基于绿地空间形态生成机制的城市绿地系统规划研究
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摘要
中国的城镇化进程发展迅速,目前进入由规模扩张向质量提升的新型城镇化阶段。城镇化使城市系统复杂化,从而导致绿地系统内部要素、结构复杂化,外部与环境的关系密切化,这一切都为城市绿地系统规划提出了新的要求。
绿地系统是一个开放性系统,除了系统内部要素之间的相互作用,该系统与外部环境之间还存在相互影响和相互制约。论文运用比较研究法发现与分析城市绿地系统规划中存在的问题,提炼城市绿地空间形态生成影响因素；运用演绎论证法辩证地看待现实与未来的发展规律与趋势,分析绿地系统要素之间的关系以及绿地布局结构与功能之间的关系,探索绿地系统空间形态发展过程及生成规律,提炼出绿地空间形态生成机制；将协同学理论应用到绿地系统规划之中,探讨基于绿地空间形态生成机制的城市绿地系统协同布局原理和规划方法；通过实践的检验,证明协同规划方法的科学性,同时发现问题,促进研究工作的进一步深化和完善。
本论文研究内容与结果体现在以下4个方面：
1、归纳了城市绿地空间形态生成影响因子
根据因子的显著性、全面性、系统性原则,从众多的影响城市绿地空间形态的因子中选择出主要的绿地空间形态生成因子,分为基础性因子、内源性驱动力和外延性引导力3个大类。基础性因子包括自然资源和人文资源,它们是构成城市绿地的骨架。内源性驱动力包括游憩功能需求、防灾避险功能需求、景观功能需求、生态功能需求,它们是绿地形成的原动力。外延性引导力包括社会环境、经济环境,引导了绿地的发展方向。
2、揭示了城市绿地空间形态生成机制
提出了城市绿地系统是一种自组织和他组织复合发展的过程的观点,绿地系统在空间形态生成过程中,既通过自组织机制按自身规律发展演化,又通过人为调控,在外界直接干预下不断完善。其机制具体表现在3个方面：第一,遵从土地特性的适宜机制。绿地的分布受自然资源和人文资源的影响,起到保护资源的作用。第二,功能机理制约下的自组织机制。绿地在游憩、防灾避险、生态和景观功能机理制约下,并遵循功能协同原理,空间形态发生自组织现象,系统走向有序结构。第三,外部调控机制。社会和经济等外部环境是绿地空间形态生成的外源性引导力,调控和引导绿地空间形态的生成。本研究揭示的绿地空间形态生成机制,一定程度上属于填补空白性的工作,对城市绿地规划具有科学的指导作用。
3、建立了城市绿地系统功能协同布局模式
基于绿地在游憩、防灾避险、生态和景观等各方面的功能协同作用机制,以多功能协同为目标,提出了一种能综合发挥城市绿地各方面功能、网络化的绿地系统布局模式。该模式使绿地服务范围可以覆盖整个市区,并使区级以上公园位于绿带之中,形成良好结构,同时能有效避灾,发挥绿地生态和景观功能。
4、形成了多方协调的绿地系统协同规划方法
运用系统学理论,引入协同论观点,以绿地空间形态的生成机制为依据,提出机制导向的、系统内部功能之间协同及与外部环境协同的绿地系统规划理论和方法,是一种创新性的尝试。并在考虑与现行绿地系统规划纲要对接的基础上,将绿地功能体系分解为现行国标的绿地分类体系,使绿地系统协同规划方法具有可操作性。
The urbanization process was developing rapidly in China. It entered a new urbanization stage now, which demanded a transition form size expansion to quality promoting. Urbanization made the urban system complicated. It resulted in complicated in internal elements and structure of the green space system, and more closely in the relationship with the external environment. All of this put forward new requirements for urban green space system planning.
Green space system was an open system. In addition to the interaction of internal factors, there were interaction and mutual restriction between the system and the external environment. Comparative study method was used to analysis the existing problems in the planning of urban green space system and extract the factors affecting the urban green space generation. Deductive reasoning method was used to treat the reality and the developing law and trend in the future dialectically, to analyze the relationship among elements of green space system, as well as the relationship between layout structure and function of green space, to explore the developing process and generation rules of the spatial form of green space system, to clarify the generative mechanism of the spatial form of green space system. The synergistic theory was applied to the green space system planning to discuss the synergistic layout principle and the planning method of urban green space system based on the generative mechanism of the spatial form of the green space. Through the practice test, the scientificalness of the synergistic planning method was proved, and its problems could be found to promote the research work to deepen and perfect.
Research contents and results were reflected in the following4aspects:
1. Factors of the urban green space generation were summed up.
According to the principles of significance, comprehensiveness and systematic, the main factors selected from multitudinous factors which affect the urban green space generation. They were divided into3categories:basic factors, endogenous driving force and exogenous guiding force. The basic factors including the natural resources and human resources conformed the framework of urban green space. Endogenous driving force included recreational function requirements, disaster prevention requirements, landscape requirements and ecological requirements. They were motive power of the green space generation. Exogenous guiding force included the social environment and economic environment. They guided the developing direction of green space.
2. The generative mechanism of the spatial form of the urban green space was revealed.
It is pointed out that the development of urban green space system was a composite process of self-organization and hetero-organization. In the generative process of the spatial form, through self-organization mechanism in its own laws, and by artificial control, green space system improved continuously by the outside direct intervention. Its mechanism was consists of3aspects. First, appropriated mechanisms complying with land characteristics. The distribution of green space is influenced by natural resources and cultural resources. It can protect the resources. Second, the self-organization mechanism restricted by functional mechanism. In the restriction of recreation, disaster prevention, ecology and landscape functional mechanism, and followed the principle of coordination function, spatial form of green space was self-organized and the structure became more orderly. Third, external regulation mechanism. The social and economic environments were the exogenous guide force to the generation of the spatial form of green space, controlling and guiding the green space generation. Generative mechanism of green space revealed in this research belonged to a blank-filling work in some extent. It was of scientific guidance meaning to urban green space planning.
3. A pattern of functional synergy of the urban green space system was established.
Based on the functional synergistic mechanism in recreation, disaster prevention, ecological and landscape etc. of the green space and taking multifunctional coordination as the goal, a networking layout pattern of green space system was point out which could exert all functions of urban green space. This model make green space service range to cover the whole city, and make area park to be located in the green belt. A good structure is formed. The green space can also effectively avoid disaster, play ecological and landscape function of green space.
4. A method of synergistic planning of green space system coordinating in several aspects was established.
By using the system theory to introduce the synergistic viewpoint, on the basis of the generative mechanism of the spatial form of green space, theory and method of the green space system planning were pointed out, which was guided by mechanism, coordinated in internal function and with external environment. It was an innovative attempt. Based on docking with current outline of green space system planning, the function system of green space was decomposed into a classification system of green space that is the current national standard, so as to make the synergistic planning method of urban green space system operable.
绿地系统是一个开放性系统,除了系统内部要素之间的相互作用,该系统与外部环境之间还存在相互影响和相互制约。论文运用比较研究法发现与分析城市绿地系统规划中存在的问题,提炼城市绿地空间形态生成影响因素；运用演绎论证法辩证地看待现实与未来的发展规律与趋势,分析绿地系统要素之间的关系以及绿地布局结构与功能之间的关系,探索绿地系统空间形态发展过程及生成规律,提炼出绿地空间形态生成机制；将协同学理论应用到绿地系统规划之中,探讨基于绿地空间形态生成机制的城市绿地系统协同布局原理和规划方法；通过实践的检验,证明协同规划方法的科学性,同时发现问题,促进研究工作的进一步深化和完善。
本论文研究内容与结果体现在以下4个方面：
1、归纳了城市绿地空间形态生成影响因子
根据因子的显著性、全面性、系统性原则,从众多的影响城市绿地空间形态的因子中选择出主要的绿地空间形态生成因子,分为基础性因子、内源性驱动力和外延性引导力3个大类。基础性因子包括自然资源和人文资源,它们是构成城市绿地的骨架。内源性驱动力包括游憩功能需求、防灾避险功能需求、景观功能需求、生态功能需求,它们是绿地形成的原动力。外延性引导力包括社会环境、经济环境,引导了绿地的发展方向。
2、揭示了城市绿地空间形态生成机制
提出了城市绿地系统是一种自组织和他组织复合发展的过程的观点,绿地系统在空间形态生成过程中,既通过自组织机制按自身规律发展演化,又通过人为调控,在外界直接干预下不断完善。其机制具体表现在3个方面：第一,遵从土地特性的适宜机制。绿地的分布受自然资源和人文资源的影响,起到保护资源的作用。第二,功能机理制约下的自组织机制。绿地在游憩、防灾避险、生态和景观功能机理制约下,并遵循功能协同原理,空间形态发生自组织现象,系统走向有序结构。第三,外部调控机制。社会和经济等外部环境是绿地空间形态生成的外源性引导力,调控和引导绿地空间形态的生成。本研究揭示的绿地空间形态生成机制,一定程度上属于填补空白性的工作,对城市绿地规划具有科学的指导作用。
3、建立了城市绿地系统功能协同布局模式
基于绿地在游憩、防灾避险、生态和景观等各方面的功能协同作用机制,以多功能协同为目标,提出了一种能综合发挥城市绿地各方面功能、网络化的绿地系统布局模式。该模式使绿地服务范围可以覆盖整个市区,并使区级以上公园位于绿带之中,形成良好结构,同时能有效避灾,发挥绿地生态和景观功能。
4、形成了多方协调的绿地系统协同规划方法
运用系统学理论,引入协同论观点,以绿地空间形态的生成机制为依据,提出机制导向的、系统内部功能之间协同及与外部环境协同的绿地系统规划理论和方法,是一种创新性的尝试。并在考虑与现行绿地系统规划纲要对接的基础上,将绿地功能体系分解为现行国标的绿地分类体系,使绿地系统协同规划方法具有可操作性。
The urbanization process was developing rapidly in China. It entered a new urbanization stage now, which demanded a transition form size expansion to quality promoting. Urbanization made the urban system complicated. It resulted in complicated in internal elements and structure of the green space system, and more closely in the relationship with the external environment. All of this put forward new requirements for urban green space system planning.
Green space system was an open system. In addition to the interaction of internal factors, there were interaction and mutual restriction between the system and the external environment. Comparative study method was used to analysis the existing problems in the planning of urban green space system and extract the factors affecting the urban green space generation. Deductive reasoning method was used to treat the reality and the developing law and trend in the future dialectically, to analyze the relationship among elements of green space system, as well as the relationship between layout structure and function of green space, to explore the developing process and generation rules of the spatial form of green space system, to clarify the generative mechanism of the spatial form of green space system. The synergistic theory was applied to the green space system planning to discuss the synergistic layout principle and the planning method of urban green space system based on the generative mechanism of the spatial form of the green space. Through the practice test, the scientificalness of the synergistic planning method was proved, and its problems could be found to promote the research work to deepen and perfect.
Research contents and results were reflected in the following4aspects:
1. Factors of the urban green space generation were summed up.
According to the principles of significance, comprehensiveness and systematic, the main factors selected from multitudinous factors which affect the urban green space generation. They were divided into3categories:basic factors, endogenous driving force and exogenous guiding force. The basic factors including the natural resources and human resources conformed the framework of urban green space. Endogenous driving force included recreational function requirements, disaster prevention requirements, landscape requirements and ecological requirements. They were motive power of the green space generation. Exogenous guiding force included the social environment and economic environment. They guided the developing direction of green space.
2. The generative mechanism of the spatial form of the urban green space was revealed.
It is pointed out that the development of urban green space system was a composite process of self-organization and hetero-organization. In the generative process of the spatial form, through self-organization mechanism in its own laws, and by artificial control, green space system improved continuously by the outside direct intervention. Its mechanism was consists of3aspects. First, appropriated mechanisms complying with land characteristics. The distribution of green space is influenced by natural resources and cultural resources. It can protect the resources. Second, the self-organization mechanism restricted by functional mechanism. In the restriction of recreation, disaster prevention, ecology and landscape functional mechanism, and followed the principle of coordination function, spatial form of green space was self-organized and the structure became more orderly. Third, external regulation mechanism. The social and economic environments were the exogenous guide force to the generation of the spatial form of green space, controlling and guiding the green space generation. Generative mechanism of green space revealed in this research belonged to a blank-filling work in some extent. It was of scientific guidance meaning to urban green space planning.
3. A pattern of functional synergy of the urban green space system was established.
Based on the functional synergistic mechanism in recreation, disaster prevention, ecological and landscape etc. of the green space and taking multifunctional coordination as the goal, a networking layout pattern of green space system was point out which could exert all functions of urban green space. This model make green space service range to cover the whole city, and make area park to be located in the green belt. A good structure is formed. The green space can also effectively avoid disaster, play ecological and landscape function of green space.
4. A method of synergistic planning of green space system coordinating in several aspects was established.
By using the system theory to introduce the synergistic viewpoint, on the basis of the generative mechanism of the spatial form of green space, theory and method of the green space system planning were pointed out, which was guided by mechanism, coordinated in internal function and with external environment. It was an innovative attempt. Based on docking with current outline of green space system planning, the function system of green space was decomposed into a classification system of green space that is the current national standard, so as to make the synergistic planning method of urban green space system operable.
引文
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