, 1990, 96(1): 1004-1010
[4] F.H.Hendrigan. Data for Specific End Use Customer/Marketing Application. ASHRAE Transactions, 1987, 93 (2): 2039-2045
[5] P.G..Cleary. Which Types of Analysis Can Be Carried Out With EMS Data? An Examination of Data From An Apartment Building. ASHRAE Transactions, 1987, 93(2): 2350-2359
[6] 龙惟定．试论建筑节能的新观念．暖通空调，1999，29(1)：31-35
[7] 刘加平，武六元．建筑节能与建筑设计中的新能源利用．能源工程，2001，2．：12-13
[8] 涂逢祥．建筑节能技术．第一版．北京：中国计划出版社，1996
[9] 龙惟定．上海的建筑节能与空调冷热源．暖通空调，1996，26(4)：4-8
[10] 洪天真，江亿．低能耗健康建筑与可持续发展．暖通空调，1996，26(3)：28-30
[11] 龙惟定．试论我国暖通空调业的可持续发展．空调暖通技术，1999，2：1-9
[12] 冯宗宁，沈华熙．楼宇自动化系统与节能．能源工程，2000，4：25-27，
[13] 薛志峰．商业建筑节能技术与市场分析．清华同方技术通讯，2000，3：70-71
[14] 李世朋，狄哲，林泉标等．北京市旅馆类建筑的现状调查与分析．暖通空调新技术，2000，2：105-108
[15] R.P. Mazzuichi. Commercial Building Energy Use Monitoring for Utility Load Research. ASHRAE Transactions, 1987, 93 (1): 1580-1596
[16] J.S.Reiley. Separately Metered Heating and Air-conditioning Energy in Commercial Buildings. ASHRAE Transactions, 1987, 93 (2): 2055-2063
[17] D.E.Claridge, J.S.Haberl, R.J.Sparks. Monitored Commercial Building Energy Data:Reporting the Results. ASHRAE Transactions, 1992, 98 (1): 881-889
[18] 张瑞武．智能建筑．第一版．北京：清华大学出版社，1996
[19] 孙一坚，刘泽华．空调多工况运行全年能耗计算．《高大厂房空调多工况节能与控制技术》课题组，1989
[20] Chen Qingyuan, T.Vander Kooi. Accuracy Computer Program for Combined Problems of Energy Analysis Indoor Airflow and Air Quality. ASHRAE Transactions, 1988, 94 (1A):564-576
[21] 彦启森．暖通空调系统能耗模拟分析展望．暖通空调，1988，18(1)：9-12
[22] R.D.Fischer, L.J.Flanigan, S.G.Talbert etc. Degree-Days Method for Simplified Energy Analysis. ASHRAE Transactions, 1982, 82(2): 552-562
[23] S.A.M.Said. Degree-Day Base Temperature for Residential Building Energy Prediction in SAUDI ARABIA. ASHRAE Transactions, 1986,92(2B): 346-353
[24] D.Y.Abdel-Nabi, S.M.Zubair, M.A.Abdelrahman etc. Regression Analysis of Residential Air-conditioning Energy Consumption at DHAHRAN, SAUDI ARABIA. ASHRAE Transactions, 1990, 96(2): 223-234
[25] 陆耀庆主编．供暖通风设计手册．第一版．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1987
[26] 龙惟定．用BIN参数作建筑物能耗分析．暖通空调，1992，22(2)：6-10
[27] 李力，田胜元．对中国建筑供热、空调能耗分析实用简化法——温湿频数(BIN)法的研究．建筑热能通风空调，1999，4：16-17
[28] 陆耀庆主编．实用供热空调设计手册．第一版．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1993
[29] 朱伟峰，江亿．理想COP电耗比例法．清华同方技术通讯，2000，3：79-82
[30] 中华人民共和国建设部主编．旅游旅馆建筑热工与空气调节节能设计标准(GB50189-93)．第一版．北京，中国建筑工业出版社，1994
[31] 程紫润．日本对节能建筑的评价方法．暖通空调，1985，15(2)：25-27
[32] 金东哲．日本空调节能技术简介．暖通空调，1984，14(2)：26-31
[33] 龙惟定．国内建筑合理用能的现状及展望，能源工程，2001，2：1-6
[34] H.Akbari, M.Warren, J.harris. Monitoring and Control Capabilities of Energy Management Systems in Large Commercial Buildings. ASHRAE Transactions, 1987, 93(1): 961-973
[35] Energy Management. ASHRAE Applications Handbook(SI). 1995
[36] Jack S.Wolpert,Gory F. Schroeder. Energy Management Impact In a Small Office Building. ASHRAE Journal, 1998, 12:41-47
[37] L.K.Norford, A.Rabl. Energy Management Systems as Diagnostic Tools for Building Managers And Energy Auditors. ASHRAE Transactions, 1987,93(2): 2360-2375
[38] 王福林，朱伟峰，薛志峰等．商业建筑空调节能技术措施探讨．清华同方技术通讯，2000，3：75-78
[39] 陆诤岚．饭店节能与创建“绿色饭店”，能源工程，2000，3：44-45
[40] 钱以明，高层建筑空调与节能．第一版．上海，同济大学出版社，1990
[41] 金源大厦空调系统竣工图纸及资料．1998
[42] P.D.Relter. Early Results From Commercial ELCAP Buildings: Schedules As A Primary Determinant of Load Shapes In The Commercial Sector. ASHRAE Transactions, 1986, 92(2B): 297-309