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英国示范学校研究
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摘要
教育问题已成为本届英国政府所关注的首要问题之一,对优秀实践的鉴定及公开认可是英国政府推动公共事业的政策基础。本文对英国工党政府目前实施的分享优秀实践系列计划中的关键项目——示范学校计划进行政策研究。为了应对基础教育出现的危机,英国政府发起了提高教育标准运动,目的在于追求卓越的学校教育。示范学校政策即为英国政府提高基础教育标准的一项重要举措。英国政府于1998—1999学年提出示范学校计划,该计划是对各学校的有效教学方法进行鉴定和推广。这一计划得到了教育与就业部的大力支持。由此政府授权指定的示范学校经过考查后可以向别的学校示范他们课程设计和教育管理方面的成功经验,以帮助和指导有意在特定领域获得提高的其他学校。目前英国已经甄选出1,150所示范学校,其中大多数作为“城市学校优质化计划”的一部分建立在城市中心地区。因而英国政府的目标是在全面考虑地理分布、社会和教育背景等因素的基础上建立示范学校,尤其要在城市中心建立示范学校来确保任何薄弱学校都可以从某一所校情况类似的示范学校获得帮助。
     示范学校计划的目标是创建一种合作、共享的氛围,并形成一个全国性的网络以供所有的学校分享优秀经验,推动学生学业水平的提高。在政策实施过程中,示范活动呈现出多样化的特征,形成了多种关系。计划还得到了多方面的支持和辅助。在示范学校政策实践中,示范学校成为专业学习团体的核心,并通过发展网络使其优秀实践得到广泛传播。通过促进教师的专业发展,示范学校计划有效地促进了学校改进尤其是对薄弱学校的改造发挥了重要作用。
     本文以政策分析作为基本的方法论框架,主要考察了示范学校政策的背景,概述了政策文本并分析了政策的实施过程和效果。在此基础之上,文章从学校改进、薄弱学校改造和教师专业发展三个维度对该政策进行了综合评价。通过归纳、总结英国示范学校政策实施的基本经验,文章提出了对我国薄弱学校改造实践的有益启示。
The current British Government has made education one of the Kingdom's key issues. The identification and public recognition of 'good practice' has become the policy foundation of the nation's public services. The study undertaken for this paper offers a brief policy study on the Beacon school initiative, which has been held up as one of the key elements of governmental policy for the sharing of excellence. In order to cope with the elementary education crisis, the Labor government launched the "raising educational standards" campaign to promote and achieve school excellence. The Beacon school initiative is of central importance in the government 's raising standards agenda. It was introduced at the beginning of the 1998/99 academic year, under the aegis of the Department for Education and Employment, as a means of identifying and disseminating good practice between schools. Schools who received this designation were thus empowered to demonstrate their strengths in particular areas of their curriculum design or school management, as identified through school inspection processes. The designated schools can offer support and guidance to other schools wishing to improve in those areas. The government has identified 1,150 such schools by now and many of which are established in urban areas as part of the "Excellence in Cities" strategy. The strategic aim is thus to identify Beacon Schools in a full range of geographical, social and educational contexts, in particular 'inner city schools' to ensure that any poor school seeking assistance will find support from a Beacon School operating in a similar context.
    The Beacon initiative is intended to create a climate of co-operation and sharing. Its aim is to create a national network of schools to ensure that all schools have access to practical advice and support, which will lead to improved levels of pupil achievement. In the process of implementation, the beacon initiative illustrated the great diversity of activities and relationships taking place under a single rubric. The initiative received many support and formed support mechanisms. The Beacon Schools were at the heart of professional learning communities, facilitating networks so that best practice can be shared widely. As a result, the Beacon School policy played an important role in the school improvement and helped many poor schools go out of the failing conditions.
    Taking policy analysis as the methodology framework, this paper mainly explores the policy background of the Beacon School Scheme. The paper addresses the policy text and analyzes the process and outcomes of the policy. Based on this, the paper evaluates the policy from the angle of school improvement, poor school improvement and teacher professional development. By summarizing the basic experience of the policy, the paper ends with several pieces of advice for the reform of poor schools in China.
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