安徽沿江湖泊越冬水鸟群落结构研究
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摘要
安徽省安庆沿江浅水型通江湖泊是东亚-澳大利亚迁徙水鸟的重要越冬地和停歇地。近年来,高强度的渔业养殖使湿地严重退化,对生物群落和生态系统的结构功能产生影响,对越冬水鸟构成威胁。本研究通过越冬水鸟群落组成的季节动态、生境调查,研究越冬水鸟群落集团结构和资源利用特征,以期为湖泊水鸟资源保护提供理论依据。主要结果如下：
1、整个调查期间,共统计到越冬水鸟56种155560只,水鸟群落中的优势种为鸿雁(Anser cygnoides)、豆雁(Anser fabalis)、小天鹅(Cygnus columbianus)和黑腹滨鹬(Calidris alpina)。在每年越冬期12月底和1月上旬,湖泊内越冬水鸟种类和数量达到最大值,不同类型越冬群最大数量出现的时期有所不同。根据不同渔业区水鸟组成的聚类分析,可将水鸟栖息地分为三组,自然捕捞区、多年鱼类养殖区和鱼蟹混养区。对三种不同的渔业方式湖区中重要水鸟类群密度的进行ANOVA比较分析,结果表明,不同的渔业方式湖区对鹤类和雁鸭类密度的分布影响达到极显著水平(P<0.01)；3种不同渔业方式的湖区水鸟密度进行多重比较显示,在刚开发自然捕捞区和多年养蟹区及鱼类养殖区和鱼蟹混养区鹤类和雁鸭类密度相比,达到极显著水平(P<0.01)；其它种类在各区密度分布差异不显著(P>0.05)。因此,水鸟群落空间结构与渔业方式有关。两个养殖型湖泊中局部湖区的养殖活动,已对越冬水鸟群落中的鹤类、雁鸭类,产生了显著影响。
2、通过扫描取样法采集安徽省长江沿江升金湖、菜子湖和武昌湖3个浅水湖泊30种越冬水鸟的取食行为百分比数据,利用聚类分析法对越冬水鸟进行集团划分,并采用无倾向对应法(DCA)分析越冬水鸟的取食特征。聚类分析结果表明,安徽沿江湖泊越冬水鸟群落可分为4个集团,即G1深水取食集团、G2挖掘和啄取集团、G3浅水取食集团和G4泥滩拾取集团。G2集团的鸟种最多,主要有鸿雁、豆雁等；G3集团次之,主要有小天鹅、白琵鹭等,G4集团主要有黑腹滨鹬、鹤鹬和红脚鹬等,这些水鸟的觅食生境主要在湖泊滩涂和浅水区域,其食物资源的可利用性和觅食对策共同决定群落组成结构。
DCA分析表明,水鸟采取的取食方式和采取何种运动方式共同组成的对策决定了越冬水鸟集团食物资源分割,这是取食集团进行资源分割的基础：由于所在的空间内的取食基质不同,各空间分布的食物资源存在差异,各集团分别占据了湖泊中的不同取食空间和各类型的食物资源,如在深水区可能为取食鱼类的集团所占据,浅水区和滩涂上的滤取和啄取集团所占据,草滩则挖掘集团所占据；然后,各集团成员内部在相同的空间内,采取不同的食物发现机制,使得集团内部能对在其空间内所占有的有限食物资源得以充分利用,泥滩上觅食集团采取啄取和挖掘的方式,进一步细分泥滩表层和底层的食物资源,而在深水区取食水鸟则主要采用飞捕和潜水取食方式,使得集团内部生态位重叠减小。故维持湖泊丰富的食物资源对于保护湖泊水鸟资源具有重要意义
3、对沿江湖泊内三种不同类型的湿地生境的水鸟调查结果显示,分布于围湖养殖塘、自然滩涂和湖边稻田生境中的越冬水鸟种类和数量分别为31种、27种和16种,数量分别占调查总数51.35%、28.85%和19.80%,表明不同类群越冬水鸟对湿地生境存在选择偏好。雁鸭类在三种生境中数量都在40%以上,养殖塘生境中雁鸭类数量占80%以上；鹤鹬类主要分布在自然滩涂和养殖塘生境中,稻田中较少出现；鹤类主要出现在滩涂和稻田生境中,鹳类则在三种生境中都有发分布。采用DCA方法,将生境因子在水鸟群落种类和数量上排序发现：水域面积的比例、植被高度、泥滩的宽度对水鸟的数量和种类的起正作用；而人为干扰和泥滩面积比例则在水鸟种类和数量起负方向；平均水位深更接近种类参数,表明其对种类影响较大,而总植被覆盖率和沉水植被覆盖率则更接近数量参数,表明这两个因子对水鸟群落数量影响更大。在越冬后期随着降水增多和长江水位的上升,湖泊水位升高,湖区周边的养殖塘和水淹稻田成为候鸟的主要越冬生境。
The shallow lakes in the middle and lower Yangtze River floodplain in Anhui province are important habitats and stopover sites for wintering waterbirds on the East Asian—Australia Flyway. In recent years, with the increasing of fishery in the lakes, the wetlands of the lakes deteriorate seriously, as it takes adverse effect on ecosystem structure and function, threatened waterbirds wintering in lakes. The seasonal dynamics, relationships between habitat factors, resource utilization of guilds of wintering waterbird communities were surveyed in the lakes in order to provide basic data for protecting of waterbird resouces. The main results were as follows.
1. A total of 56 species and 155560 individual of waterbirds were counted during the surveys, Geese (Anser cygnoides), Bean geese(Anser fabalis). Tundra Swan (Cygnus columbianus) and Dunlin (Calidris alpina) were the dominant species in those shallow lakes. The species number and individual assemblage reached the maximum by the end of December and early January every year, but the largest flocks for different ecological groups occurred not in the same time. The spatial distribution of waterbirds was related to the fishery patterns. The habitats of waterbirds can be divided into three groups, the crab pond, crab and fish pond, and nature area group. ANOVA method was used to analyze the density of dominant waterbirds at the three different zones. Results showed that the density of Cranes, Geese and Ducks were very significantly different between farming ponds, and natural area (P<0.01). The different fishing pattern had a significant impact on dominant species of wintering waterbirds, such as Cranes and Anserifomes.
2. The characters of resource partitioning of the waterbird assemblages were studied in the shallow lakes. We collected foraging behavior data of 30 species waterbirds by instantaneous scan sampling in Shenjin Lake, Caizi Lake and Wuchang Lake, the three sallow lakes along the Yangtze River in Anhui Province, China, and then divided the wintering waterbird assemblage into guilds by using clustering method. DCA analysis was also used to analyze the resource partitioning characteristics of the waterbirds. The results show that the wintering waterbirds could be divided into four groups, the deep water foragers, shallow water foragers, peckers and diggers, pickers in mudflat. Most species were in the G2 group, such as swan geese, bean geese; and the second was G3 group, with tundra swan, Eurasian Spoonbill; G4 group was composed of dunlin, spotted redshank and common redshank. The foraging substrates of those guilds were mainly in the lake beaches or littoral zones.
DCA analysis showed that food resources together with foraging strategies determined the characteristics of the resources partitioning of the wintering waterbird guilds in the sallow lakes. The foraging modes of waterbirds in grassland were mainly stay-feed and peck, and pause-travel was used by the guild foraging in mudflat, while diving was used by the guild in profundal zones. In habitats, foraging strategies composing of foraging behavior and move mode had a significant positive correlation to the foraging guilds, which was the basis of resource partition. First, because the different foraging substrates, making the division of the groups of guilds in shallow water space and food resources, such as deep water forager, shallow water forager and forager on the dry beach. Secondly, within each guild foraging behavior and movement pattern (the discovery of food), making the food resources can be take full advantage of use, for example, foragers on the mudflats and marsh took to pecking and excavation, further subdividing within the guilds feeding space and food resources. So it is important to keep abundant food resources in different lake zones, so as to maintain high waterbird diversity.
3. We surveyed the composition of wintering waterbirds community and their habitat characters in three types of wetlands, including mudflat, farmland and aquaculture ponds. During this investigation,40 waterbird species and 53,570 individuals were found in the three types of wetland habitats. The species in the nature mudflat, aquacultural ponds and farmland were 31,27 and 16, respectively. The number was accounted for 51.35%,28.85% and 19.80% in the three types of habitats. This shows different type of wintering waterbirds had their preference on the different habitat. The number of Geese and ducks in three habitats were more than 40%, even more than 80% in auuaculture ponds habitat. Charadriiformes mainly distributed in the natural tidal habitats and aquaculture ponds, paddy fields had less. Crane mainly distributed in tidal habitat and rice fields, while the stork could be found in the three habitats. Using DCA method, habitat factors were ordered on the parameters of waterbirds community by the species and number. The results showed that water area, vegetation height and width of mudflats were positive effect on the species and number of waterbirds, while the human disturbance and total mudflats area had negative effect on them. Average water depth was much closer to the types of parameter species, as indicated that it had a greater effect on waterbird species, and total vegetation cover and submerged vegetation coverage were closer to the number of parameters, indicating that these two factors had effect on waterbird number more than species. With the increase of water level in Caizi Lake and the Yangtze River in late winter, the aquaculture pond and rice fields were major wintering habitats for migratory birds.
1、整个调查期间,共统计到越冬水鸟56种155560只,水鸟群落中的优势种为鸿雁(Anser cygnoides)、豆雁(Anser fabalis)、小天鹅(Cygnus columbianus)和黑腹滨鹬(Calidris alpina)。在每年越冬期12月底和1月上旬,湖泊内越冬水鸟种类和数量达到最大值,不同类型越冬群最大数量出现的时期有所不同。根据不同渔业区水鸟组成的聚类分析,可将水鸟栖息地分为三组,自然捕捞区、多年鱼类养殖区和鱼蟹混养区。对三种不同的渔业方式湖区中重要水鸟类群密度的进行ANOVA比较分析,结果表明,不同的渔业方式湖区对鹤类和雁鸭类密度的分布影响达到极显著水平(P<0.01)；3种不同渔业方式的湖区水鸟密度进行多重比较显示,在刚开发自然捕捞区和多年养蟹区及鱼类养殖区和鱼蟹混养区鹤类和雁鸭类密度相比,达到极显著水平(P<0.01)；其它种类在各区密度分布差异不显著(P>0.05)。因此,水鸟群落空间结构与渔业方式有关。两个养殖型湖泊中局部湖区的养殖活动,已对越冬水鸟群落中的鹤类、雁鸭类,产生了显著影响。
2、通过扫描取样法采集安徽省长江沿江升金湖、菜子湖和武昌湖3个浅水湖泊30种越冬水鸟的取食行为百分比数据,利用聚类分析法对越冬水鸟进行集团划分,并采用无倾向对应法(DCA)分析越冬水鸟的取食特征。聚类分析结果表明,安徽沿江湖泊越冬水鸟群落可分为4个集团,即G1深水取食集团、G2挖掘和啄取集团、G3浅水取食集团和G4泥滩拾取集团。G2集团的鸟种最多,主要有鸿雁、豆雁等；G3集团次之,主要有小天鹅、白琵鹭等,G4集团主要有黑腹滨鹬、鹤鹬和红脚鹬等,这些水鸟的觅食生境主要在湖泊滩涂和浅水区域,其食物资源的可利用性和觅食对策共同决定群落组成结构。
DCA分析表明,水鸟采取的取食方式和采取何种运动方式共同组成的对策决定了越冬水鸟集团食物资源分割,这是取食集团进行资源分割的基础：由于所在的空间内的取食基质不同,各空间分布的食物资源存在差异,各集团分别占据了湖泊中的不同取食空间和各类型的食物资源,如在深水区可能为取食鱼类的集团所占据,浅水区和滩涂上的滤取和啄取集团所占据,草滩则挖掘集团所占据；然后,各集团成员内部在相同的空间内,采取不同的食物发现机制,使得集团内部能对在其空间内所占有的有限食物资源得以充分利用,泥滩上觅食集团采取啄取和挖掘的方式,进一步细分泥滩表层和底层的食物资源,而在深水区取食水鸟则主要采用飞捕和潜水取食方式,使得集团内部生态位重叠减小。故维持湖泊丰富的食物资源对于保护湖泊水鸟资源具有重要意义
3、对沿江湖泊内三种不同类型的湿地生境的水鸟调查结果显示,分布于围湖养殖塘、自然滩涂和湖边稻田生境中的越冬水鸟种类和数量分别为31种、27种和16种,数量分别占调查总数51.35%、28.85%和19.80%,表明不同类群越冬水鸟对湿地生境存在选择偏好。雁鸭类在三种生境中数量都在40%以上,养殖塘生境中雁鸭类数量占80%以上；鹤鹬类主要分布在自然滩涂和养殖塘生境中,稻田中较少出现；鹤类主要出现在滩涂和稻田生境中,鹳类则在三种生境中都有发分布。采用DCA方法,将生境因子在水鸟群落种类和数量上排序发现：水域面积的比例、植被高度、泥滩的宽度对水鸟的数量和种类的起正作用；而人为干扰和泥滩面积比例则在水鸟种类和数量起负方向；平均水位深更接近种类参数,表明其对种类影响较大,而总植被覆盖率和沉水植被覆盖率则更接近数量参数,表明这两个因子对水鸟群落数量影响更大。在越冬后期随着降水增多和长江水位的上升,湖泊水位升高,湖区周边的养殖塘和水淹稻田成为候鸟的主要越冬生境。
The shallow lakes in the middle and lower Yangtze River floodplain in Anhui province are important habitats and stopover sites for wintering waterbirds on the East Asian—Australia Flyway. In recent years, with the increasing of fishery in the lakes, the wetlands of the lakes deteriorate seriously, as it takes adverse effect on ecosystem structure and function, threatened waterbirds wintering in lakes. The seasonal dynamics, relationships between habitat factors, resource utilization of guilds of wintering waterbird communities were surveyed in the lakes in order to provide basic data for protecting of waterbird resouces. The main results were as follows.
1. A total of 56 species and 155560 individual of waterbirds were counted during the surveys, Geese (Anser cygnoides), Bean geese(Anser fabalis). Tundra Swan (Cygnus columbianus) and Dunlin (Calidris alpina) were the dominant species in those shallow lakes. The species number and individual assemblage reached the maximum by the end of December and early January every year, but the largest flocks for different ecological groups occurred not in the same time. The spatial distribution of waterbirds was related to the fishery patterns. The habitats of waterbirds can be divided into three groups, the crab pond, crab and fish pond, and nature area group. ANOVA method was used to analyze the density of dominant waterbirds at the three different zones. Results showed that the density of Cranes, Geese and Ducks were very significantly different between farming ponds, and natural area (P<0.01). The different fishing pattern had a significant impact on dominant species of wintering waterbirds, such as Cranes and Anserifomes.
2. The characters of resource partitioning of the waterbird assemblages were studied in the shallow lakes. We collected foraging behavior data of 30 species waterbirds by instantaneous scan sampling in Shenjin Lake, Caizi Lake and Wuchang Lake, the three sallow lakes along the Yangtze River in Anhui Province, China, and then divided the wintering waterbird assemblage into guilds by using clustering method. DCA analysis was also used to analyze the resource partitioning characteristics of the waterbirds. The results show that the wintering waterbirds could be divided into four groups, the deep water foragers, shallow water foragers, peckers and diggers, pickers in mudflat. Most species were in the G2 group, such as swan geese, bean geese; and the second was G3 group, with tundra swan, Eurasian Spoonbill; G4 group was composed of dunlin, spotted redshank and common redshank. The foraging substrates of those guilds were mainly in the lake beaches or littoral zones.
DCA analysis showed that food resources together with foraging strategies determined the characteristics of the resources partitioning of the wintering waterbird guilds in the sallow lakes. The foraging modes of waterbirds in grassland were mainly stay-feed and peck, and pause-travel was used by the guild foraging in mudflat, while diving was used by the guild in profundal zones. In habitats, foraging strategies composing of foraging behavior and move mode had a significant positive correlation to the foraging guilds, which was the basis of resource partition. First, because the different foraging substrates, making the division of the groups of guilds in shallow water space and food resources, such as deep water forager, shallow water forager and forager on the dry beach. Secondly, within each guild foraging behavior and movement pattern (the discovery of food), making the food resources can be take full advantage of use, for example, foragers on the mudflats and marsh took to pecking and excavation, further subdividing within the guilds feeding space and food resources. So it is important to keep abundant food resources in different lake zones, so as to maintain high waterbird diversity.
3. We surveyed the composition of wintering waterbirds community and their habitat characters in three types of wetlands, including mudflat, farmland and aquaculture ponds. During this investigation,40 waterbird species and 53,570 individuals were found in the three types of wetland habitats. The species in the nature mudflat, aquacultural ponds and farmland were 31,27 and 16, respectively. The number was accounted for 51.35%,28.85% and 19.80% in the three types of habitats. This shows different type of wintering waterbirds had their preference on the different habitat. The number of Geese and ducks in three habitats were more than 40%, even more than 80% in auuaculture ponds habitat. Charadriiformes mainly distributed in the natural tidal habitats and aquaculture ponds, paddy fields had less. Crane mainly distributed in tidal habitat and rice fields, while the stork could be found in the three habitats. Using DCA method, habitat factors were ordered on the parameters of waterbirds community by the species and number. The results showed that water area, vegetation height and width of mudflats were positive effect on the species and number of waterbirds, while the human disturbance and total mudflats area had negative effect on them. Average water depth was much closer to the types of parameter species, as indicated that it had a greater effect on waterbird species, and total vegetation cover and submerged vegetation coverage were closer to the number of parameters, indicating that these two factors had effect on waterbird number more than species. With the increase of water level in Caizi Lake and the Yangtze River in late winter, the aquaculture pond and rice fields were major wintering habitats for migratory birds.
引文
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