图像末制导仿真技术的研究
|
摘要
图像末制导仿真系统可以作为外场武器的模拟跟踪和检测系统，还可以根据生成的特定仿真场景模拟对不易实验地区（例如城市）的作战试验。在虚拟仿真领域中，虚拟图像的实时生成速度以及虚拟场景的生成效果是衡量虚拟场景沉浸效果和程度的两个重要指标。对于数据量较小的虚拟仿真系统两个指标可以兼顾，但是对于大规模虚拟仿真系统场景的逼真度越高，系统的漫游速度可能越低，因此两个指标要权衡考虑。
本课题针对虚拟仿真场景的这两个重要指标展开研究，主要包括以下几个方面的内容。
在仿真系统中为了模拟真实感地形采用读取DEM高程数据渲染地形的方法，并对于不同飞行阶段的地形采用不同分辨率的真实图像作为地形纹理。为了避免相邻不同分辨率的纹理出现视觉跳跃的现象，采取了相应的图像融合策略生成过渡纹理的方法，逼真的模拟了导弹渐近的过程。对于卫星盲区地形，采用了基于ROAM算法的自适应地形算法生成的虚拟地形。将基本ROAM算法生成的地形作为基网格，计算下一级网格顶点的粗糙度以及与视点的距离等综合参数。通过给定阈值与综合参数的比较来判断是否继续细分。对于满足细分条件的顶点，通过进一步提取地形的特征采用Loop算法细分局部区域。最终对满足一定条件的边界顶点进行适当的几何优化以使仿真结果更加逼真。算法在场景仿真结果上比原始算法更加细腻，并且在实时漫游过程中漫游帧频平均值52.0303帧/秒，明显高于原始算法平均帧频36.187帧/秒。满足了虚拟仿真系统在漫游过程中对实时性的要求。
对于经典的纹理调和映射算法，尽管保持了纹理映射的有效性但是算法复杂度高，不能满足仿真系统实时性。基于这个问题，提出了根据评估值自适应选取目标函数的约束纹理映射方法。结合模型的参数化平面，计算模型特征点三角化后每一个三角块内部顶点的评估值，根据与阈值比较后的结果自适应选择目标函数。对于不能直接应用两种目标函数的三角块进行迭代细分，计算下一级三角块的评估值。实验表明算法能够很好的保持纹理的有效性，具有很高的使用价值。
在图像末制导仿真系统中，通过改变输入参数调整导弹的飞行姿态，伴随着图像出现平移、梯度变化等现象，并可以实现在指定帧图像出现特定渲染效果的目的。同时基于VC++和OpenGL完成了场景的调度绘制，实现了导弹末制导阶段虚拟场景的实时、动态模拟。
为了实现基于虚拟场景的注入式仿真，搭建了以PC上位机、FPGA为核心的注入式仿真平台为主要设备的注入式仿真测试系统。通过上位机在产生虚拟场景的同时，利用旋转映射技术将虚拟仿真场景保存为BMP格式的二维图像，并经过PCIe总线发送到FPGA板卡，板卡将图像缓存到DDR3SDRAM中，然后将缓存的虚拟仿真图像通过Cameralink接口输出到图像处理平台。实现了基于虚拟仿真图像的注入式仿真测试。
The virtual simulation technology on missiles homing phase is to simulated thescene of the missile terminal guidance stage. The simulation system can beconsiderded a tracking System or a detection system, and it can simulate somespecific simulation scenes for that never used to be combat simulation,like cities. Inthe field of virtual simulation, there are two important indicators to decidesimulation results of the virtual scene.One is the generation rate of virtual image,theother is the simulation results of simulation scenes.We can meet both ruquests for asimulation system with a small amount of data, but with regard to a simulationsystem with a large amount of data,things can be handled by another way. The morerealistic scenario, the slower the rendering speed. Thus, two factors should beweighed.
The paper expands the research on these two indicators, and includes thesesevels aspects.
In order to simulate realistic terrain in the simulation system, we generate terrainmodel by reading the DEM elevation data. At different phases of Missiles flight, weuse different terrain textures with different resolutions of real images. To avoid thephenomenon of visual jumps between adjacent resolution terrain, we use transitiontextures made by corresponding fusion strategy. This method is a realisticsimulation of missile gradual process. For satellite blind terrain, a simulation algorithm of adaptive realistic terrain generation method based on ROAM algorithmwas introduced. The terrain generated by ROAM is to be a base grid. Then wecomputer the integrated parameter Y of the lower grids. By comparison with a giventhreshold value to the Y parameters, determine whether to split or not. Extract thesharp features of the vertex that satisfy the conditions and split these vertexes withLoop algorithm. It generates a video stream by rotation mapping algorithm inreal-time roaming process and sends to the injection simulation system to the DVI.Experimental results show that: the average of roaming frame rate of proposedalgorithm is45.1303and the peak frame rate close to50. The frame rate is higherthan the average frame rate of the original algorithm. The proposed algorithmsatisfies the requirements of the injection simulation system and the average ofroaming frame rate is45.
In order to improve the effectiveness of texture mapping, I propose a constrainttexture mapping method based on the evaluation value to determine which objectfunction to select. This algorithm computes evaluation value of internal vertices ofevery triangular block after the feature point’s triangulation in the parameter plane.For the triangle both the objective functions are not suitable, we conduct atriangulation iteratively and calculate the evaluation value of triangles next level.Experiments show that this algorithm is dropped an average more than75%of thetime than the classical algorithm.The model of this algorithm is loaded into thereal-time rendering system with high frame frequency. Experiments show that thealgorithm has good robustness; repeated experiments show that the proposedalgorithm can maintain good texture validity.
In our virtual simulation system, the missiles fly at different positionscorresponding to different simulation scenarios.It can adjust the parameters of themissiles when the user change input data. Meanwhile, the virtual simulation scenechanges like translation, rotation or scaling.In this way, we can control the virtualsimulation scene at any time. For example, we can add some special renderingresults in any frame images. We use VC++and OPENGL finished the simulation of virtual scene. I realized the simulation of virtual scene about the missile terminalguidance stage.
In order to achieve injection simulation on virtual image, I built a simulationplatform for injection.The platform includes PC、and FPGA. PC used to generate thevirtual scene, and in this process PC computer will save the virtual scene as BMPpictures by rotation mapping technology. Then, the virtual image will be sent toFPGA through PCIe. And then,the visual image will be sent to the image processingplatform of the missile. Experimental results show that the injection simulation testbased on virtual images is successful.
本课题针对虚拟仿真场景的这两个重要指标展开研究，主要包括以下几个方面的内容。
在仿真系统中为了模拟真实感地形采用读取DEM高程数据渲染地形的方法，并对于不同飞行阶段的地形采用不同分辨率的真实图像作为地形纹理。为了避免相邻不同分辨率的纹理出现视觉跳跃的现象，采取了相应的图像融合策略生成过渡纹理的方法，逼真的模拟了导弹渐近的过程。对于卫星盲区地形，采用了基于ROAM算法的自适应地形算法生成的虚拟地形。将基本ROAM算法生成的地形作为基网格，计算下一级网格顶点的粗糙度以及与视点的距离等综合参数。通过给定阈值与综合参数的比较来判断是否继续细分。对于满足细分条件的顶点，通过进一步提取地形的特征采用Loop算法细分局部区域。最终对满足一定条件的边界顶点进行适当的几何优化以使仿真结果更加逼真。算法在场景仿真结果上比原始算法更加细腻，并且在实时漫游过程中漫游帧频平均值52.0303帧/秒，明显高于原始算法平均帧频36.187帧/秒。满足了虚拟仿真系统在漫游过程中对实时性的要求。
对于经典的纹理调和映射算法，尽管保持了纹理映射的有效性但是算法复杂度高，不能满足仿真系统实时性。基于这个问题，提出了根据评估值自适应选取目标函数的约束纹理映射方法。结合模型的参数化平面，计算模型特征点三角化后每一个三角块内部顶点的评估值，根据与阈值比较后的结果自适应选择目标函数。对于不能直接应用两种目标函数的三角块进行迭代细分，计算下一级三角块的评估值。实验表明算法能够很好的保持纹理的有效性，具有很高的使用价值。
在图像末制导仿真系统中，通过改变输入参数调整导弹的飞行姿态，伴随着图像出现平移、梯度变化等现象，并可以实现在指定帧图像出现特定渲染效果的目的。同时基于VC++和OpenGL完成了场景的调度绘制，实现了导弹末制导阶段虚拟场景的实时、动态模拟。
为了实现基于虚拟场景的注入式仿真，搭建了以PC上位机、FPGA为核心的注入式仿真平台为主要设备的注入式仿真测试系统。通过上位机在产生虚拟场景的同时，利用旋转映射技术将虚拟仿真场景保存为BMP格式的二维图像，并经过PCIe总线发送到FPGA板卡，板卡将图像缓存到DDR3SDRAM中，然后将缓存的虚拟仿真图像通过Cameralink接口输出到图像处理平台。实现了基于虚拟仿真图像的注入式仿真测试。
The virtual simulation technology on missiles homing phase is to simulated thescene of the missile terminal guidance stage. The simulation system can beconsiderded a tracking System or a detection system, and it can simulate somespecific simulation scenes for that never used to be combat simulation,like cities. Inthe field of virtual simulation, there are two important indicators to decidesimulation results of the virtual scene.One is the generation rate of virtual image,theother is the simulation results of simulation scenes.We can meet both ruquests for asimulation system with a small amount of data, but with regard to a simulationsystem with a large amount of data,things can be handled by another way. The morerealistic scenario, the slower the rendering speed. Thus, two factors should beweighed.
The paper expands the research on these two indicators, and includes thesesevels aspects.
In order to simulate realistic terrain in the simulation system, we generate terrainmodel by reading the DEM elevation data. At different phases of Missiles flight, weuse different terrain textures with different resolutions of real images. To avoid thephenomenon of visual jumps between adjacent resolution terrain, we use transitiontextures made by corresponding fusion strategy. This method is a realisticsimulation of missile gradual process. For satellite blind terrain, a simulation algorithm of adaptive realistic terrain generation method based on ROAM algorithmwas introduced. The terrain generated by ROAM is to be a base grid. Then wecomputer the integrated parameter Y of the lower grids. By comparison with a giventhreshold value to the Y parameters, determine whether to split or not. Extract thesharp features of the vertex that satisfy the conditions and split these vertexes withLoop algorithm. It generates a video stream by rotation mapping algorithm inreal-time roaming process and sends to the injection simulation system to the DVI.Experimental results show that: the average of roaming frame rate of proposedalgorithm is45.1303and the peak frame rate close to50. The frame rate is higherthan the average frame rate of the original algorithm. The proposed algorithmsatisfies the requirements of the injection simulation system and the average ofroaming frame rate is45.
In order to improve the effectiveness of texture mapping, I propose a constrainttexture mapping method based on the evaluation value to determine which objectfunction to select. This algorithm computes evaluation value of internal vertices ofevery triangular block after the feature point’s triangulation in the parameter plane.For the triangle both the objective functions are not suitable, we conduct atriangulation iteratively and calculate the evaluation value of triangles next level.Experiments show that this algorithm is dropped an average more than75%of thetime than the classical algorithm.The model of this algorithm is loaded into thereal-time rendering system with high frame frequency. Experiments show that thealgorithm has good robustness; repeated experiments show that the proposedalgorithm can maintain good texture validity.
In our virtual simulation system, the missiles fly at different positionscorresponding to different simulation scenarios.It can adjust the parameters of themissiles when the user change input data. Meanwhile, the virtual simulation scenechanges like translation, rotation or scaling.In this way, we can control the virtualsimulation scene at any time. For example, we can add some special renderingresults in any frame images. We use VC++and OPENGL finished the simulation of virtual scene. I realized the simulation of virtual scene about the missile terminalguidance stage.
In order to achieve injection simulation on virtual image, I built a simulationplatform for injection.The platform includes PC、and FPGA. PC used to generate thevirtual scene, and in this process PC computer will save the virtual scene as BMPpictures by rotation mapping technology. Then, the virtual image will be sent toFPGA through PCIe. And then,the visual image will be sent to the image processingplatform of the missile. Experimental results show that the injection simulation testbased on virtual images is successful.
引文
[1] Sibo Yao. Dynamic Terrain[D].[Degree of Master].Montreal,Quebec,Canada.Concordia University,2008.
[2] Benoit B. Mandelbrot. The Fractal Geometry of Nature. W.H. Freeman andCompany, San Francisco,1982.
[3]赵娜.分布式反辐射导弹虚拟仿真系统研究[D].[博士学位论文].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学，2011
[4]李莎莎.反辐射导弹仿真系统技术研究[D].[博士学位论文].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学，2010
[5]靳永亮.高帧频闭环特殊场景仿真关键技术研究[D].[博士学位论文].长春：中科院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所，2012
[6] Jason James Smoker. VIRTUAL REALITY SIMULATION OF A CARSUSPENSION WITH ACTIVECONTROL CAPABILITY[D].[Degree of Master].Maryland, United States. University of Maryland,2009
[7]陈庆秋.虚拟战场环境设计与实现[D].[硕士学位论文].沈阳：东北大学，2010
[8]管华.战术导弹战场仿真系统的研究[D].[硕士学位论文].郑州：解放军信息工程大学，2003
[9] Robert W. Morgan. A New Paradigm in Optimal Missile Guidance[D].[Degree ofDoctor]. Arizona, United States.University of Arizona,2007
[10]李军华.弹道导弹视景仿真技术的研究[D].[硕士学位论文].成都：电子科学技术大学，2009
[11]怀红旗，王爱民.基于MFC和Vega的导航仿真系统[J].现代电子技术.2009.2(1)：167-168
[12]吕金坤.基于VTK的工业图像三维可视化技术研究[D].[硕士学位论文].太原：中北大学，2013
[13]白鹤原.基于OSG的城市三维可视化系统研究[D].[硕士学位论文].焦作：河南理工大学，2010
[14]葛翔.基于bpneGL的三维建筑仿真与漫游技术研究[D].[硕士学位论文].武汉：武汉理工大，2006
[15]张镭.飞行模拟器飞行仿真系统建模与软件实现[D].[博士学位论文].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学，2009
[16]王桂明.导弹飞行虚拟现实仿真系统的研究[D].[硕士学位论文].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学，2007
[17]Dennis M.Moen.Overlay multicast for real time distributed simulation [D].[Degree of Doctor].George Mason University,2005
[18]导弹飞行动力学[M].机械工业出版社，2003,20-50
[19]曹邦武.空地导弹制导与控制关键技术研究[D].[博士学位论文].南京：南京航空航天大学，2006
[20]Jonathan Blow.Terrain rendering at High Levels of Detail[C].Paper for the GameDevelopers.Conferenee2000,California,2000
[21]王晓军.地形可视化中的LOD技术研究[D].[硕士学位论文].苏州：苏州大学，2009
[22]郭震.基于LOD的大规模地形实时绘制技术[D].[硕士学位论文].苏州：苏州大学，2009
[23]李庆文.虚拟现实中LOD关键技术研究与实现[D].[硕士学位论文].北京：北京交通大学，2011
[24]李钦，戴树岭，赵永嘉，王响.分块LOD大规模地形实时渲染算法[J].计算机辅助设计与图形图像学报，2013，25(5):708-713
[25]曾艳阳，康凤举，杨惠珍.自适应多特征融合的真实感地形快速绘制[J].中国图象图形学报，2013，18(6):724-729
[26]杨硕.无人机飞行仿真技术研究[D].[硕士学位论文].沈阳：沈阳航空航天大学，2013
[27]李玉娟.三维虚拟地理场景的设计与实现[D].[硕士学位论文].郑州：郑州大学，2013
[28]高山，陈思.城市三维建模技术与标准研究[J].测绘通报，2013，3:95-98
[29]陈志军.大规模球形地形加速绘制技术的研究与实现[D].[硕士学位论文].成都：电子科技大学，2013
[30]乔梁.超大规模动态场景的实时碰撞检测研究[D].[硕士学位论文].成都：电子科技大学，2011
[31]I.J.Palmer and R.L. Grimsdale.Collision Detection for Animation usingSphere-Trees[J].COMPUTER GRAPHICS forum,199514(2):105-116
[32]Martin Eisemann, Thorsten Grosch, Marcus Magnor et al. Automatic Creation ofObject Hierarchies for Ray Tracing of Dynamic Scenes[J].
[33]耿朝阳刘敏徐江涛.一种基于ＯＢＢ包围盒算法的改进[J].西安工业大学学报.2012，32(7)：550-553
[34]James T. Klosowski, Martin Held, Joseph S.B etal. Efficient Collision DetectionUsing Bounding Volume Hierarchies of k-DOPs[J]. VISUALIZATION ANDCOMPUTER GRAPHICS.1998,491):153-169
[35]赵伟.基于并行的快速碰撞检测算法研究[D].[博士学位论文].长春：吉林大学，2009
[36]Daeho Lee,Kiseo Park and Young tae Park.Collision Detection and ResponseMethod for Markerless Camera-Based Games Using Motion Boundary Estimation[J].VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS.2010,56(4):2178-2184
[37]姜晓路，刘渊.一种新的基于混合层次包围盒的碰撞检测算法[J].计算机工程与应用2012，48（6）:143-165
[38]边园飞，杨光，杨红雨.改进的飞行模拟碰撞检测算法研究[J].计算机技术与发展，2013,23(1):5-8
[39]于海军，马纯永，张涛等.基于图像空间的快速碰撞检测算法[J].计算机应用，2013，33(2):530－533
[40]I.J.Palmer, R.L.Grimsdale.Collision Detection for Animation usingSphere-Trees[J].Computer Graphics forum volum,1995,14(2):105-116
[41]Stéphane Redon, Abderrahmane Kheddary, Sabine Coquillart. Fast ContinuousCollision Detection between Rigid Bodies[J]. EUROGRAPHICS2002/G. Drettakisand H.-P. Seidel(Guest Editors),2002,21(3):1213-1222
[42]Daniel S. Coming, Oliver G. Staadt. Velocity-Aligned iscrete OrientedPolytopesfor Dynamic Collision Detection[J]. VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTERGRAPHICS.2008,14(1):135-148
[43]牛丽娟.基于DEM的网络3D GIS地形关键数据提取和还原方法研究[D].[硕士学位论文].沈阳：沈阳工业大学，2013
[44]陈景广，佘江峰，宋晓群等.基于多核CPU的大规模DEM并行三维渲染[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版，2013，38(5):618-621
[45]Wenbin He, Zheng Niu, Lijiao Liang. AN IMPROVED FRACTALCONSTRUCTION ON3D DEM TERRAIN PROFILE[J]. Computer Graphics forumvolum,2009,4(12):654-657
[46]Jianguang Wen, Xiaojie Zhao, Qiang Liu, et al. An Improved Land-SurfaceAlbedo Algorithm With DEM in Rugged Terrain[J]. IEEE GEOSCIENCE ANDREMOTE SENSING LETTERS,2014,11(4):883-887
[47]Gabriel Ducret, Marie-Pierre Doin, Rapha l Grandin, et al. DEM CorrectionsBefore Unwrapping in a Small Baseline Strategy for InSAR Time Series AnalysisIEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LETTERS,2014,11(3):696-700
[48]Yuan Zhou, Jin Chen, Qinghua Guo, et al. Restoration of Information Obscuredby Mountaino Shadows Through Landsat TM/ETM Images Without the Use of DEMData: A New Method[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE ANDREMOTE SENSING,2014,52(1):313-328
[49]Heresh Fattahi, Falk Amelung. DEM Error Correction in InSAR Time Series[J].IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING,2013,51(7):4249-4259
[50]Zhe Chen, Qianqing Qin, Liyu Lin, et al. DEM Densification Using PerspectiveShape From Shading Through Multispectral Imagery[J]. IEEE GEOSCIENCE ANDREMOTE SENSING LETTERS,2013,10(1):145-149
[51]Daniel Frey, Matthias Butenuth, Daniel Straub. Probabilistic Graphical Modelsfor Flood State Detection of Roads Combining Imagery and DEM[J]. IEEEGEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LETTERS,2012,9(6):1051-1055
[52]Aymen Shabou,Florence Tupin. A Markovian Approach for DEM EstimationFrom Multiple InSAR Data WithAtmospheric Contributions[J]. IEEE GEOSCIENCEAND REMOTE SENSING LETTERS,2012,9(4):764-768
[53]Hiroyuki Fujisada, Minoru Urai, Akira Iwasaki. Advanced Methodology forASTER DEM Generation[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE ANDREMOTE SENSING,2011,49(12):5080-5091
[54]Paco López-Dekker, Pau Prats, Francesco De Zan, et al. TanDEM-X First DEMAcquisition: A Crossing Orbit Experiment[J]. IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTESENSING LETTERS,2011,8(5):943-947
[55]Johan Beekhuizen, Gerard B. M. Heuvelink, Jan Biesemans, et al. Effect of DEMUncertainty on the Positional Accuracy of Airborne Imagery[J]. IEEETRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING,2011,49(5):1567-1577
[56]Masanobu Shimada. Ortho-Rectification and Slope Correction of SAR DataUsing DEM and Its Accuracy Evaluation[J]. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTEDTOPICS IN APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATIONS AND REMOTE SENSING,2010,3(4):657-671
[57]Nevena Rakuljic, Ian Galton. Tree-Structured DEM DACs with ArbitraryNumbers of Levels[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS—I:REGULAR PAPERS,2010,57(2):313-322
[58]MARK DUCHAINEAU,MURRAY WOLINSKY,DAVID E et al. ROAMingTerrain:Real-Time Optimally Adapting Meshes[D].1987.
[59]张志成，石要武.利用状态空间模型联合估计波达方向和频率[J].光学精密工程.VOL.19, NO.4,2011(4).
[60]JAE YOUNG CHOI,YONG MAN RO,KONSTANTINOS N.PLATANIOTIS.Color Local Texture Features for Color Face Recognition[J]. Image Processing,2012,21(3):.
[61]MARIANO RIVERA,OSCAR DALMAU. Variational Viewpoint of theQuadratic Markov Measure Field Models: Theory and ALGORITHMS[J]. ImageProcessing,2012,21(3):
[62]LOOP C T. Smooth subdivision surfaces based on triangles [D].[Degree ofMaster], Department of Mathematics, University of Utah,1987.
[63]YANG LIU,BALAKRISHNAN PRABHAKARAN,XIAOHU GUO. Point-BasedManifold Harmonics[J]. Visualization and computer graphics.2012,18（10）：1693-1703
[64]周海，周来水，王占东等. Loop细分曲面的自适应等距面生成算法与实现[J].机械科学与技术.2003,22(6):1016-1029
[65]王涛，汤浩，王金林等.一种人工数字地图的生成算法及其仿真研究计算机仿真[J].2009，26(6):66-69
[66]Nate Hagbi,Oriel Bergig,ad El-Sana et al.Shape Recognition and Pose Estimationfor Mobile Augmented Reality[J]. Visualization and computer graphics.2011,17(10)：1369-1379
[67]周海,周来水，王占东等.散乱数据点的细分曲面重建算法及实现[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报.2003，1(15):1287-1292
[68]赵罡,季宝朋,白杰.一种Loop细分小波的边界处理方法[J].工程图形学报.2010，(6)：34-38
[69]潘绍松，左洪福.工业增强现实中的相机跟踪[J].光学精密工程.2011，19(6):12-16
[70]HUGUES HOPPE,TONY DEROSE, TOM DUCHAMPY, et al. PiecewiseSmooth Surface Reconstruction[J].University of Washington.1994.
[71]Sang Wook Yoo, Joon-Kyung Seong, Min-Hyuk Sung et al. ATriangulation-Invariant Methodfor Anisotropic Geodesic Map Computation onSurface Meshes[J]. Visualization and computer graphics.2010,18(10):594-599
[72]ARJAN GIJSENIJ,THEO GEVERS,JOOST VAN DE WEIJER. ComputationalColor Constancy: Survey and Experiments[J]. Image Processing,2011,20(9):1315-1322
[73]卜熊洙，李桂娟，杨波等.中心偏移的全景环形图像快速展开[J].光学精密工程.2012,20(9):47-53
[74]HENNING BIERMANN,ADI LEVIN,DENIS ZORIN. Piecewise smoothsubdivision surfaces with normal control[J]. Visualization and computer graphics.2000,18(10):594-603
[75]CHENG CHEN,YUETING ZHUANG,FEIPING NIE et al. Learning a3DHuman Pose Distance Metric from Geometric Pose Descriptor[J]. Visualization andComputer Graphics.2012,17(11):458-467
[76]Ehsan Khalefa, Izak P. J. Smit, Alecia Nickless et al. Retrieval of SavannaVegetation Canopy Heigh from ICESat-GLAS Spaceborne LiDAR With TerrainCorrection[J]. IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LETTERS,2013,10(6):1439-1443
[77]Alberto Broggi, Elena Cardarelli, Stefano Cattani et al. Terrain Mapping forOff-road Autonomous Ground Vehicles Using Rational B-Spline Surfaces and StereoVision[J]. IEEE/ASME TRANSACTIONS ON MECHATRONICS,2013,23-26():648-653
[78]Guruprasad M. Hegde, CangYe, Christopher A et al. Computer Vision BasedWheel Sinkage Estimation for Robot Navigation on Lunar Terrain[J]. IEEE/ASMETRANSACTIONS ON MECHATRONICS,2013,18(4):1346-1356
[79]Rolf Westerteiger, Tracy Compton, Tony Bernardin,et al. InteractiveRetro-Deformation of Terrain for Reconstructing3D Fault Displacements[J]. IEEETRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS,2012,18(12):2208-2215
[80]¨Om¨ ur Arslan, Uluc Saranl. Reactive Planning and Control ofPlanarSpring–Mass Running on Rough Terrain[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ONROBOTICS,2012,28(3):567-579
[81]James Yang, Bradley Howard, Aimee Cloutier,et al. Vertical Ground ReactionForces for Given Human Standing Posture With Uneven Terrains:Prediction andValidation[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONSON HUMAN MACHINE SYSTEM,2013,43(2):225-234
[82]Christopher O. Tiemann, Stephen W. Martin,et al. Aerial and Acoustic MarineMammal Detection and Localization on Navy Ranges[J]. IEEE JOURNAL OFOCEANIC ENGINEERING,2006,31(1):107-119
[83]Jacques Waldmann. Line-of-Sight Rate Estimation and Linearizing Control of anImaging Seeker in a Tactical Missile Guided by Proportional Navigation[J]. IEEETRANSACTIONS ON CONTROL SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY,2002,10(4):556-567
[84]Guimin Jia, Xiangjun Wang, Hong Wei. An Effective Approach for Selection ofTerrain Modeling Methods[J]. IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSINGLETTERS,2013,10(4):875-879
[85]Bruno Levy, Jean Laurent Mallet. Non Distorted Texture Mapping For ShearedTriangulated Meshes [J]. In Proc.of SGIGARPH,98，19986(3):343-352
[86]Bruno L′evy. Constrained Texture Mapping for Polygonal Meshes[J].Engineering with Computers200111(5):679-689
[87]A. Sheffer and E. deSturler. Parameterization of Faceted Surfaces for Meshingusing Angle-Based Flattening[J]. Engineering with Computers,200117(1):326–337
[88]ALLA SHEFFER Technion,ERIC DE TURLER. Smoothing an Overlay Grid toMinimize Linear Distortion in Texture Mapping[J]. ACM Transactions on Graphics,200221(4):874-890
[89]V. Kraevoy, A. Sheffer, and C. Gotsman. Matchmaker: Constructing ConstrainedTexture Maps[J].ACM Trans. Graphics,200322(3):326-333
[90]Guo Yanwen, Pan Yongjuan,Cui Xiufen1etal. Harmonic Maps BasedConstrained Texture Mapping Method [J].JOURNAL OF COMPUT ERAIDEDDESIGN&COMPUTER GRAPHICS,20057(17):1358-1370
[91]Tong-Yee Lee, Shao-Wei Yen, I-Cheng Yeh. Texture Mapping with HardConstraints Using Warping Scheme[J]. TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATIONAND COMPUTER GRAPHICS,200814(2):382-395
[92]Se′bastien Hillaire, Anatole Le′cuyer, Tony Regia-Corte,etal. Design andApplication of Real-Time Visual Attention Model for the Exploration of3D VirtualEnvironments [J]. TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTERGRAPHICS,201218(3):356-368
[93]Hong chuan, Yu, Tong Yee Lee, Cheng Yeh etal. RBF-based ReparameterizationMethod for Constrained Texture Mapping[J]. TRANSACTIONS ON JOURNALNAME,20128(2):785-796
[94]Charlie C.L. Wang, Dinesh Manocha. Efficient Boundary Extraction of BSPSolids Based on Clipping Operations [J]. TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATIONAND COMPUTER GRAPHICS,201319(1):16-29
[95]Yubo Zhang,Zhao Dong, Kwan-Liu Ma. Real-Time Volume Rendering inDynamic Lighting Environments Using Precomputed Photon Mapping[J].TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS,201319(8):1317-1330
[96]Waqas Javed, Niklas Elmqvist. Stack Zooming for Multifocus Interaction inSkewed-Aspect Visual Spaces[J]. TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION ANDCOMPUTER GRAPHICS,201319(8)1362-1373
[97]陈佳豫,刘金国,彭琦等。基于粒子系统的流体视频合成方法的研究与实现[J]。液晶与显示201328(6):933-938
[98]丁南南，刘艳滢，朱明.尺度相互作用墨西哥帽小波提取图像特征点[J].液晶与显示，2012，27(1):125-129
[99]杨利平，辜小花.用于人脸识别的相对梯度直方图特征描述[J].光学精密工程201422(1):152-159
[100]邓欢，李述利，吴非等.增大9D观看视角的会聚式集成成像[J].光学精密工程201422(1):1-6
[101]吴一全，孟天亮，王凯.基于斜分倒数交叉熵和蜂群优化的火焰图像阈值选取[J].光学精密工程20142(1):235-243
[102]杨利红，赵变红，张星祥等.点扩散函数高斯拟合估计与遥感图像恢复[J].中国光学20125(2):181-188
[103]陈业斌.关于天空动态仿真技术研究与实现[J].计算机技术与发展，2008,18(6):171-178
[104]朱偲.动态海洋环境仿真中的若干关键技术研究[D].[硕士学位论文].武汉：华中科技大学，2010
[105] Hailong Zhang, Xiaozhou Xin, Li Li et al. An Improved Parametric Modelfor Simulating Cloudy Sky Daily Direct Solar Radiation on Tilted Surfaces[J]. IEEEJOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATIONS ANDREMOTE SENSING,2013,6(1):180-187
[106] R.M. Kippen, W.S. Paciesas1j,G.N. Pendlet et al. Simulation Study ofCOSMIC-A Compton Telescope All-Sky Monitor Concept for Low-EnergyGamma-Ray Astronomy[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE,2000,47(6):2050-2054
[107]钟振华.基干三维视景的列车行车模拟系统的设计与实现[D].[硕士学位论文].成都：西南交通大学，2013
[108]耿伟忠.建筑虚拟实时漫游技术研究与实现[D].[硕士学位论文].太原：太原理工大学，2007
[109]张京逸.三维地形生成与重建技术研究[D].[硕士学位论文].南京：南京理工大学，2006
[110]顾幸.天空景物仿真方法研究[D].[硕士学位论文].南京：南京理工大学，2004
[111]瞿师.数字地球上的海面建模与绘制技术研究[D].[硕士学位论文].郑州：国防科技大学，2007
[112] Reeves W T. Particle System-A Technique for Modelling a Class of FuzzyObject. Computer Graphics,1983,17(3):359-376.
[113] Shinya M，Fournier A．Stochastic Motion-Motion Under the Influence ofWind[J]．Proc Euro graphics，1992，119-128
[114] Karl Sims. Particle animation and rendering using data parallel computation[J],Computer Graphics,1990,8(4),405-413
[115]李珂.高速列车虚拟仿真中三维特效的设计与实现[D].[硕士学位论文].成都：西南交通大学，2013
[116]陈蕾.粒子系统理论及其在飞行模拟器实时视景仿真中的应用研究[D].
[博士学位论文].长春：吉林大学,2004
[117]张小辉.虚拟交通场景中的雨雪仿真[D].[硕士学位论文].成都：西南交通大学,2007
[118]范乃梅，张娜.虚拟场景中雨雪的实时模拟[J].郑州轻工业学院学报(自然科学版)，2009，24(6):86-89
[119]郑福仁，庞鑫，战守义.虚拟现实中的实时特效系统[J].系统仿真学报，2001,13(11):156-158
[120]张倩.雪场景的真实感形态建模和实时性绘制研究[D].[硕士学位论文].秦皇岛：燕山大学，2009
[121]林冬生，郑幸，鲍传美.无人机模拟训练视景仿真系统设计与实现[J].计算机应用，2007,27(6):107-109
[122]邹丽萍.基于虚拟现实的气象灾害场景关键技术研究[D].[硕士学位论文].南京：南京信息工程大学，2012
[123] Martin L ffler-Mang, Dominik Sch n, Christian Ruckstuhl. Simulationsfor Developing the Fog Sensor NebioSens [J]. Mecatronics-REM,2012,12(21-23):286-291
[124] Dailian Dong, Xiping Cai. The fog environment simulation and denoising inatmospheric optical communication[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRONDEVICES,2011,46(4):192-195
[125]王盛邦，纪庆革.基于粒子系统的实时烟雾仿真[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版)，2008,147(2):9-13
[126]李锋，万刚，马伟.视景仿真中实体云的建模与渲染技术[J].测绘科学技术学报，2007,24(1):76-78
[127]马登武，叶文，邓建求，等.一种简便高效的导弹尾焰的绘制算法[J].系统仿真学报，2006,18(3):663-679
[128] Dave Shreiner.OpenGL Programming Guide[M].机械工业出版社，2009，123-126
[129] Shigeo Kawasaki, Hidehisa Shiomi, Kazuoki Matsugatani. A Novel FETModel Including an Illumination-Intensity Parameter for Simulation of OpticallyControlled Millimeter-Wave Oscillators[J].IEEE TRANSACTIONS ONMICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES,1998,46(6):820-828
[130]刘晓英，罗炳海，冯勤等.一种精确的光照模型[J].计算机学报，1997,20(2):165-173.
[131]刘飞杨.虚拟场景真实感绘制关键技术研究及实现[D].[硕士学位论文].成都：电子科技大学,2008,12-17
[132] Sachin V. Patwardhan, Atam P. Dhawan, Patricia A. Relue. Monte CarloSimulation of Light-Tissue Interaction: Three-Dimensional SimulationforTrans-Illumination-Based Imaging of Skin Lesions[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONSON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING,2005,52(7):1227-1236
[133] A. Nayak,E. Trucco1,A. Ahmad et al. SimBIL: appearance-based simulationof burst-illumination laser sequences[J]. IET Image Processing,2007,12(4):165-175
[134]樊博，王延杰，孙宏海等. FPGA实现高速实时多端口SDRAM控制器的研究[J].计算机工程与应用，2013，49(12):60-64
[135] Woods N C, Longe O B, Roberts A B C. A Sobel Edge Detection AlgorithmBased System for Analyzing and Classifying Image Based Spam[J]. Journal ofEmerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences,2012,3(4):506-512
[136] Harald Sanftmann.3D Scatterplot Navigation[J]. TRANSACTIONS ONVISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS.2012,18(11):1969-1978
[2] Benoit B. Mandelbrot. The Fractal Geometry of Nature. W.H. Freeman andCompany, San Francisco,1982.
[3]赵娜.分布式反辐射导弹虚拟仿真系统研究[D].[博士学位论文].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学，2011
[4]李莎莎.反辐射导弹仿真系统技术研究[D].[博士学位论文].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学，2010
[5]靳永亮.高帧频闭环特殊场景仿真关键技术研究[D].[博士学位论文].长春：中科院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所，2012
[6] Jason James Smoker. VIRTUAL REALITY SIMULATION OF A CARSUSPENSION WITH ACTIVECONTROL CAPABILITY[D].[Degree of Master].Maryland, United States. University of Maryland,2009
[7]陈庆秋.虚拟战场环境设计与实现[D].[硕士学位论文].沈阳：东北大学，2010
[8]管华.战术导弹战场仿真系统的研究[D].[硕士学位论文].郑州：解放军信息工程大学，2003
[9] Robert W. Morgan. A New Paradigm in Optimal Missile Guidance[D].[Degree ofDoctor]. Arizona, United States.University of Arizona,2007
[10]李军华.弹道导弹视景仿真技术的研究[D].[硕士学位论文].成都：电子科学技术大学，2009
[11]怀红旗，王爱民.基于MFC和Vega的导航仿真系统[J].现代电子技术.2009.2(1)：167-168
[12]吕金坤.基于VTK的工业图像三维可视化技术研究[D].[硕士学位论文].太原：中北大学，2013
[13]白鹤原.基于OSG的城市三维可视化系统研究[D].[硕士学位论文].焦作：河南理工大学，2010
[14]葛翔.基于bpneGL的三维建筑仿真与漫游技术研究[D].[硕士学位论文].武汉：武汉理工大，2006
[15]张镭.飞行模拟器飞行仿真系统建模与软件实现[D].[博士学位论文].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学，2009
[16]王桂明.导弹飞行虚拟现实仿真系统的研究[D].[硕士学位论文].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学，2007
[17]Dennis M.Moen.Overlay multicast for real time distributed simulation [D].[Degree of Doctor].George Mason University,2005
[18]导弹飞行动力学[M].机械工业出版社，2003,20-50
[19]曹邦武.空地导弹制导与控制关键技术研究[D].[博士学位论文].南京：南京航空航天大学，2006
[20]Jonathan Blow.Terrain rendering at High Levels of Detail[C].Paper for the GameDevelopers.Conferenee2000,California,2000
[21]王晓军.地形可视化中的LOD技术研究[D].[硕士学位论文].苏州：苏州大学，2009
[22]郭震.基于LOD的大规模地形实时绘制技术[D].[硕士学位论文].苏州：苏州大学，2009
[23]李庆文.虚拟现实中LOD关键技术研究与实现[D].[硕士学位论文].北京：北京交通大学，2011
[24]李钦，戴树岭，赵永嘉，王响.分块LOD大规模地形实时渲染算法[J].计算机辅助设计与图形图像学报，2013，25(5):708-713
[25]曾艳阳，康凤举，杨惠珍.自适应多特征融合的真实感地形快速绘制[J].中国图象图形学报，2013，18(6):724-729
[26]杨硕.无人机飞行仿真技术研究[D].[硕士学位论文].沈阳：沈阳航空航天大学，2013
[27]李玉娟.三维虚拟地理场景的设计与实现[D].[硕士学位论文].郑州：郑州大学，2013
[28]高山，陈思.城市三维建模技术与标准研究[J].测绘通报，2013，3:95-98
[29]陈志军.大规模球形地形加速绘制技术的研究与实现[D].[硕士学位论文].成都：电子科技大学，2013
[30]乔梁.超大规模动态场景的实时碰撞检测研究[D].[硕士学位论文].成都：电子科技大学，2011
[31]I.J.Palmer and R.L. Grimsdale.Collision Detection for Animation usingSphere-Trees[J].COMPUTER GRAPHICS forum,199514(2):105-116
[32]Martin Eisemann, Thorsten Grosch, Marcus Magnor et al. Automatic Creation ofObject Hierarchies for Ray Tracing of Dynamic Scenes[J].
[33]耿朝阳刘敏徐江涛.一种基于ＯＢＢ包围盒算法的改进[J].西安工业大学学报.2012，32(7)：550-553
[34]James T. Klosowski, Martin Held, Joseph S.B etal. Efficient Collision DetectionUsing Bounding Volume Hierarchies of k-DOPs[J]. VISUALIZATION ANDCOMPUTER GRAPHICS.1998,491):153-169
[35]赵伟.基于并行的快速碰撞检测算法研究[D].[博士学位论文].长春：吉林大学，2009
[36]Daeho Lee,Kiseo Park and Young tae Park.Collision Detection and ResponseMethod for Markerless Camera-Based Games Using Motion Boundary Estimation[J].VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS.2010,56(4):2178-2184
[37]姜晓路，刘渊.一种新的基于混合层次包围盒的碰撞检测算法[J].计算机工程与应用2012，48（6）:143-165
[38]边园飞，杨光，杨红雨.改进的飞行模拟碰撞检测算法研究[J].计算机技术与发展，2013,23(1):5-8
[39]于海军，马纯永，张涛等.基于图像空间的快速碰撞检测算法[J].计算机应用，2013，33(2):530－533
[40]I.J.Palmer, R.L.Grimsdale.Collision Detection for Animation usingSphere-Trees[J].Computer Graphics forum volum,1995,14(2):105-116
[41]Stéphane Redon, Abderrahmane Kheddary, Sabine Coquillart. Fast ContinuousCollision Detection between Rigid Bodies[J]. EUROGRAPHICS2002/G. Drettakisand H.-P. Seidel(Guest Editors),2002,21(3):1213-1222
[42]Daniel S. Coming, Oliver G. Staadt. Velocity-Aligned iscrete OrientedPolytopesfor Dynamic Collision Detection[J]. VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTERGRAPHICS.2008,14(1):135-148
[43]牛丽娟.基于DEM的网络3D GIS地形关键数据提取和还原方法研究[D].[硕士学位论文].沈阳：沈阳工业大学，2013
[44]陈景广，佘江峰，宋晓群等.基于多核CPU的大规模DEM并行三维渲染[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版，2013，38(5):618-621
[45]Wenbin He, Zheng Niu, Lijiao Liang. AN IMPROVED FRACTALCONSTRUCTION ON3D DEM TERRAIN PROFILE[J]. Computer Graphics forumvolum,2009,4(12):654-657
[46]Jianguang Wen, Xiaojie Zhao, Qiang Liu, et al. An Improved Land-SurfaceAlbedo Algorithm With DEM in Rugged Terrain[J]. IEEE GEOSCIENCE ANDREMOTE SENSING LETTERS,2014,11(4):883-887
[47]Gabriel Ducret, Marie-Pierre Doin, Rapha l Grandin, et al. DEM CorrectionsBefore Unwrapping in a Small Baseline Strategy for InSAR Time Series AnalysisIEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LETTERS,2014,11(3):696-700
[48]Yuan Zhou, Jin Chen, Qinghua Guo, et al. Restoration of Information Obscuredby Mountaino Shadows Through Landsat TM/ETM Images Without the Use of DEMData: A New Method[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE ANDREMOTE SENSING,2014,52(1):313-328
[49]Heresh Fattahi, Falk Amelung. DEM Error Correction in InSAR Time Series[J].IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING,2013,51(7):4249-4259
[50]Zhe Chen, Qianqing Qin, Liyu Lin, et al. DEM Densification Using PerspectiveShape From Shading Through Multispectral Imagery[J]. IEEE GEOSCIENCE ANDREMOTE SENSING LETTERS,2013,10(1):145-149
[51]Daniel Frey, Matthias Butenuth, Daniel Straub. Probabilistic Graphical Modelsfor Flood State Detection of Roads Combining Imagery and DEM[J]. IEEEGEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LETTERS,2012,9(6):1051-1055
[52]Aymen Shabou,Florence Tupin. A Markovian Approach for DEM EstimationFrom Multiple InSAR Data WithAtmospheric Contributions[J]. IEEE GEOSCIENCEAND REMOTE SENSING LETTERS,2012,9(4):764-768
[53]Hiroyuki Fujisada, Minoru Urai, Akira Iwasaki. Advanced Methodology forASTER DEM Generation[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE ANDREMOTE SENSING,2011,49(12):5080-5091
[54]Paco López-Dekker, Pau Prats, Francesco De Zan, et al. TanDEM-X First DEMAcquisition: A Crossing Orbit Experiment[J]. IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTESENSING LETTERS,2011,8(5):943-947
[55]Johan Beekhuizen, Gerard B. M. Heuvelink, Jan Biesemans, et al. Effect of DEMUncertainty on the Positional Accuracy of Airborne Imagery[J]. IEEETRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING,2011,49(5):1567-1577
[56]Masanobu Shimada. Ortho-Rectification and Slope Correction of SAR DataUsing DEM and Its Accuracy Evaluation[J]. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTEDTOPICS IN APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATIONS AND REMOTE SENSING,2010,3(4):657-671
[57]Nevena Rakuljic, Ian Galton. Tree-Structured DEM DACs with ArbitraryNumbers of Levels[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS—I:REGULAR PAPERS,2010,57(2):313-322
[58]MARK DUCHAINEAU,MURRAY WOLINSKY,DAVID E et al. ROAMingTerrain:Real-Time Optimally Adapting Meshes[D].1987.
[59]张志成，石要武.利用状态空间模型联合估计波达方向和频率[J].光学精密工程.VOL.19, NO.4,2011(4).
[60]JAE YOUNG CHOI,YONG MAN RO,KONSTANTINOS N.PLATANIOTIS.Color Local Texture Features for Color Face Recognition[J]. Image Processing,2012,21(3):.
[61]MARIANO RIVERA,OSCAR DALMAU. Variational Viewpoint of theQuadratic Markov Measure Field Models: Theory and ALGORITHMS[J]. ImageProcessing,2012,21(3):
[62]LOOP C T. Smooth subdivision surfaces based on triangles [D].[Degree ofMaster], Department of Mathematics, University of Utah,1987.
[63]YANG LIU,BALAKRISHNAN PRABHAKARAN,XIAOHU GUO. Point-BasedManifold Harmonics[J]. Visualization and computer graphics.2012,18（10）：1693-1703
[64]周海，周来水，王占东等. Loop细分曲面的自适应等距面生成算法与实现[J].机械科学与技术.2003,22(6):1016-1029
[65]王涛，汤浩，王金林等.一种人工数字地图的生成算法及其仿真研究计算机仿真[J].2009，26(6):66-69
[66]Nate Hagbi,Oriel Bergig,ad El-Sana et al.Shape Recognition and Pose Estimationfor Mobile Augmented Reality[J]. Visualization and computer graphics.2011,17(10)：1369-1379
[67]周海,周来水，王占东等.散乱数据点的细分曲面重建算法及实现[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报.2003，1(15):1287-1292
[68]赵罡,季宝朋,白杰.一种Loop细分小波的边界处理方法[J].工程图形学报.2010，(6)：34-38
[69]潘绍松，左洪福.工业增强现实中的相机跟踪[J].光学精密工程.2011，19(6):12-16
[70]HUGUES HOPPE,TONY DEROSE, TOM DUCHAMPY, et al. PiecewiseSmooth Surface Reconstruction[J].University of Washington.1994.
[71]Sang Wook Yoo, Joon-Kyung Seong, Min-Hyuk Sung et al. ATriangulation-Invariant Methodfor Anisotropic Geodesic Map Computation onSurface Meshes[J]. Visualization and computer graphics.2010,18(10):594-599
[72]ARJAN GIJSENIJ,THEO GEVERS,JOOST VAN DE WEIJER. ComputationalColor Constancy: Survey and Experiments[J]. Image Processing,2011,20(9):1315-1322
[73]卜熊洙，李桂娟，杨波等.中心偏移的全景环形图像快速展开[J].光学精密工程.2012,20(9):47-53
[74]HENNING BIERMANN,ADI LEVIN,DENIS ZORIN. Piecewise smoothsubdivision surfaces with normal control[J]. Visualization and computer graphics.2000,18(10):594-603
[75]CHENG CHEN,YUETING ZHUANG,FEIPING NIE et al. Learning a3DHuman Pose Distance Metric from Geometric Pose Descriptor[J]. Visualization andComputer Graphics.2012,17(11):458-467
[76]Ehsan Khalefa, Izak P. J. Smit, Alecia Nickless et al. Retrieval of SavannaVegetation Canopy Heigh from ICESat-GLAS Spaceborne LiDAR With TerrainCorrection[J]. IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LETTERS,2013,10(6):1439-1443
[77]Alberto Broggi, Elena Cardarelli, Stefano Cattani et al. Terrain Mapping forOff-road Autonomous Ground Vehicles Using Rational B-Spline Surfaces and StereoVision[J]. IEEE/ASME TRANSACTIONS ON MECHATRONICS,2013,23-26():648-653
[78]Guruprasad M. Hegde, CangYe, Christopher A et al. Computer Vision BasedWheel Sinkage Estimation for Robot Navigation on Lunar Terrain[J]. IEEE/ASMETRANSACTIONS ON MECHATRONICS,2013,18(4):1346-1356
[79]Rolf Westerteiger, Tracy Compton, Tony Bernardin,et al. InteractiveRetro-Deformation of Terrain for Reconstructing3D Fault Displacements[J]. IEEETRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS,2012,18(12):2208-2215
[80]¨Om¨ ur Arslan, Uluc Saranl. Reactive Planning and Control ofPlanarSpring–Mass Running on Rough Terrain[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ONROBOTICS,2012,28(3):567-579
[81]James Yang, Bradley Howard, Aimee Cloutier,et al. Vertical Ground ReactionForces for Given Human Standing Posture With Uneven Terrains:Prediction andValidation[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONSON HUMAN MACHINE SYSTEM,2013,43(2):225-234
[82]Christopher O. Tiemann, Stephen W. Martin,et al. Aerial and Acoustic MarineMammal Detection and Localization on Navy Ranges[J]. IEEE JOURNAL OFOCEANIC ENGINEERING,2006,31(1):107-119
[83]Jacques Waldmann. Line-of-Sight Rate Estimation and Linearizing Control of anImaging Seeker in a Tactical Missile Guided by Proportional Navigation[J]. IEEETRANSACTIONS ON CONTROL SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY,2002,10(4):556-567
[84]Guimin Jia, Xiangjun Wang, Hong Wei. An Effective Approach for Selection ofTerrain Modeling Methods[J]. IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSINGLETTERS,2013,10(4):875-879
[85]Bruno Levy, Jean Laurent Mallet. Non Distorted Texture Mapping For ShearedTriangulated Meshes [J]. In Proc.of SGIGARPH,98，19986(3):343-352
[86]Bruno L′evy. Constrained Texture Mapping for Polygonal Meshes[J].Engineering with Computers200111(5):679-689
[87]A. Sheffer and E. deSturler. Parameterization of Faceted Surfaces for Meshingusing Angle-Based Flattening[J]. Engineering with Computers,200117(1):326–337
[88]ALLA SHEFFER Technion,ERIC DE TURLER. Smoothing an Overlay Grid toMinimize Linear Distortion in Texture Mapping[J]. ACM Transactions on Graphics,200221(4):874-890
[89]V. Kraevoy, A. Sheffer, and C. Gotsman. Matchmaker: Constructing ConstrainedTexture Maps[J].ACM Trans. Graphics,200322(3):326-333
[90]Guo Yanwen, Pan Yongjuan,Cui Xiufen1etal. Harmonic Maps BasedConstrained Texture Mapping Method [J].JOURNAL OF COMPUT ERAIDEDDESIGN&COMPUTER GRAPHICS,20057(17):1358-1370
[91]Tong-Yee Lee, Shao-Wei Yen, I-Cheng Yeh. Texture Mapping with HardConstraints Using Warping Scheme[J]. TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATIONAND COMPUTER GRAPHICS,200814(2):382-395
[92]Se′bastien Hillaire, Anatole Le′cuyer, Tony Regia-Corte,etal. Design andApplication of Real-Time Visual Attention Model for the Exploration of3D VirtualEnvironments [J]. TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTERGRAPHICS,201218(3):356-368
[93]Hong chuan, Yu, Tong Yee Lee, Cheng Yeh etal. RBF-based ReparameterizationMethod for Constrained Texture Mapping[J]. TRANSACTIONS ON JOURNALNAME,20128(2):785-796
[94]Charlie C.L. Wang, Dinesh Manocha. Efficient Boundary Extraction of BSPSolids Based on Clipping Operations [J]. TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATIONAND COMPUTER GRAPHICS,201319(1):16-29
[95]Yubo Zhang,Zhao Dong, Kwan-Liu Ma. Real-Time Volume Rendering inDynamic Lighting Environments Using Precomputed Photon Mapping[J].TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS,201319(8):1317-1330
[96]Waqas Javed, Niklas Elmqvist. Stack Zooming for Multifocus Interaction inSkewed-Aspect Visual Spaces[J]. TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION ANDCOMPUTER GRAPHICS,201319(8)1362-1373
[97]陈佳豫,刘金国,彭琦等。基于粒子系统的流体视频合成方法的研究与实现[J]。液晶与显示201328(6):933-938
[98]丁南南，刘艳滢，朱明.尺度相互作用墨西哥帽小波提取图像特征点[J].液晶与显示，2012，27(1):125-129
[99]杨利平，辜小花.用于人脸识别的相对梯度直方图特征描述[J].光学精密工程201422(1):152-159
[100]邓欢，李述利，吴非等.增大9D观看视角的会聚式集成成像[J].光学精密工程201422(1):1-6
[101]吴一全，孟天亮，王凯.基于斜分倒数交叉熵和蜂群优化的火焰图像阈值选取[J].光学精密工程20142(1):235-243
[102]杨利红，赵变红，张星祥等.点扩散函数高斯拟合估计与遥感图像恢复[J].中国光学20125(2):181-188
[103]陈业斌.关于天空动态仿真技术研究与实现[J].计算机技术与发展，2008,18(6):171-178
[104]朱偲.动态海洋环境仿真中的若干关键技术研究[D].[硕士学位论文].武汉：华中科技大学，2010
[105] Hailong Zhang, Xiaozhou Xin, Li Li et al. An Improved Parametric Modelfor Simulating Cloudy Sky Daily Direct Solar Radiation on Tilted Surfaces[J]. IEEEJOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATIONS ANDREMOTE SENSING,2013,6(1):180-187
[106] R.M. Kippen, W.S. Paciesas1j,G.N. Pendlet et al. Simulation Study ofCOSMIC-A Compton Telescope All-Sky Monitor Concept for Low-EnergyGamma-Ray Astronomy[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE,2000,47(6):2050-2054
[107]钟振华.基干三维视景的列车行车模拟系统的设计与实现[D].[硕士学位论文].成都：西南交通大学，2013
[108]耿伟忠.建筑虚拟实时漫游技术研究与实现[D].[硕士学位论文].太原：太原理工大学，2007
[109]张京逸.三维地形生成与重建技术研究[D].[硕士学位论文].南京：南京理工大学，2006
[110]顾幸.天空景物仿真方法研究[D].[硕士学位论文].南京：南京理工大学，2004
[111]瞿师.数字地球上的海面建模与绘制技术研究[D].[硕士学位论文].郑州：国防科技大学，2007
[112] Reeves W T. Particle System-A Technique for Modelling a Class of FuzzyObject. Computer Graphics,1983,17(3):359-376.
[113] Shinya M，Fournier A．Stochastic Motion-Motion Under the Influence ofWind[J]．Proc Euro graphics，1992，119-128
[114] Karl Sims. Particle animation and rendering using data parallel computation[J],Computer Graphics,1990,8(4),405-413
[115]李珂.高速列车虚拟仿真中三维特效的设计与实现[D].[硕士学位论文].成都：西南交通大学，2013
[116]陈蕾.粒子系统理论及其在飞行模拟器实时视景仿真中的应用研究[D].
[博士学位论文].长春：吉林大学,2004
[117]张小辉.虚拟交通场景中的雨雪仿真[D].[硕士学位论文].成都：西南交通大学,2007
[118]范乃梅，张娜.虚拟场景中雨雪的实时模拟[J].郑州轻工业学院学报(自然科学版)，2009，24(6):86-89
[119]郑福仁，庞鑫，战守义.虚拟现实中的实时特效系统[J].系统仿真学报，2001,13(11):156-158
[120]张倩.雪场景的真实感形态建模和实时性绘制研究[D].[硕士学位论文].秦皇岛：燕山大学，2009
[121]林冬生，郑幸，鲍传美.无人机模拟训练视景仿真系统设计与实现[J].计算机应用，2007,27(6):107-109
[122]邹丽萍.基于虚拟现实的气象灾害场景关键技术研究[D].[硕士学位论文].南京：南京信息工程大学，2012
[123] Martin L ffler-Mang, Dominik Sch n, Christian Ruckstuhl. Simulationsfor Developing the Fog Sensor NebioSens [J]. Mecatronics-REM,2012,12(21-23):286-291
[124] Dailian Dong, Xiping Cai. The fog environment simulation and denoising inatmospheric optical communication[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRONDEVICES,2011,46(4):192-195
[125]王盛邦，纪庆革.基于粒子系统的实时烟雾仿真[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版)，2008,147(2):9-13
[126]李锋，万刚，马伟.视景仿真中实体云的建模与渲染技术[J].测绘科学技术学报，2007,24(1):76-78
[127]马登武，叶文，邓建求，等.一种简便高效的导弹尾焰的绘制算法[J].系统仿真学报，2006,18(3):663-679
[128] Dave Shreiner.OpenGL Programming Guide[M].机械工业出版社，2009，123-126
[129] Shigeo Kawasaki, Hidehisa Shiomi, Kazuoki Matsugatani. A Novel FETModel Including an Illumination-Intensity Parameter for Simulation of OpticallyControlled Millimeter-Wave Oscillators[J].IEEE TRANSACTIONS ONMICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES,1998,46(6):820-828
[130]刘晓英，罗炳海，冯勤等.一种精确的光照模型[J].计算机学报，1997,20(2):165-173.
[131]刘飞杨.虚拟场景真实感绘制关键技术研究及实现[D].[硕士学位论文].成都：电子科技大学,2008,12-17
[132] Sachin V. Patwardhan, Atam P. Dhawan, Patricia A. Relue. Monte CarloSimulation of Light-Tissue Interaction: Three-Dimensional SimulationforTrans-Illumination-Based Imaging of Skin Lesions[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONSON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING,2005,52(7):1227-1236
[133] A. Nayak,E. Trucco1,A. Ahmad et al. SimBIL: appearance-based simulationof burst-illumination laser sequences[J]. IET Image Processing,2007,12(4):165-175
[134]樊博，王延杰，孙宏海等. FPGA实现高速实时多端口SDRAM控制器的研究[J].计算机工程与应用，2013，49(12):60-64
[135] Woods N C, Longe O B, Roberts A B C. A Sobel Edge Detection AlgorithmBased System for Analyzing and Classifying Image Based Spam[J]. Journal ofEmerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences,2012,3(4):506-512
[136] Harald Sanftmann.3D Scatterplot Navigation[J]. TRANSACTIONS ONVISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS.2012,18(11):1969-1978