高速机床主轴用陶瓷轴承动态性能研究
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摘要
本文以混合陶瓷球轴承为研究对象，进行了高速球轴承的拟动力学分析，建立了可用于陶瓷球轴承和全钢制轴承的拟动力学分析模型，预测各种动态性能。分析模型中考虑了高速角接触球轴承特有的各种惯性力及轴承各种结构元素之间的相互作用以及润滑剂与轴承零件的相互作用和游隙的影响等，建立了拟动力学物理模型和平衡关系，形成并求解6n+8个方程。根据模型，利用VB和FORTRAN77，开发了高速陶瓷球轴承的拟动力学分析程序。该程序不仅能够计算出轴承的变形、刚度、发热率、摩擦力矩等动态性能参数，也能计算轴承内部的载荷分布、离心力、陀螺力矩等内容。以典型产品B7005C／HQ1P4为例，分析了油雾润滑情况下的轴承的各种动态性能，并用自行开发的高速电主轴进行不同转速、不同载荷、不同润滑条件和超高速下(dm·N值2.88×10~6mm·r／min)动态性能试验，通过试验确定了最佳的保持架兜孔间隙和引导间隙，为超高速机床主轴轴承设计提供了依据。
Considering ceramic hybrid ball bearing as an object of study, the simulative dynamics on high speed ball bearing is analyzed; a simulated dynamics analysis model used for hybrid ball bearings and full steel made ball bearings is established, which can be used to forecast various bearing dynamic performances. Based on various inertia forces of high-speed angular contact ball bearings and the variety reciprocity among all of the structure components, a simulated dynamics physics model is established and 6n+8 equations are cited and solved out. The reciprocity between lubricant and bearing components and radial play are also considered. According to the model, with the help of VB and FORTRAN77, the simulated dynamics analysis programming for high-speed ceramic ball bearings are developed out. By which, all of the dynamic performance parameters, such as bearing's distortion, rigidity, heating ratio and friction torque, etc., can be calculated. At the same time, the load distribution in bearing interior, centrifugal, top torque can also be calculated. As a typical example, the variety dynamic performances of B7005C/HQ1P4 bearing are analyzed under the oil mist lubrication. Using our own developed high-speed electrical spindle, the tests for bearing dynamic performances are taken under different rotation speed, different load, different lubrication and super high speed. Through the testing, the best cage pocket clearance and guide clearance are determined, which provides basis for super high speed machine tool bearings design.
Considering ceramic hybrid ball bearing as an object of study, the simulative dynamics on high speed ball bearing is analyzed; a simulated dynamics analysis model used for hybrid ball bearings and full steel made ball bearings is established, which can be used to forecast various bearing dynamic performances. Based on various inertia forces of high-speed angular contact ball bearings and the variety reciprocity among all of the structure components, a simulated dynamics physics model is established and 6n+8 equations are cited and solved out. The reciprocity between lubricant and bearing components and radial play are also considered. According to the model, with the help of VB and FORTRAN77, the simulated dynamics analysis programming for high-speed ceramic ball bearings are developed out. By which, all of the dynamic performance parameters, such as bearing's distortion, rigidity, heating ratio and friction torque, etc., can be calculated. At the same time, the load distribution in bearing interior, centrifugal, top torque can also be calculated. As a typical example, the variety dynamic performances of B7005C/HQ1P4 bearing are analyzed under the oil mist lubrication. Using our own developed high-speed electrical spindle, the tests for bearing dynamic performances are taken under different rotation speed, different load, different lubrication and super high speed. Through the testing, the best cage pocket clearance and guide clearance are determined, which provides basis for super high speed machine tool bearings design.
引文
[1] 王国强，王玉金．高速数控机床主轴用陶瓷轴承的研究进展[J]．轴承，2004，(9)：49-51．
[2] 王玉金，赵韩，罗继伟．高速机床主轴支承系统轴承配置分析[J]．制造技术与机床，2004，(1)：44～46．
[3] Robust Series High-Speed Precision Angular Contact Ball Bearings for Machine Tool Spindles[J]. Motion & Control, 1-2.
[4] 蔡佳丰等．主轴滚动轴承的配置及其特性[J]．上海机床，1999，(2)：21-31．
[5] GAMET Bearing Super Precision Rolling Bearings, Produced by BCA[M] 97 04 2-11
[6] NSR Super Precision Bearings motion & control cat No. 2003 [M] 1254 1-24.
[7] FAG Super Precision Bearing Public No AC 41130/4 EA[M]. 2002. 9-10
[8] NTN Corporation. Precision Rolling Bearings for Machine Tools For New Technology Network NTN Cat. No. 8401/E[M]. 1998.1-15.
[9] Torrington Fafnir@. Superprecision Ball Bearings[M]. Torrington Ingersoll-Nard, 1997.82-83.
[10] SNFA. General Catalogue[M]. SNFA Group, 2000.63-65.
[11] 姜韶峰等．高速角接触球轴承系列优化设计[R]．洛阳：机械工业部洛阳轴承研究所，1998．
[12] 张迅雷．角接触球轴承额定负荷与刚度双目标函数优化设计[D]．1994．
[13] 相次浩志等．机床主轴的最新动态：国外机床轴承[C]．洛阳：洛阳轴承研究所，1999．7-10
[14] W·Trojahn etal. Progress in bearing Performance of advanced nitrogen alloyed stainless steel Cronidur 30 in: 5th international ASTM Symposium on Bearing Steels[C]. New Orleans, Louisiana, USA-Nov.19-21, 1996.
[15] 王金等．不锈钢轴承技术现状及设计与工艺技术研究全国滚动轴承设计与应用[R]．2003．
[16] 王玉金等．滚动轴承极限转速质疑及密封轴承极限转速的确定[J]．轴承，2000，(9)．
[17] FAG. Roiling Bearing Lulrication[M]. Publ. No. WL81115/4 EA. 1994.4-5.
[18] SNFA. Super Precision Angular Contact Ball Bearing[M].——
[19] NSK. For High-speed Machine Tool Spindles Precision Ceramic Angular Contact Ball Bearings[J]. NSK Motion & Control, 2004.2-7.
[20] Timken．圆锥滚子指南[M]．Timken Company，1997．10-30．
[21] 戴曙等．机床滚动轴承应用手册[M]．北京：机械工业出版社 1993．6-12．
[22] SKF Precision Bearings [M]. 27-47
[23] 宋丽等．高速机床主轴予紧技术分析[J]．轴承，2003，(8)：11-13．
[24] 姜韶峰．高速机床主轴轴承及其应用[J]．轴承，2004，(2)：1-4．
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[30] 欧阳中土．滚动轴承动力学分析中的理论问题[J]．轴承，1996，(5)：10～16．
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[32] J.I. McCool, et al. Influence of Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication on the life and Operation of Turbine Engine Ball Bearings-Bearing Design Manutal[M]. AFAPL-TR-75-25,1975.
[33] G.B. Hadden, et al. Steady State and Transient Thermal Analysis of a Shaft Bearing System Including Ball, Cylindrical and Tapered Roller Bearings[M]. NASA-CR-165365,1981.
[34] E·M·Yhland. Waviness measurement-An Instrument for Quality Control in Rolling Bearing Industry[J]. Proc, Inst. mech.Eng.: 182, Pt 3k, 438-445
[35] G·D·Hagiu, etal. Dynamic Characteristic of high-speed precision angular contact ball bearing[J]. Wear, 1997, 211(1).
[36] Walters C. T. The Dynamics of Ball Bearings[J]. Trans. ASME, Journal of Lublication Technology, 1971, (93): 1-10.
[37] 臧新群，臧新村，张捷之译．滚动轴承动力学分析[M]．武汉：湖北科学技术出版社．1990．
[38] Rudolf Weigand．关于陶瓷用于滚动轴承的研究[J]．国外轴承技术，1993，(3)．
[39] GaLbato A T. Fatigue life of ceramic Balls[J]. Lubication Engineering, 1992, (11).
[40] 正田义雄．机床主轴用混合陶瓷球轴承[J]．国外轴承技术，1993，(2)．
[41] Shin Niizeki. Ceramic Bearings for Special Environments[J]. NSK Motion Control, 2000, 8: 17-22.
[42] 易家明．国内外陶瓷轴承开发概况[C]．国外陶瓷轴承专集，洛阳轴承研究所．1996，1-2．
[43] Rudolf Weigand. Ceramic—Futune Meterial for the Rolling Bearing[J]. Ball and Roller Bearing Engineering Lndustrial Engineering, 1989, (1): 4-9.
[44] NSK. For High-Speed machine Tool Spindles Neo-Brid~(TM) Angular Contact Ball Bearing[J]. Motion & Control, 2004, 1-6.
[45] Stephenm．Schrader．钢陶瓷混合圆柱滚子轴承的性能[C]．国外航空发动机主轴轴承专集．洛阳：洛阳轴承研究所，1998．215-222．
[46] 安井启刚等．陶瓷轴承在飞机燃气轮机主轴上的应用[C]．国外航空发动机主轴轴承专集．洛阳：洛阳轴承研究所，1998．
[47] Mastaka Nosaka等．火箭发动机涡轮泵用低温混合陶瓷轴承的摩擦待性-自润滑性能[C]．国外航天轴承专集．洛阳：洛阳轴承研究所，1998．89-98．
[48] NSK Robust Series High-speed Precision Bearings for Machine Tool Application [J] Motion & Control 2003.
[49] 服务多加志．超高速机床轴承[C]．国外机床轴承专集．洛阳：洛阳轴承研究所，1999．14-21．
[50] 易家明等．陶瓷球轴承高效高精加工技术研究技术总结报告[R]．洛阳：洛阳轴承研究所，1998。
[51] 张永乾等．高速精密陶瓷球轴承批量制造技术开发研究报告[R]．洛阳：洛阳轴承研究所，2000．
[52] 张劲松．陶瓷球轴承的开发应用[J]．轴承，1996，(11)：9-10．
[53] 吴庆伟．陶瓷球轴承接触应力与变形分析[D]．洛阳：洛阳工学院，1995．
[54] 史兴宽等．陶瓷球材料的性能和组织结构对陶瓷轴承疲劳寿命的影响[J]．轴承，1995，(3)：2-7．
[55] 王玉金等．高速机床主轴用陶瓷l轴承动态性能研究课题研究报告[R]．洛阳：洛阳轴承研究所，2001．12．
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[2] 王玉金，赵韩，罗继伟．高速机床主轴支承系统轴承配置分析[J]．制造技术与机床，2004，(1)：44～46．
[3] Robust Series High-Speed Precision Angular Contact Ball Bearings for Machine Tool Spindles[J]. Motion & Control, 1-2.
[4] 蔡佳丰等．主轴滚动轴承的配置及其特性[J]．上海机床，1999，(2)：21-31．
[5] GAMET Bearing Super Precision Rolling Bearings, Produced by BCA[M] 97 04 2-11
[6] NSR Super Precision Bearings motion & control cat No. 2003 [M] 1254 1-24.
[7] FAG Super Precision Bearing Public No AC 41130/4 EA[M]. 2002. 9-10
[8] NTN Corporation. Precision Rolling Bearings for Machine Tools For New Technology Network NTN Cat. No. 8401/E[M]. 1998.1-15.
[9] Torrington Fafnir@. Superprecision Ball Bearings[M]. Torrington Ingersoll-Nard, 1997.82-83.
[10] SNFA. General Catalogue[M]. SNFA Group, 2000.63-65.
[11] 姜韶峰等．高速角接触球轴承系列优化设计[R]．洛阳：机械工业部洛阳轴承研究所，1998．
[12] 张迅雷．角接触球轴承额定负荷与刚度双目标函数优化设计[D]．1994．
[13] 相次浩志等．机床主轴的最新动态：国外机床轴承[C]．洛阳：洛阳轴承研究所，1999．7-10
[14] W·Trojahn etal. Progress in bearing Performance of advanced nitrogen alloyed stainless steel Cronidur 30 in: 5th international ASTM Symposium on Bearing Steels[C]. New Orleans, Louisiana, USA-Nov.19-21, 1996.
[15] 王金等．不锈钢轴承技术现状及设计与工艺技术研究全国滚动轴承设计与应用[R]．2003．
[16] 王玉金等．滚动轴承极限转速质疑及密封轴承极限转速的确定[J]．轴承，2000，(9)．
[17] FAG. Roiling Bearing Lulrication[M]. Publ. No. WL81115/4 EA. 1994.4-5.
[18] SNFA. Super Precision Angular Contact Ball Bearing[M].——
[19] NSK. For High-speed Machine Tool Spindles Precision Ceramic Angular Contact Ball Bearings[J]. NSK Motion & Control, 2004.2-7.
[20] Timken．圆锥滚子指南[M]．Timken Company，1997．10-30．
[21] 戴曙等．机床滚动轴承应用手册[M]．北京：机械工业出版社 1993．6-12．
[22] SKF Precision Bearings [M]. 27-47
[23] 宋丽等．高速机床主轴予紧技术分析[J]．轴承，2003，(8)：11-13．
[24] 姜韶峰．高速机床主轴轴承及其应用[J]．轴承，2004，(2)：1-4．
[25] 罗继伟 王玉金等．深沟球轴承即密封深沟球轴承优化设计：全国滚动轴承设计与应用年会读论文[C]．济南，1990．
[26] 吴瑞琴 罗继伟．滚动轴承设计主导文件角接触球轴承设计方法(ZYB3-89)[R]洛阳．机械工业部洛阳轴承研究所 1989．12
[27] A·B·Janes. Ball Motion and sliding Friction in Ball Bearings[J].Trans. Asme. Journal of Basic Engineering, 1959(81): 1-12.
[28] A·B·Janes. A general Theory far Elastically Constrained Ball and Radial Roller Bearings[J]. Trans. Asme. Journal of Basic Engineering,1960, (82): 309-320.
[29] T·A·Harris and M·H·Mindel. Rolling Element Bearing Dynamics[J]. Wear, 1971, (23): 311-337.
[30] 欧阳中土．滚动轴承动力学分析中的理论问题[J]．轴承，1996，(5)：10～16．
[31] SKF. Expansion and Improvement of SKF Computer Program SHABERTH[M]. AFAPL-TR-76-89,1976.
[32] J.I. McCool, et al. Influence of Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication on the life and Operation of Turbine Engine Ball Bearings-Bearing Design Manutal[M]. AFAPL-TR-75-25,1975.
[33] G.B. Hadden, et al. Steady State and Transient Thermal Analysis of a Shaft Bearing System Including Ball, Cylindrical and Tapered Roller Bearings[M]. NASA-CR-165365,1981.
[34] E·M·Yhland. Waviness measurement-An Instrument for Quality Control in Rolling Bearing Industry[J]. Proc, Inst. mech.Eng.: 182, Pt 3k, 438-445
[35] G·D·Hagiu, etal. Dynamic Characteristic of high-speed precision angular contact ball bearing[J]. Wear, 1997, 211(1).
[36] Walters C. T. The Dynamics of Ball Bearings[J]. Trans. ASME, Journal of Lublication Technology, 1971, (93): 1-10.
[37] 臧新群，臧新村，张捷之译．滚动轴承动力学分析[M]．武汉：湖北科学技术出版社．1990．
[38] Rudolf Weigand．关于陶瓷用于滚动轴承的研究[J]．国外轴承技术，1993，(3)．
[39] GaLbato A T. Fatigue life of ceramic Balls[J]. Lubication Engineering, 1992, (11).
[40] 正田义雄．机床主轴用混合陶瓷球轴承[J]．国外轴承技术，1993，(2)．
[41] Shin Niizeki. Ceramic Bearings for Special Environments[J]. NSK Motion Control, 2000, 8: 17-22.
[42] 易家明．国内外陶瓷轴承开发概况[C]．国外陶瓷轴承专集，洛阳轴承研究所．1996，1-2．
[43] Rudolf Weigand. Ceramic—Futune Meterial for the Rolling Bearing[J]. Ball and Roller Bearing Engineering Lndustrial Engineering, 1989, (1): 4-9.
[44] NSK. For High-Speed machine Tool Spindles Neo-Brid~(TM) Angular Contact Ball Bearing[J]. Motion & Control, 2004, 1-6.
[45] Stephenm．Schrader．钢陶瓷混合圆柱滚子轴承的性能[C]．国外航空发动机主轴轴承专集．洛阳：洛阳轴承研究所，1998．215-222．
[46] 安井启刚等．陶瓷轴承在飞机燃气轮机主轴上的应用[C]．国外航空发动机主轴轴承专集．洛阳：洛阳轴承研究所，1998．
[47] Mastaka Nosaka等．火箭发动机涡轮泵用低温混合陶瓷轴承的摩擦待性-自润滑性能[C]．国外航天轴承专集．洛阳：洛阳轴承研究所，1998．89-98．
[48] NSK Robust Series High-speed Precision Bearings for Machine Tool Application [J] Motion & Control 2003.
[49] 服务多加志．超高速机床轴承[C]．国外机床轴承专集．洛阳：洛阳轴承研究所，1999．14-21．
[50] 易家明等．陶瓷球轴承高效高精加工技术研究技术总结报告[R]．洛阳：洛阳轴承研究所，1998。
[51] 张永乾等．高速精密陶瓷球轴承批量制造技术开发研究报告[R]．洛阳：洛阳轴承研究所，2000．
[52] 张劲松．陶瓷球轴承的开发应用[J]．轴承，1996，(11)：9-10．
[53] 吴庆伟．陶瓷球轴承接触应力与变形分析[D]．洛阳：洛阳工学院，1995．
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