中国银行业效率结构与制度研究
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摘要
效率是经济学家分析问题的着眼点,是现代经济学分析框架中三个重要组成部分之一(钱颖一,2003)。在技术性边界既定的情况下,制度是影响结构性边界即经济增长和经济效率的关键因素;更进一步,制度还是推动技术进步即技术性边界外移的重要力量。
本文在梳理效率理论和效率测算方法的基础上,利用商业银行效率研究的GCP分析框架,对我国商业银行效率结构及其影响因素尤其是制度因素进行了系统的理论分析和实证研究。GCP分析框架使各章之间具有内在的逻辑联系;在每一章中,也力图利用GCP分析框架进行研究。
第2章以效率的约束条件为线索,沿着经济学的发展脉络,首先对效率理论进行了总结和比较。然后系统梳理了以DEA为主的非参数方法和以SFA为主的参数方法,并评价了各类模型的优缺点和适用范围,并特别指出了应用这些模型测算我国银行效率时应注意的问题。
第3章选择税前利润与总资产之比作为因变量,利用SFA测算我国商业效率结构。股份制商业银行的X-利润效率显著好于国有商业银行;两类商业银行均存在一定程度的规模效率,国有银行几乎不存在范围效率,股份制银行存在一定程度的范围效率,从趋势来看,规模效率与范围效率均在逐步减弱。
第4章利用两步DEA对我国商业银行的效率结构进行了实证研究。我国商业银行效率在波动中上升;银行间的纯技术校率相差很小,而配置效率和规模效率对总经济效率影响很大;总体上来看,股份制银行效率高于国有银行。最后,对SFA与两步DEA测算结果的一致性进行了分析,虽然SFA和两步DEA所测算的结果相差较大,但两者在效率的排序上具有很高的一致性。
第5章的实证检验发现,我国银行业是典型的周期性行业,其效率高低与宏观经济密切相关。产权制度是造成国有银行和股份制银行效率差异的关键原因,市场竞争也产生重要影响;两者对银行效率的影响是互补关系而不是替代关系,并利用GCP分析框架对两者的互补关系作出了理论解释。
第6章首先分析了商业银行契约性质、治理制度、人力资本效率的理论关系,然后从理论上建立一个人力资本效率存在结构性差异的贷款竞争模型,最后实证比较研究了国有银行和股份制银行人力资本效率和贷款扩张行为。股份制银行人力资本效率明显高于国有银行,股份制银行利用人力资本的效率优势、在对宏观经济环境充分认识的基瓷?更有力地加大了对盈利能力强的地区和企业的贷款投放,实现了效率的提升和规模的扩张。
第7章以工商银行、浦东发展银行为代表,研究两个银行空间结构的演化模式、制度成因及其对效率的影响。政府的控制偏好和治理制度的二元特征是影响中国商业银行空间结构演化模式的关键因素。浦东发展银行的“梯度推进”模式,不仅扩大了经营规模,而且提高了效率。工商银行前期的“平行推进”模式虽然使规模不断扩大,但由于规模超过自身管理半径,使得效率不断降低;而后期对分支机构的撤并重组和空间重新布局不仅精简了机构、而且提高了效率。
第8章对国有银行和股份制银行效率结构性差别、经营行为差别从制度层面进行了理论解释和总结。我国国有银行和股份制银行治理制度的差别,尤其是激励力度的差距导致了两类银行管理层经营行为的根本区别;而国有银行承担的政策性负担从外部放大了产权劣效应。
第9章将国有银行和股份制银行同时引入模型,从制度演进的角度对中国银行业制度变迁及其效率进行理论分析和实证检验,银行业制度改革和银行业的效率变化具有动态的相互影响关系。
第10章对结论进行了概括并提出相关建议。
The starting point of economists' analyzing issues is efficiency,which is one of the three important elements in the analysis framework of modem economics.The paper points out the analysis framework of governance,conduct and performance on the Micro-efficiency Structure of commercial banks,and makes a theory and empirical study on the efficiency structure and its factors of Chinese commercial banks on the basis of summarizing the theory and estimating method of efficiency.
In the clue of the constraints of efficiency and the development of Economics,Chapter 2 firstly summarizes the efficiency theory,and then compares the parameter method and the non- parameter method which are dominated by Data Envelopment Analysis and Stochastic Frontier Approach respectively,analyzing the advantages,disadvantages and applicability of these methods,and finally points out the problems needing attention in estimating efficiency of Chinese commercial banks.
Taking the ratio of pre-tax profit and assets as the dependent variable,chapter 1 estimates the efficiency structure of Chinese commercial banks using SFA.The X-profit efficiency for the state-owned banks and that for the joint-stock ones have structural differences,on an ascending basis.Although both of them have the increasing scale efficiency,in view of evolution,their scale efficiency and scope efficiency are weakened gradually.Scope efficiency seems not to exist in the state-owned banks,but in the joint-stock ones,it does exist to a certain extent.
Chinese commercial banks are typical periodical industry according to the empirical analysis of chapter 5,because their efficiency is closely related to macro economy.The key factor causing those differences seems to be the property rights institution,but market competition also plays an important role on the efficiency of commercial banks,both of which affect this efficiency complementarily instead of substitutionarily.
Chapter 5 makes a positivist research on the efficiency structure of Chinese commercial banks through two-stage DEA.Their economic efficiency rises with fluctuation.Little difference exiting among the majority of the banks,the allocation efficiency and scale efficiency exert important influence on the economic efficiency.Joint-stock banks hold a higher efficiency than the state-owned ones on the average.
Chapter 6 studies the difference of human capital productivity,and loan competition behavior between the state-owned commercial banks and joint-stock ones from the Perspective of theoretical and empirical analysis.The human capital productivity of Joint-stock commercial banks is higher than the state-owned ones.Using their higher efficiency of human capital and the favorable macroscopic economic environment,The formers allocate more loans to the region and enterprises with strong profit ability,realizing a high-efficiency and scale expansion.
Chapter 7 makes a comparative study about the general law of the evolvement of the spatial structure,and its effects on efficiency between the Industrial & Commercial Bank and Shanghai Pudong Development Bank.Adopting the "Gradational Progression" model, Shanghai Pudong Development Bank not only enlarges its scale but also improves its efficiency.Industrial & Commercial Bank took the "parallel Progression" model with the result of enlarging its scale but reducing efficiency due to the extension of its scale beyond its administration radius in prophase.However,in anaphase,Industrial & Commercial Bank recombines and relocates the braches with the result of simplifying its administrative structure and improving its efficiency.
Chapter 8 theoretically explains why the efficiency and the management behavior of the state-owned banks and that for the joint-stock ones have structural differences.The essential differences between the behaviors of state-owned banks and joint-stock ones are caused by the differences in their property right institution,especially in the incentive mechanism.The poor performance of state-owned caused by its property fight institution is magnified by the burden of policy.
Introducing the state-owned banks and the joint-stock ones to the model simultaneously, chapter 1 makes a theoretical analysis and empirical test on the institutional evolvement of Chinese banks system.There is a dynamic interaction relationship between banks system reform and its efficiency change.
Chapter 10 summarizes the conclusions and points out some suggestions.
本文在梳理效率理论和效率测算方法的基础上,利用商业银行效率研究的GCP分析框架,对我国商业银行效率结构及其影响因素尤其是制度因素进行了系统的理论分析和实证研究。GCP分析框架使各章之间具有内在的逻辑联系;在每一章中,也力图利用GCP分析框架进行研究。
第2章以效率的约束条件为线索,沿着经济学的发展脉络,首先对效率理论进行了总结和比较。然后系统梳理了以DEA为主的非参数方法和以SFA为主的参数方法,并评价了各类模型的优缺点和适用范围,并特别指出了应用这些模型测算我国银行效率时应注意的问题。
第3章选择税前利润与总资产之比作为因变量,利用SFA测算我国商业效率结构。股份制商业银行的X-利润效率显著好于国有商业银行;两类商业银行均存在一定程度的规模效率,国有银行几乎不存在范围效率,股份制银行存在一定程度的范围效率,从趋势来看,规模效率与范围效率均在逐步减弱。
第4章利用两步DEA对我国商业银行的效率结构进行了实证研究。我国商业银行效率在波动中上升;银行间的纯技术校率相差很小,而配置效率和规模效率对总经济效率影响很大;总体上来看,股份制银行效率高于国有银行。最后,对SFA与两步DEA测算结果的一致性进行了分析,虽然SFA和两步DEA所测算的结果相差较大,但两者在效率的排序上具有很高的一致性。
第5章的实证检验发现,我国银行业是典型的周期性行业,其效率高低与宏观经济密切相关。产权制度是造成国有银行和股份制银行效率差异的关键原因,市场竞争也产生重要影响;两者对银行效率的影响是互补关系而不是替代关系,并利用GCP分析框架对两者的互补关系作出了理论解释。
第6章首先分析了商业银行契约性质、治理制度、人力资本效率的理论关系,然后从理论上建立一个人力资本效率存在结构性差异的贷款竞争模型,最后实证比较研究了国有银行和股份制银行人力资本效率和贷款扩张行为。股份制银行人力资本效率明显高于国有银行,股份制银行利用人力资本的效率优势、在对宏观经济环境充分认识的基瓷?更有力地加大了对盈利能力强的地区和企业的贷款投放,实现了效率的提升和规模的扩张。
第7章以工商银行、浦东发展银行为代表,研究两个银行空间结构的演化模式、制度成因及其对效率的影响。政府的控制偏好和治理制度的二元特征是影响中国商业银行空间结构演化模式的关键因素。浦东发展银行的“梯度推进”模式,不仅扩大了经营规模,而且提高了效率。工商银行前期的“平行推进”模式虽然使规模不断扩大,但由于规模超过自身管理半径,使得效率不断降低;而后期对分支机构的撤并重组和空间重新布局不仅精简了机构、而且提高了效率。
第8章对国有银行和股份制银行效率结构性差别、经营行为差别从制度层面进行了理论解释和总结。我国国有银行和股份制银行治理制度的差别,尤其是激励力度的差距导致了两类银行管理层经营行为的根本区别;而国有银行承担的政策性负担从外部放大了产权劣效应。
第9章将国有银行和股份制银行同时引入模型,从制度演进的角度对中国银行业制度变迁及其效率进行理论分析和实证检验,银行业制度改革和银行业的效率变化具有动态的相互影响关系。
第10章对结论进行了概括并提出相关建议。
The starting point of economists' analyzing issues is efficiency,which is one of the three important elements in the analysis framework of modem economics.The paper points out the analysis framework of governance,conduct and performance on the Micro-efficiency Structure of commercial banks,and makes a theory and empirical study on the efficiency structure and its factors of Chinese commercial banks on the basis of summarizing the theory and estimating method of efficiency.
In the clue of the constraints of efficiency and the development of Economics,Chapter 2 firstly summarizes the efficiency theory,and then compares the parameter method and the non- parameter method which are dominated by Data Envelopment Analysis and Stochastic Frontier Approach respectively,analyzing the advantages,disadvantages and applicability of these methods,and finally points out the problems needing attention in estimating efficiency of Chinese commercial banks.
Taking the ratio of pre-tax profit and assets as the dependent variable,chapter 1 estimates the efficiency structure of Chinese commercial banks using SFA.The X-profit efficiency for the state-owned banks and that for the joint-stock ones have structural differences,on an ascending basis.Although both of them have the increasing scale efficiency,in view of evolution,their scale efficiency and scope efficiency are weakened gradually.Scope efficiency seems not to exist in the state-owned banks,but in the joint-stock ones,it does exist to a certain extent.
Chinese commercial banks are typical periodical industry according to the empirical analysis of chapter 5,because their efficiency is closely related to macro economy.The key factor causing those differences seems to be the property rights institution,but market competition also plays an important role on the efficiency of commercial banks,both of which affect this efficiency complementarily instead of substitutionarily.
Chapter 5 makes a positivist research on the efficiency structure of Chinese commercial banks through two-stage DEA.Their economic efficiency rises with fluctuation.Little difference exiting among the majority of the banks,the allocation efficiency and scale efficiency exert important influence on the economic efficiency.Joint-stock banks hold a higher efficiency than the state-owned ones on the average.
Chapter 6 studies the difference of human capital productivity,and loan competition behavior between the state-owned commercial banks and joint-stock ones from the Perspective of theoretical and empirical analysis.The human capital productivity of Joint-stock commercial banks is higher than the state-owned ones.Using their higher efficiency of human capital and the favorable macroscopic economic environment,The formers allocate more loans to the region and enterprises with strong profit ability,realizing a high-efficiency and scale expansion.
Chapter 7 makes a comparative study about the general law of the evolvement of the spatial structure,and its effects on efficiency between the Industrial & Commercial Bank and Shanghai Pudong Development Bank.Adopting the "Gradational Progression" model, Shanghai Pudong Development Bank not only enlarges its scale but also improves its efficiency.Industrial & Commercial Bank took the "parallel Progression" model with the result of enlarging its scale but reducing efficiency due to the extension of its scale beyond its administration radius in prophase.However,in anaphase,Industrial & Commercial Bank recombines and relocates the braches with the result of simplifying its administrative structure and improving its efficiency.
Chapter 8 theoretically explains why the efficiency and the management behavior of the state-owned banks and that for the joint-stock ones have structural differences.The essential differences between the behaviors of state-owned banks and joint-stock ones are caused by the differences in their property right institution,especially in the incentive mechanism.The poor performance of state-owned caused by its property fight institution is magnified by the burden of policy.
Introducing the state-owned banks and the joint-stock ones to the model simultaneously, chapter 1 makes a theoretical analysis and empirical test on the institutional evolvement of Chinese banks system.There is a dynamic interaction relationship between banks system reform and its efficiency change.
Chapter 10 summarizes the conclusions and points out some suggestions.
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