软弱围岩大断面隧道开挖面稳定性及控制研究
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摘要
近些年来,国内在城市地铁和跨江海隧道的修建中遇到了大量的穿越软弱围岩中的大断面隧道,为了保证施工阶段的安全,如何确保这些隧道施工中开挖面的稳定变成一个亟待解决且具有重要工程意义和理论价值的问题。
本文以浏阳河隧道等工程作为背景,采用理论分析、数值模拟、模型试验以及现场监测等研究手段,针对软岩大断面隧道开挖面的稳定性及其控制方法进行研究,论文主要在以下六个方面展开工作,并得到相关结论：
1.根据我国铁路隧道围岩分级标准,对不同围岩条件和埋深下双线铁路隧道(跨度15m,高度13.5m)的开挖面稳定性进行分级,当开挖面挤出变形小于8mm,在8mm～45mm之间,大于45mmm时,或者当开挖面平均塑性剪切应变小于0.001,在0.001～0.006之间,大于0.006时,开挖面分别为稳定状态、短期稳定状态、不稳定状态。
2.利用二分法的原理对锚杆的极限拉拔力进行逼近,从而反算得到锚杆灌浆体的粘结强度和摩擦角,并将反算得到的参数替代真实参数用于数值模拟中。
3.利用开挖面平衡机理确定锚杆的加固密度,从而准确地控制开挖面的挤出变形;通过对比在不同加固密度下开挖面挤出变形的大小,确定锚杆的加固范围；根据开挖面的破裂面的长度,确定锚杆的加固长度；通过对比不同刚度锚杆的加固效果,确定锚杆加固的最优轴向刚度。
4.研究地下水对开挖面稳定性的影响,岩体的渗透系数相对开挖面稳定性而言具有最优值,当渗透系数等于最优值时,开挖面的挤出变形最小；水压对开挖面的稳定性是不利的,水压越大,开挖面越容易失稳。
5.研究振动作用对开挖面稳定性的影响,地震波的动力作用对隧道开挖面的稳定性是不利的,不同地层的隧道,受到的影响也不同,硬岩中的隧道受到的影响很小,而软岩中的隧道受到的影响则很大,开挖面隧道开挖面在地震中极易失稳；爆破荷载会使得开挖面最大挤出变形急剧增加,从而导致开挖面失稳。
6.通过数值计算结果、现场监测数据与模型试验结果的对比分析,并对模型进行破坏试验,验证了浏阳河隧道施工的安全性；岩体挤出变形有很大一部分是在岩体变成临空面之前应力释放的过程中发生的,采用不正确的量测手段(全站仪或位移计)会使得测量结果严重偏小。
A lot of large-section tunnels in weak surrounding rock has been encountered when urban subway and underwater tunnel were built in recent years. The stability of tunnel face is a key and valuableproblem to be solved.
In this dissertation, some engineering such as Liuyanghe tunnel were chosen as background, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation model test and field monitor were adopt to carry research on the face stability and control of the large section tunnel in soft rock.The main work and relevantconclusion of the dissertation are described as follows:
1. The stability of double line railway tunnel face was classified based on the surrouding rock grading standard of railway tunnel in china.The tunnel face behavior is stable, stable in short term and unstable when the extrusion of tunnel face is less than8mm, between8mm and45mm, larger than45mm, or when the average plastic shear strain of tunnel face is less than0.001, between0.001and0.006, larger than0.006respectively.
2. The method by the principle of dichotomy was applied to back calculate the grout cohesive strength and grout friction angle based on a given pullout force of rock bolt, and the back calculated value was used to instead the real value in other relevant numerical analyses.
3. The reinforcement density of bolt was determined by the balance principle of tunnel face; by using which, the extrusion of tunnel face can be control accurately; The reinforcement scope of bolt was determined by the comparison of extrusion in different reinforcement density; the depth of fracture plane was chosen as the reinforcement length; the optimal axial stiffness of bolt was defined by comparison of reinforcement effect of bolt with different axial stiffness.
4. There is an optimal permeability coefficient of rock for the stability of tunnel face. The extrusion deformation of tunnel face will be the minimal value with the optimal permeability coefficient. Water pressure is unfavorable for the stability of tunnel face. The tunnel face will became unstable with large water pressure.
5. The dynamic effect of earthquake is unfavorable for the stability of tunnel face. The influence of dynamic effect on tunnel face is different in different strata, tunnels in hard rock strata are less affected while tunnels in soft rock strata are major affected.Blasting load result in increasing of tunnel face extrusion, which will lead to unstable of tunnel face.
6. The safety of tunnel has been verified by the analysis of numerical calculation, field monitoring and model test. Since the major extrusion of tunnel face emerged before the expose of tunnel face, incorrect measurement method will lead to serious small result.
本文以浏阳河隧道等工程作为背景,采用理论分析、数值模拟、模型试验以及现场监测等研究手段,针对软岩大断面隧道开挖面的稳定性及其控制方法进行研究,论文主要在以下六个方面展开工作,并得到相关结论：
1.根据我国铁路隧道围岩分级标准,对不同围岩条件和埋深下双线铁路隧道(跨度15m,高度13.5m)的开挖面稳定性进行分级,当开挖面挤出变形小于8mm,在8mm～45mm之间,大于45mmm时,或者当开挖面平均塑性剪切应变小于0.001,在0.001～0.006之间,大于0.006时,开挖面分别为稳定状态、短期稳定状态、不稳定状态。
2.利用二分法的原理对锚杆的极限拉拔力进行逼近,从而反算得到锚杆灌浆体的粘结强度和摩擦角,并将反算得到的参数替代真实参数用于数值模拟中。
3.利用开挖面平衡机理确定锚杆的加固密度,从而准确地控制开挖面的挤出变形;通过对比在不同加固密度下开挖面挤出变形的大小,确定锚杆的加固范围；根据开挖面的破裂面的长度,确定锚杆的加固长度；通过对比不同刚度锚杆的加固效果,确定锚杆加固的最优轴向刚度。
4.研究地下水对开挖面稳定性的影响,岩体的渗透系数相对开挖面稳定性而言具有最优值,当渗透系数等于最优值时,开挖面的挤出变形最小；水压对开挖面的稳定性是不利的,水压越大,开挖面越容易失稳。
5.研究振动作用对开挖面稳定性的影响,地震波的动力作用对隧道开挖面的稳定性是不利的,不同地层的隧道,受到的影响也不同,硬岩中的隧道受到的影响很小,而软岩中的隧道受到的影响则很大,开挖面隧道开挖面在地震中极易失稳；爆破荷载会使得开挖面最大挤出变形急剧增加,从而导致开挖面失稳。
6.通过数值计算结果、现场监测数据与模型试验结果的对比分析,并对模型进行破坏试验,验证了浏阳河隧道施工的安全性；岩体挤出变形有很大一部分是在岩体变成临空面之前应力释放的过程中发生的,采用不正确的量测手段(全站仪或位移计)会使得测量结果严重偏小。
A lot of large-section tunnels in weak surrounding rock has been encountered when urban subway and underwater tunnel were built in recent years. The stability of tunnel face is a key and valuableproblem to be solved.
In this dissertation, some engineering such as Liuyanghe tunnel were chosen as background, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation model test and field monitor were adopt to carry research on the face stability and control of the large section tunnel in soft rock.The main work and relevantconclusion of the dissertation are described as follows:
1. The stability of double line railway tunnel face was classified based on the surrouding rock grading standard of railway tunnel in china.The tunnel face behavior is stable, stable in short term and unstable when the extrusion of tunnel face is less than8mm, between8mm and45mm, larger than45mm, or when the average plastic shear strain of tunnel face is less than0.001, between0.001and0.006, larger than0.006respectively.
2. The method by the principle of dichotomy was applied to back calculate the grout cohesive strength and grout friction angle based on a given pullout force of rock bolt, and the back calculated value was used to instead the real value in other relevant numerical analyses.
3. The reinforcement density of bolt was determined by the balance principle of tunnel face; by using which, the extrusion of tunnel face can be control accurately; The reinforcement scope of bolt was determined by the comparison of extrusion in different reinforcement density; the depth of fracture plane was chosen as the reinforcement length; the optimal axial stiffness of bolt was defined by comparison of reinforcement effect of bolt with different axial stiffness.
4. There is an optimal permeability coefficient of rock for the stability of tunnel face. The extrusion deformation of tunnel face will be the minimal value with the optimal permeability coefficient. Water pressure is unfavorable for the stability of tunnel face. The tunnel face will became unstable with large water pressure.
5. The dynamic effect of earthquake is unfavorable for the stability of tunnel face. The influence of dynamic effect on tunnel face is different in different strata, tunnels in hard rock strata are less affected while tunnels in soft rock strata are major affected.Blasting load result in increasing of tunnel face extrusion, which will lead to unstable of tunnel face.
6. The safety of tunnel has been verified by the analysis of numerical calculation, field monitoring and model test. Since the major extrusion of tunnel face emerged before the expose of tunnel face, incorrect measurement method will lead to serious small result.
引文
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