北京市城市森林布局优化研究
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摘要
本文以北京市市域为研究范围,利用北京市1985年、1995年、2000年和2007年1:10万Landsat-TM遥感影像和1992年、2001年1:1万的北京市土地利用现状图解译数据作为数据源,首次根据不同比例的数据源,确定不同的景观斑块类型分类体系,采用遥感与实测相结合、定性与定量相结合的方法,系统分析北京市城市景观格局现状、北京市景观格局变化,其中以北京市城市森林布局现状和变化为重点,尤其是北京城市森林布局与功能及其存在的问题。在此研究基础上,结合北京市现在主要的环境问题,对城市森林与这些环境问题的相关性进行研究,并对城市森林的发展提出了一定的量化指标,最后结合北京市城市总体规划,提出北京市城市森林布局优化方案,以期为首都城市森林建设发展提供依据。本研究的主要研究结果如下:
1、北京市具有典型的城市景观特征,林地用地的面积占市域面积的42.534%,为基质景观斑块类型,旱田(28.754%)、灌木林(26.912%)、城镇用地(10.344%)是北京市主要景观斑块种类;从景观、景观斑块类型以及景观斑块三个层次的研究均表现出北京市各景观斑块类型及景观斑块集中分布的现象十分突出,斑块形状简单,主要景观斑块种类的景观分维度指数值均不足1.1,表明城市景观格局受到了较大的人为影响。
2、北京市1985-2007年间城市景观格局的主要变化特征表现为以下几个方面:
(1)在研究时段内,北京市景观斑块种类变化不大,景观组分面积和斑块数变化明显,其中最为显著的是北京市城镇建设用地面积呈单纯的增加趋势,增加幅度为北京市总面积的7.66%,农业用地与林地的面积虽呈波动变化但总体呈减少趋势;景观斑块数量先增后降,总体呈下降趋势,其中耕地与林地斑块数的变化最为明显。
(2)自然、半自然斑块受到人工斑块的影响严重,人为干扰的影响使北京市各景观斑块种类的分布集中,景观斑块形状更加简单、有规律,受到影响最大的是北京市主要景观斑块种类和斑块类型,从而导致在景观水平上北京市景观指数变化明显。
(3)本研究所选择的北京市典型区县1992-2001年景观格局变化表明,景观变化最为剧烈的是远郊平原区,其它区域的景观变化相对较小,但是随着城市的不断向外扩展,近年来远郊半山区的景观可能也发生了很大的变化。
3、北京市城市森林的现状及1985-2007年间城市森林变化特征主要表现为以下几个方面:
(1)北京市城市森林资源相对不足,分布很不均匀,山区森林面积占北京市森林总面积的75%,而人口相对集中的城区、平原区的森林资源明显不足;现有城市森林结构单一,树种单调,导致森林生态功能未能充分发挥。
(2)在研究时段内北京市城市森林景观指数变化明显,从1985-1995年间破碎化程度增加,而1995-2007年间下降,1985-2007年总体呈下降趋势,其中有林地和灌木林两种主要城市森林用地类型的变化剧烈;城市森林尤其是有林地用地受到人为干扰影响强烈,斑块日益简单化,主要类型城市森林间相互转化现象严重,说明北京市城市森林在研究时段内发生了很大变化。
(3)所选北京市典型区县1992-2001年城市森林的变化表明,研究时段内城市森林建设取得一定成效,尤其是近郊区城市森林建设效果显著,人为干扰对城市森林的影响在各个区域均有所体现,但是在不同区域人类活动对城市森林起到的作用则有所差异。
4、目前北京市的环境问题依然比较严峻,主要环境问题有大气污染、水污染、水土流失、热岛效应和噪声污染,这些环境问题呈现一定的区域分布特征。根据城市森林与北京市主要环境问题的相关性分析,城市森林在改善这些环境问题中具有重要的作用,为有效改善这些环境问题,整个北京市域范围内森林覆盖率至少达到35%,并且分布比较均匀,环境问题严重的局部区域需要不同程度增加森林覆盖率。
5、通过对北京市城市森林需求量研究发现,虽然在市域范围内北京森林覆盖率达到了国家标准,但是山区森林覆盖率、平原林木覆盖率、城区人均森林面积不足;从区域热平衡和碳氧平衡角度分析,城区和郊区不能满足本区域的城市森林需求量,虽然北京市城市森林具有一定的发展潜力,整体上基本可以满足城市需要,但是这些区域需要依靠周边区域城市森林的补偿。
6、根据以上的研究结果,以中国森林生态网络体系建设的点、线、面布局理念为指导,以“林网化——水网化”作为优化理念,将北京市整个市域划分为城区近郊区及其辐射区域,平原区和山区三大区域,依据三大区域特点进行城市森林布局优化。通过北京城市森林布局优化,北京市达到了森林覆盖率全市40%,山区52%,平原22%;林木覆盖率全市55%,山区73%,平原28%的目标,并在一定程度上解决了北京市景观格局、城市森林布局中存在的问题,对环境问题严重区域、生态敏感区等采取了有针对性的优化措施。
在对北京城市森林分析和优化研究过程中,文中还进一步得出:对城市化程度高的区域,现有林地面积很难满足城市森林建设需要,因此应该在有限的林地上挖掘潜力,加强林地管理水平,大力发展垂直绿化,向空间要效益,提高单位面积绿地效益;城市森林的发展趋势来看,城市森林建设必须与周围环境建立生态联系,实行城区内外联合,增加城乡森林建设的延续性,补充整个城市及特殊区域森林的不足,建立起城市森林生态规划和建设的区域连续性,共同进行更大范围的生态环境建设,实现城市环境的可持续发展。
The study range is the four corners of Beijing, and utilize 1985, 1995, 2000 and 2007 Landsat-TM remote sensing image(1:100000 scale) and 1992, 2001 land use present map (1:10000 scale) as data source. With combined 3S and measurements on the spot, adopted different scale data and classified standard, in the method of qualifying and quantifying, landscape and urban forest pattern status in quo, change of Beijing are systematically analyzed, especially urban forest of Beijing distribution, structure and existent question. Base on foregoing study and combined main environmental issues in Beijing, the relativity between urban forest and environmental issues is researched, and quantifying target is put forward. At last, the study put forward urban forest pattern optimization project, and serve for capital urban forest construct. The main results as follows:
1. Beijing is provided with typical urban landscape, forest land is the maximal and basal landscape patch type (area proportion 42.534%), glebe field (28.754%),spinney land and urban (26.912%) and town residential landuse (10.344%) are main landscape patch categories in Beijing. From landscape, landscape patch types and landscape patch categories levels, landscape patch distributing centralize, and patch shape is simple, main landscape patch fractal dimension indexes are under 1.1, so urban landscape pattern is high influenced by human disturbance.
2. From 1985 to 2007, Beijing landscape pattern variational characteristics are as follows:
(1) During 1985-2007, patch types and categories change is little, but area and patch number of patch types and categories change distinctly. Town residential landuse area increased 7.66% of Beijing total area, farmland and forest land area decrease in the mass. The total patch number increased at first then decreased. taking one with another, the total number is decreasing, and patch number of farmland and forest land are most distinct.
(2) Natural and half natural patch is high influenced by human disturbance. Human disturbance make landscape patch types distributing more centralized and patch shape simpler, greater effect in influencing main patch types and categories ,so Beijing landscape pattern indexes changed obvious.
(3) From the research to landscape pattern change of representative districts in Beijing , far plain suburb landscape change is most obvious form 1992-2001, and other regions change relative less. But with city durative enlarge of Beijing, the landscape far half mountainous suburb maybe have biggish changed in recent years.
3. Beijing urban forest existing and variational characteristics from 1985 to 2007 are as follows:
(1) urban forest resource is deficient and uneven distributing. Forest area in mountainous region is about 75% of Beijing total forest area, and in city and plain region where population centralized is obvious lacking. Undesirable structure and tree species simpleness etc are main problem in existing urban forest, influence urban forest effective exert its zoological function
(2) urban forest landscape indexes show: urban forest fragment increased form 1985 to 1995, and decreased form 1995 to 2007, but as a whole, Beijing urban forest fragment is degressive, especially woodland and spinney land. Human disturbance make urban forest patch simple ,and woodland is influenced is most, Different urban forest categories are mutual transform, so the change of Beijing urban forest is very obvious.
(3) From the research to urban forest change of representative districts in Beijing , form 1992-2001 urban forest construct obtain effect, and in outskirts and far plain suburb change more obvious than other region. Human disturbance reflect occur in each region, but its function is different.
4.Beijing environmental problems hold severe, and atmospheric and water pollute, soil and water loss, hot island and yawp are leading problems,and take on territorial characteristic. Based on research on relativity between urban forest and these environmental problems, urban forest can effective improve environmental quality in Beijing. And for the aim of improve environmental quality, Beijing forest overlay should attain 35% at least in citywide range, and local-areas being severe environmental problem should be provided with higher forest overlay.
5. Through the study on urban forest needed capacity, Beijing’s forest coverage is up to par in citywide range, but montanic forest coverage, plain covered with trees and average forest area are lacking, and CO2 and O2 balance is incapable;form the point of heat and balance CO2 and O2 balance,urban forest the city zone and suburb is lack. There is urban forest developmental potential space,but the city zone and suburb area need be compensated form urban forest in circumjacent region.
6. On the based of the above results and ecological network system, the author drived whole region into city area, plain and mountain area are needed at the point of planning thoughts of running-through forests and water . Based on characteric of urban forest in there regions, Beijing urban forest pattern optimizatize, the resule show all Beijing forest coverage is 40%, mountain area is 52%, plain area is 22% , and tree coverage is respective 55%, 73% and 28%, special areas needs to urban forest are satisfied in urban forest pattern optimizative plan.
During the study of Beijing urban forest pattern optimization ,the advices about urban forest development could be induced: In the condition that urban forest area can’t satisfy for the need of urban forest construct in highly urbanized region, we should gain benefit from three-dimensional space, and strengthen forest management, develop upright virescence are effective measure. Urban forest must establishes good ecological relationship with its surrounding environment, by connecting the inner city with outside space, cities and regions, increasing the continuity relief the green space shortage within the building area and environmental quality on regions scale. Urban forest with integrated functions will come into being throughout the whole country, and insures urban environment sustainable development.
1、北京市具有典型的城市景观特征,林地用地的面积占市域面积的42.534%,为基质景观斑块类型,旱田(28.754%)、灌木林(26.912%)、城镇用地(10.344%)是北京市主要景观斑块种类;从景观、景观斑块类型以及景观斑块三个层次的研究均表现出北京市各景观斑块类型及景观斑块集中分布的现象十分突出,斑块形状简单,主要景观斑块种类的景观分维度指数值均不足1.1,表明城市景观格局受到了较大的人为影响。
2、北京市1985-2007年间城市景观格局的主要变化特征表现为以下几个方面:
(1)在研究时段内,北京市景观斑块种类变化不大,景观组分面积和斑块数变化明显,其中最为显著的是北京市城镇建设用地面积呈单纯的增加趋势,增加幅度为北京市总面积的7.66%,农业用地与林地的面积虽呈波动变化但总体呈减少趋势;景观斑块数量先增后降,总体呈下降趋势,其中耕地与林地斑块数的变化最为明显。
(2)自然、半自然斑块受到人工斑块的影响严重,人为干扰的影响使北京市各景观斑块种类的分布集中,景观斑块形状更加简单、有规律,受到影响最大的是北京市主要景观斑块种类和斑块类型,从而导致在景观水平上北京市景观指数变化明显。
(3)本研究所选择的北京市典型区县1992-2001年景观格局变化表明,景观变化最为剧烈的是远郊平原区,其它区域的景观变化相对较小,但是随着城市的不断向外扩展,近年来远郊半山区的景观可能也发生了很大的变化。
3、北京市城市森林的现状及1985-2007年间城市森林变化特征主要表现为以下几个方面:
(1)北京市城市森林资源相对不足,分布很不均匀,山区森林面积占北京市森林总面积的75%,而人口相对集中的城区、平原区的森林资源明显不足;现有城市森林结构单一,树种单调,导致森林生态功能未能充分发挥。
(2)在研究时段内北京市城市森林景观指数变化明显,从1985-1995年间破碎化程度增加,而1995-2007年间下降,1985-2007年总体呈下降趋势,其中有林地和灌木林两种主要城市森林用地类型的变化剧烈;城市森林尤其是有林地用地受到人为干扰影响强烈,斑块日益简单化,主要类型城市森林间相互转化现象严重,说明北京市城市森林在研究时段内发生了很大变化。
(3)所选北京市典型区县1992-2001年城市森林的变化表明,研究时段内城市森林建设取得一定成效,尤其是近郊区城市森林建设效果显著,人为干扰对城市森林的影响在各个区域均有所体现,但是在不同区域人类活动对城市森林起到的作用则有所差异。
4、目前北京市的环境问题依然比较严峻,主要环境问题有大气污染、水污染、水土流失、热岛效应和噪声污染,这些环境问题呈现一定的区域分布特征。根据城市森林与北京市主要环境问题的相关性分析,城市森林在改善这些环境问题中具有重要的作用,为有效改善这些环境问题,整个北京市域范围内森林覆盖率至少达到35%,并且分布比较均匀,环境问题严重的局部区域需要不同程度增加森林覆盖率。
5、通过对北京市城市森林需求量研究发现,虽然在市域范围内北京森林覆盖率达到了国家标准,但是山区森林覆盖率、平原林木覆盖率、城区人均森林面积不足;从区域热平衡和碳氧平衡角度分析,城区和郊区不能满足本区域的城市森林需求量,虽然北京市城市森林具有一定的发展潜力,整体上基本可以满足城市需要,但是这些区域需要依靠周边区域城市森林的补偿。
6、根据以上的研究结果,以中国森林生态网络体系建设的点、线、面布局理念为指导,以“林网化——水网化”作为优化理念,将北京市整个市域划分为城区近郊区及其辐射区域,平原区和山区三大区域,依据三大区域特点进行城市森林布局优化。通过北京城市森林布局优化,北京市达到了森林覆盖率全市40%,山区52%,平原22%;林木覆盖率全市55%,山区73%,平原28%的目标,并在一定程度上解决了北京市景观格局、城市森林布局中存在的问题,对环境问题严重区域、生态敏感区等采取了有针对性的优化措施。
在对北京城市森林分析和优化研究过程中,文中还进一步得出:对城市化程度高的区域,现有林地面积很难满足城市森林建设需要,因此应该在有限的林地上挖掘潜力,加强林地管理水平,大力发展垂直绿化,向空间要效益,提高单位面积绿地效益;城市森林的发展趋势来看,城市森林建设必须与周围环境建立生态联系,实行城区内外联合,增加城乡森林建设的延续性,补充整个城市及特殊区域森林的不足,建立起城市森林生态规划和建设的区域连续性,共同进行更大范围的生态环境建设,实现城市环境的可持续发展。
The study range is the four corners of Beijing, and utilize 1985, 1995, 2000 and 2007 Landsat-TM remote sensing image(1:100000 scale) and 1992, 2001 land use present map (1:10000 scale) as data source. With combined 3S and measurements on the spot, adopted different scale data and classified standard, in the method of qualifying and quantifying, landscape and urban forest pattern status in quo, change of Beijing are systematically analyzed, especially urban forest of Beijing distribution, structure and existent question. Base on foregoing study and combined main environmental issues in Beijing, the relativity between urban forest and environmental issues is researched, and quantifying target is put forward. At last, the study put forward urban forest pattern optimization project, and serve for capital urban forest construct. The main results as follows:
1. Beijing is provided with typical urban landscape, forest land is the maximal and basal landscape patch type (area proportion 42.534%), glebe field (28.754%),spinney land and urban (26.912%) and town residential landuse (10.344%) are main landscape patch categories in Beijing. From landscape, landscape patch types and landscape patch categories levels, landscape patch distributing centralize, and patch shape is simple, main landscape patch fractal dimension indexes are under 1.1, so urban landscape pattern is high influenced by human disturbance.
2. From 1985 to 2007, Beijing landscape pattern variational characteristics are as follows:
(1) During 1985-2007, patch types and categories change is little, but area and patch number of patch types and categories change distinctly. Town residential landuse area increased 7.66% of Beijing total area, farmland and forest land area decrease in the mass. The total patch number increased at first then decreased. taking one with another, the total number is decreasing, and patch number of farmland and forest land are most distinct.
(2) Natural and half natural patch is high influenced by human disturbance. Human disturbance make landscape patch types distributing more centralized and patch shape simpler, greater effect in influencing main patch types and categories ,so Beijing landscape pattern indexes changed obvious.
(3) From the research to landscape pattern change of representative districts in Beijing , far plain suburb landscape change is most obvious form 1992-2001, and other regions change relative less. But with city durative enlarge of Beijing, the landscape far half mountainous suburb maybe have biggish changed in recent years.
3. Beijing urban forest existing and variational characteristics from 1985 to 2007 are as follows:
(1) urban forest resource is deficient and uneven distributing. Forest area in mountainous region is about 75% of Beijing total forest area, and in city and plain region where population centralized is obvious lacking. Undesirable structure and tree species simpleness etc are main problem in existing urban forest, influence urban forest effective exert its zoological function
(2) urban forest landscape indexes show: urban forest fragment increased form 1985 to 1995, and decreased form 1995 to 2007, but as a whole, Beijing urban forest fragment is degressive, especially woodland and spinney land. Human disturbance make urban forest patch simple ,and woodland is influenced is most, Different urban forest categories are mutual transform, so the change of Beijing urban forest is very obvious.
(3) From the research to urban forest change of representative districts in Beijing , form 1992-2001 urban forest construct obtain effect, and in outskirts and far plain suburb change more obvious than other region. Human disturbance reflect occur in each region, but its function is different.
4.Beijing environmental problems hold severe, and atmospheric and water pollute, soil and water loss, hot island and yawp are leading problems,and take on territorial characteristic. Based on research on relativity between urban forest and these environmental problems, urban forest can effective improve environmental quality in Beijing. And for the aim of improve environmental quality, Beijing forest overlay should attain 35% at least in citywide range, and local-areas being severe environmental problem should be provided with higher forest overlay.
5. Through the study on urban forest needed capacity, Beijing’s forest coverage is up to par in citywide range, but montanic forest coverage, plain covered with trees and average forest area are lacking, and CO2 and O2 balance is incapable;form the point of heat and balance CO2 and O2 balance,urban forest the city zone and suburb is lack. There is urban forest developmental potential space,but the city zone and suburb area need be compensated form urban forest in circumjacent region.
6. On the based of the above results and ecological network system, the author drived whole region into city area, plain and mountain area are needed at the point of planning thoughts of running-through forests and water . Based on characteric of urban forest in there regions, Beijing urban forest pattern optimizatize, the resule show all Beijing forest coverage is 40%, mountain area is 52%, plain area is 22% , and tree coverage is respective 55%, 73% and 28%, special areas needs to urban forest are satisfied in urban forest pattern optimizative plan.
During the study of Beijing urban forest pattern optimization ,the advices about urban forest development could be induced: In the condition that urban forest area can’t satisfy for the need of urban forest construct in highly urbanized region, we should gain benefit from three-dimensional space, and strengthen forest management, develop upright virescence are effective measure. Urban forest must establishes good ecological relationship with its surrounding environment, by connecting the inner city with outside space, cities and regions, increasing the continuity relief the green space shortage within the building area and environmental quality on regions scale. Urban forest with integrated functions will come into being throughout the whole country, and insures urban environment sustainable development.
引文
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