基于ZigBee技术的不停车收费车载设备的设计
摘要
目前国际上采用的电子不停车收费(ETC:Electronic Toll Collection)系统中,车载设备(OBE:On-Board Equipment)使用的射频识别工作频率主要有三种:902～928MHz、2.45GHz、5.8GHz。这些车载设备互不兼容,而且成本较高。因此,开发更具竞争力的车载设备具有实际意义和研究价值。
论文以此为背景,结合ETC系统的要求,提出了基于新兴的ZigBee技术的车载设备解决方案。硬件方面,采用集成了无线收发器和微控制器的CC2430搭建硬件平台,通过对比测试各种天线的性能选择最适合车载设备的天线。软件方面,参考TI公司提供的免费协议栈,并结合ETC系统的特点,设计了适合车载设备与路侧读写设备(RSE:Road-Side Equipment)无线通信的树状网络拓扑结构和应用层帧结构,编写了各模块驱动程序,实现了车载设备功能。
论文针对车辆通过收费站的速度问题,分别从车载设备加入网络所需时间、数据传输能力以及完成整个付费过程的用时三个方面对车载设备进行了测试。测试结果显示,车辆在不高于50km/h的速度下通过收费站可以成功实现付费。
论文研究测试结果表明,该车载设备解决方案基本符合ETC系统的要求,具有一定的应用前景。
Presently, in Electronic Toll Collection(ETC) system, the main types of working frequency of radio frequency(RF) identification used in On-Board Equipment(OBE) are 902~928MHz, 2.45GHz and 5.8GHz. However, the OBE are usually incompatible and high costing. So developing more competitive OBE has important applied value. In this paper, a new solution project of OBE is put forward based on the emerging ZigBee technique.
This paper proposes a detailed solution project of OBE based on ZigBee technique and ETC system. First, the hardware platform is structured by the CC2430 which is integrated with wireless transceiver and microcontroller. In order to select the appropriate antenna of OBE, testing is given to compare the signal strength and link quality of different antennas. Then, referring to the free protocol stack provided by TI, the tree network topology and application-layer frame structure are designed based on the characteristics of ETC system, and they can complete the wireless communication of Road-Side Equipment (RSE). Finally, this paper program the driving of different components and realize the function of OBE.
For the problem of vehicle speed when cars get across the toll booths, this paper takes tests in the aspects of the time required to join the network, data transmission capacity and the time of completing the payment process. Testing results show that it can realize the payment when the speed of vehicle passing the toll booths is lower than 50km / h.
The testing results show that the solution project of OBE studied in this paper can meet the requirement of ETC system and has a bright application prospects.
论文以此为背景,结合ETC系统的要求,提出了基于新兴的ZigBee技术的车载设备解决方案。硬件方面,采用集成了无线收发器和微控制器的CC2430搭建硬件平台,通过对比测试各种天线的性能选择最适合车载设备的天线。软件方面,参考TI公司提供的免费协议栈,并结合ETC系统的特点,设计了适合车载设备与路侧读写设备(RSE:Road-Side Equipment)无线通信的树状网络拓扑结构和应用层帧结构,编写了各模块驱动程序,实现了车载设备功能。
论文针对车辆通过收费站的速度问题,分别从车载设备加入网络所需时间、数据传输能力以及完成整个付费过程的用时三个方面对车载设备进行了测试。测试结果显示,车辆在不高于50km/h的速度下通过收费站可以成功实现付费。
论文研究测试结果表明,该车载设备解决方案基本符合ETC系统的要求,具有一定的应用前景。
Presently, in Electronic Toll Collection(ETC) system, the main types of working frequency of radio frequency(RF) identification used in On-Board Equipment(OBE) are 902~928MHz, 2.45GHz and 5.8GHz. However, the OBE are usually incompatible and high costing. So developing more competitive OBE has important applied value. In this paper, a new solution project of OBE is put forward based on the emerging ZigBee technique.
This paper proposes a detailed solution project of OBE based on ZigBee technique and ETC system. First, the hardware platform is structured by the CC2430 which is integrated with wireless transceiver and microcontroller. In order to select the appropriate antenna of OBE, testing is given to compare the signal strength and link quality of different antennas. Then, referring to the free protocol stack provided by TI, the tree network topology and application-layer frame structure are designed based on the characteristics of ETC system, and they can complete the wireless communication of Road-Side Equipment (RSE). Finally, this paper program the driving of different components and realize the function of OBE.
For the problem of vehicle speed when cars get across the toll booths, this paper takes tests in the aspects of the time required to join the network, data transmission capacity and the time of completing the payment process. Testing results show that it can realize the payment when the speed of vehicle passing the toll booths is lower than 50km / h.
The testing results show that the solution project of OBE studied in this paper can meet the requirement of ETC system and has a bright application prospects.
引文
[1]丁礼灯,席敏.浅谈智能交通系统在交通管理中的应用.科技创业月刊,2008(4):149-150
[2]张建栋,赵丽红,王海峰.高速公路电子不停车收费系统的研究与实现.智能交通,2008:157-162
[3]重庆交通委员会:http://www.cqjt.gov.cn/new.aspx?id=3288
[4]赵博,张蔚波.ITS智能交通中的DSRC技术.山东电子,2004(3):4-6
[5]燕海兵.我国ETC的现状及发展趋势.山西交通科技,2005(5):68-69
[6]张春芳.从中国ETC发展现状引发的思考.交通世界,2006:66-68
[7]射频快报:http://www.rfidinfo.com.cn/Info/n11722_1.html
[8]蒋挺,赵成林.紫蜂技术及其应用.第一版.北京:北京邮电大学出版社,2006
[9]瞿雷,刘盛德,胡咸斌.ZigBee技术及应用.第一版.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2007
[10]Partick Kinney.ZigBee Technology:Wireless Control that Simply Works.www.zigbee.org,2003
[11]N.Baker.ZigBee and Bluetooth strengths and weaknesses for industrial application.Computing & Cortrol Engineering,2005,16(2):20-25
[12]Andreas Andersson,Mattias Thoren.ZigBee:A suitable base for embedded wireless development.Sweden:Chalmers University of Technology,2004
[13]IEEE Standard for Information technology-Telecommunications and information exchange between systems-Local and metropolitan area networks-Specification requirements-Part 15.4:Wireless Medium Access Control(MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks(LR-WPANs).IEEE Std 802.15.4~(TM),2003
[14]ZigBee Alliance.ZigBee Specification,2008
[15]吕治安.ZigBee网络原理与应用开发.第一版.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2008
[16]金纯,罗祖秋,罗凤,陈前斌.ZigBee技术基础及案例分析.第一版.北京:国防工业出版社,2008
[17]李文仲,段朝玉等.ZigBee无线网络技术入门与实战.第一版.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2007
[18]Texas Instruments.TPS7101.1999
[19]Texas Instruments.A True System-on-Chip solution for 2.4GHz IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee.2007
[20]周立功单片机发展有限公司.带I2C串行2k位CMOS EEPROM、手动复位和看门狗定时器的监控电路—CAT1021、CAT1022、CAT1023.2007
[21]周立功单片机发展有限公司.MFRC522非接触式读写卡芯片.2007
[22]中青世纪.ISD 1700系列数码语音电路使用手册.2008
[23]Texas Instruments.Antenna Selection Guide.2007
[24]Texas Instruments.2.4GHz Inverted F Antenna.2008
[25]Texas Instruments.Small Size 2.4GHz PCB antenna.2008
[26]张洁颖,孙懋珩,王侠.基于RSSI和LQI的动态距离估计算法.电子测量技术.2007,30(2):142-145
[27]Theodore S.Rappaport.Wireless communications principles and practice.Publishing house of electronics industry,1996
[28]方震,赵湛,郭鹏,张玉国.基于RSSI测距分析.传感技术学报.2007,20(11):2526-2530
[29]徐爱钧.IAR EWARM嵌入式系统编程与实践.第一版.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社.2006
[30]李文仲,段朝玉等.ZigBee无线网络与无线定位实战.第一版.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2008
[31]陈维克,李文锋,首珩,袁兵.基于RSSI的无线传感器网络加权质心定位算法.武汉理工大学学报,2006,30(2):265-268
[32]孙佩刚,赵海,罗玎玎,张晓丹,尹震宇.智能空间中RSSI定位问题研究.电子学报,2007(7):1240-1245
[33]章坚武,张璐,应瑛,高锋.基于ZigBee的RSSI测距研究.传感技术学报,2009,22(2):285-288
[34]宋少威,葛大明,黄书鹏.浅谈高速公路不停车收费系统.北方交通,2007:164-166
[35]国文涛.ITS在高速公路自动化电子收费系统中的应用.科学之友,2007:29-30
[36]吴永辉,张远见,刘丰华,邓洪波.不停车收费中的电子标签.电子技术,2005:39-41
[37]张莹,朱军.自动车辆识别系统的设计与实现.仪表技术与传感器,2006(1):29-31
[38]刘斌,路小波,高朝晖.高速公路ETC收费模式比较与测试方法,2007,5(2):31-36
[39]伏德雨,吴平,毛万华.ZigBee在高速公路不停车收费系统中的应用.单片机与嵌入式系统应用,2008(3):50-52
[40]马丽香,刘国斌.高速公路不停车收费系统的设计.科技情报开发与经济,2007,17(2):207-208
[41]杨雪峰,胡荣强.基于CC2430实现ZigBee通信.技术设计,2008:48-50
[42]张亚琼,杜永贵.基于CC2430的ZigBee智能传感器网络研究及应用.仪表技术,2008(4):3-7
[43]韩爱丽,李亚.基站芯片RC522的14443A读卡器设计.单片机与嵌入式系统应用,2006(12):35-40
[44]陈保平,王月波,马伯元.基于MFRC522的Mifare射频卡读写模块开发.微计算机信息,2007,23(11-2):230-231
[45]谭浩强.C程序设计.第三版.北京:清华大学出版社,2005
[46]GB/T 20135-2006.智能运输系统 电子收费 系统框架模型.北京:中国标准出版社,2006
[47]GB/T 20851.4-2007.电子收费 专用短程通信 第4部分:设备应用.北京:中国标准出版社,2007
[48]Texas Instruments.Compact Reach Xtend~(TM) Bluetooth~@,802.11b/g WLAN Chip Antenna.2008
[49]Texas Instruments.Implementation of Microstrip Balun for CC2420,CC243x,and CCZACC06.2008
[50]Texas Instruments.Gneneral Packet Sniffer and Location engine.2006
[51]Texas Instruments.802.15.4 MAC Application Programming Interface.2007
[52]Texas Instruments.Z-Stack Developer's Guide.2007
[53]Texas Instruments.Z-Stack Sample Applications.2006
[54]Texas Instruments.Z-Stack OS Abstraction Layer Application Programming Interface.2006
[55]Texas Instruments.Z-Stack/Z-Tool Serial Port Interface.2006
[56]Texas Instruments.Simple API for Z-Stack.2007
[57]Texas Instruments.HAL Drivers Application Programming Interface.2005
[2]张建栋,赵丽红,王海峰.高速公路电子不停车收费系统的研究与实现.智能交通,2008:157-162
[3]重庆交通委员会:http://www.cqjt.gov.cn/new.aspx?id=3288
[4]赵博,张蔚波.ITS智能交通中的DSRC技术.山东电子,2004(3):4-6
[5]燕海兵.我国ETC的现状及发展趋势.山西交通科技,2005(5):68-69
[6]张春芳.从中国ETC发展现状引发的思考.交通世界,2006:66-68
[7]射频快报:http://www.rfidinfo.com.cn/Info/n11722_1.html
[8]蒋挺,赵成林.紫蜂技术及其应用.第一版.北京:北京邮电大学出版社,2006
[9]瞿雷,刘盛德,胡咸斌.ZigBee技术及应用.第一版.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2007
[10]Partick Kinney.ZigBee Technology:Wireless Control that Simply Works.www.zigbee.org,2003
[11]N.Baker.ZigBee and Bluetooth strengths and weaknesses for industrial application.Computing & Cortrol Engineering,2005,16(2):20-25
[12]Andreas Andersson,Mattias Thoren.ZigBee:A suitable base for embedded wireless development.Sweden:Chalmers University of Technology,2004
[13]IEEE Standard for Information technology-Telecommunications and information exchange between systems-Local and metropolitan area networks-Specification requirements-Part 15.4:Wireless Medium Access Control(MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks(LR-WPANs).IEEE Std 802.15.4~(TM),2003
[14]ZigBee Alliance.ZigBee Specification,2008
[15]吕治安.ZigBee网络原理与应用开发.第一版.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2008
[16]金纯,罗祖秋,罗凤,陈前斌.ZigBee技术基础及案例分析.第一版.北京:国防工业出版社,2008
[17]李文仲,段朝玉等.ZigBee无线网络技术入门与实战.第一版.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2007
[18]Texas Instruments.TPS7101.1999
[19]Texas Instruments.A True System-on-Chip solution for 2.4GHz IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee.2007
[20]周立功单片机发展有限公司.带I2C串行2k位CMOS EEPROM、手动复位和看门狗定时器的监控电路—CAT1021、CAT1022、CAT1023.2007
[21]周立功单片机发展有限公司.MFRC522非接触式读写卡芯片.2007
[22]中青世纪.ISD 1700系列数码语音电路使用手册.2008
[23]Texas Instruments.Antenna Selection Guide.2007
[24]Texas Instruments.2.4GHz Inverted F Antenna.2008
[25]Texas Instruments.Small Size 2.4GHz PCB antenna.2008
[26]张洁颖,孙懋珩,王侠.基于RSSI和LQI的动态距离估计算法.电子测量技术.2007,30(2):142-145
[27]Theodore S.Rappaport.Wireless communications principles and practice.Publishing house of electronics industry,1996
[28]方震,赵湛,郭鹏,张玉国.基于RSSI测距分析.传感技术学报.2007,20(11):2526-2530
[29]徐爱钧.IAR EWARM嵌入式系统编程与实践.第一版.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社.2006
[30]李文仲,段朝玉等.ZigBee无线网络与无线定位实战.第一版.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2008
[31]陈维克,李文锋,首珩,袁兵.基于RSSI的无线传感器网络加权质心定位算法.武汉理工大学学报,2006,30(2):265-268
[32]孙佩刚,赵海,罗玎玎,张晓丹,尹震宇.智能空间中RSSI定位问题研究.电子学报,2007(7):1240-1245
[33]章坚武,张璐,应瑛,高锋.基于ZigBee的RSSI测距研究.传感技术学报,2009,22(2):285-288
[34]宋少威,葛大明,黄书鹏.浅谈高速公路不停车收费系统.北方交通,2007:164-166
[35]国文涛.ITS在高速公路自动化电子收费系统中的应用.科学之友,2007:29-30
[36]吴永辉,张远见,刘丰华,邓洪波.不停车收费中的电子标签.电子技术,2005:39-41
[37]张莹,朱军.自动车辆识别系统的设计与实现.仪表技术与传感器,2006(1):29-31
[38]刘斌,路小波,高朝晖.高速公路ETC收费模式比较与测试方法,2007,5(2):31-36
[39]伏德雨,吴平,毛万华.ZigBee在高速公路不停车收费系统中的应用.单片机与嵌入式系统应用,2008(3):50-52
[40]马丽香,刘国斌.高速公路不停车收费系统的设计.科技情报开发与经济,2007,17(2):207-208
[41]杨雪峰,胡荣强.基于CC2430实现ZigBee通信.技术设计,2008:48-50
[42]张亚琼,杜永贵.基于CC2430的ZigBee智能传感器网络研究及应用.仪表技术,2008(4):3-7
[43]韩爱丽,李亚.基站芯片RC522的14443A读卡器设计.单片机与嵌入式系统应用,2006(12):35-40
[44]陈保平,王月波,马伯元.基于MFRC522的Mifare射频卡读写模块开发.微计算机信息,2007,23(11-2):230-231
[45]谭浩强.C程序设计.第三版.北京:清华大学出版社,2005
[46]GB/T 20135-2006.智能运输系统 电子收费 系统框架模型.北京:中国标准出版社,2006
[47]GB/T 20851.4-2007.电子收费 专用短程通信 第4部分:设备应用.北京:中国标准出版社,2007
[48]Texas Instruments.Compact Reach Xtend~(TM) Bluetooth~@,802.11b/g WLAN Chip Antenna.2008
[49]Texas Instruments.Implementation of Microstrip Balun for CC2420,CC243x,and CCZACC06.2008
[50]Texas Instruments.Gneneral Packet Sniffer and Location engine.2006
[51]Texas Instruments.802.15.4 MAC Application Programming Interface.2007
[52]Texas Instruments.Z-Stack Developer's Guide.2007
[53]Texas Instruments.Z-Stack Sample Applications.2006
[54]Texas Instruments.Z-Stack OS Abstraction Layer Application Programming Interface.2006
[55]Texas Instruments.Z-Stack/Z-Tool Serial Port Interface.2006
[56]Texas Instruments.Simple API for Z-Stack.2007
[57]Texas Instruments.HAL Drivers Application Programming Interface.2005