内蒙古西拉木伦河河流阶地及中更新世晚期以来的新构造运动研究
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摘要
内蒙古克什克腾旗位于大兴安岭与燕山余脉交汇处，是研究第四纪环境变化的典型地区。论文源于内蒙古克什克腾旗世界地质公园规划与建设专项基金项目。本文通过对内蒙古西拉木伦河流域地貌，特别是克什克腾旗境内该河上中游河流阶地及流域平面特征的详细调查及室内研究，并运用热释光（TL）测年方法建立河流发育演变的年代格架，进而对研究区中更新世（Q_p~2）晚期以来的河流阶地及新构造运动的特征进行了研究，反演西拉木伦河的形成、演化过程及其与新构造运动和古气候的关系。取得以下主要成果：
1、通过野外实地考察，对西拉木伦河上中游进行了河流阶地级序研究。查明了西拉木伦河河流阶地级序最高为5级，中上游普遍发育3-5级阶地，上游阶地间相对高差较大，越向下游地区，阶地间相对高差有变小的趋势。
2、通过河流阶地实测横剖面的室外工作和室内分析，对西拉木伦河河流阶地的形态类型和成因类型进行了划分。该河流发育有3种河流阶地类型：堆积阶地、基座阶地和侵蚀阶地，以堆积阶地和基座阶地为主，侵蚀阶地相对较少；河流阶地成因主要有3个：新构造运动，古气候变化，及人类活动。并且， T1到T3阶地的形成受气候控制，T4和T5的形成受不同期次的新构造运动控制。
3、通过野外河流阶地横剖面的实测及热释光测年法的年代测定，建立了西拉木伦河河流阶地发育的年代格架，对其形成演化阶段进行了划分。西拉木伦河基本成形于160Ka前后，完全成形于78Ka左右，经历了两次大规模的地壳抬升，以及中更新世的间冰期-晚更新世早中期的冰期-晚更新世晚期的间冰期-全新世早中晚期的不同暖期。西拉木伦河形成演化分为6个阶段：第一阶段：中更新世Q_p~2；第二阶段：中更新世Q_p~3末期—晚更新世Qp早期；第三阶段：晚更新世Q3
p早期——晚更新世Q_p~3中期；第四阶段：晚更新世Q_p~3晚期——晚更新世Q_p~3末期；第五阶段:晚更新世Q_p~3末期；第六阶段：Q_h全新世早期——如今。
4、通过对河流阶地不同地段的级序及形态类型的研究分析，探讨了西拉木伦河流域的新构造运动特征。西拉木伦河上、中、下游的新构造活动不均一,新构造运动以断裂活动为主,包括垂直升降、水平扭动及掀斜抬升等活动方式。
Located in the east of Inner Mongolia，Hexigten lies at the interjunction of theDaxinganling Mountains and Yanshan Mountains, which is a typical research areas ofthe Quaternary environment change. This paper is from Hexigten Global Geoparkplanning and construction of the special fund projects.
Through the field detailed study of Xilamulun River, especially through thestudy of the river terrace and the analysis of the remote sensing of planar graphs, weestablish the age framework of the river development by TL dating. At the same time,we do a further study on the new tectonic movement sine late Q_p~2of this river basin,invert the process of the river formation and evolution, construct the relation betweenthis development process and the new tectonic movement&ancient climate. The mainresults include:
1. Through the field detailed study of river terrace of Xilamulun River, we findout its divisions. The highest river terrace of the river is5. Generally there is3to5river terrace in the upper and middle reaches of Xilamulun River. The relativedispersion in the upper is more than in the middle.
2. By analysis of the cross sections of Xilamulun River, we differentiate the riverterraces types as its shape and cause. There are3types of river terrace in XilamulunRiver, which includes accumulation terrace, base terrace and erosion terrace. Theformer two gives priority to the latter one. The main cause of formation of the riverterrace is3, including of new tectonic movement, change of ancient climate andhuman activity. We think the formation of T3to T1is controlled by the climatechange, which corresponds to3phase of the climate change----warm-cold-warm.
3. By comprehensive analysis of the age dating results and the other study, weconstruct the river’s development process. the formation of Xilamulun River ispreliminarily formed around160Ka B.P, completely formed around78Ka B.P. Itsdevelopment process can be divided into6phases. No.1, Q_p~2, lake phase, the Riverdoes not take shape, the big lake is linked with small river. No.2, late Q_p~2to early Q_p~3, strong uplifting of the new tectonic movement, the River takes shape initially andpartially reserves T5river terrace. No.3, early Q_p~3to middle Q_p~3, strong uplifting ofthe new tectonic movement, the River takes shape completely and the T4river terraceforms. No.4, late Q_p~3to final phase Q_p~3,T3river terrace forms. No5, final phase Q_p~3toQ_h,T2forms. No.6, Q_hto now, T1forms.
4. By analysis of the river terrace and types of the different sectors of this area,we discuss the characters of the new tectonic movement, which shows several phasesand ways in time and space. The new tectonic movement give first place to faultactivity, which includes vertical promotion and demotion movement, horizontaltwisting and tilted lifting.
1、通过野外实地考察，对西拉木伦河上中游进行了河流阶地级序研究。查明了西拉木伦河河流阶地级序最高为5级，中上游普遍发育3-5级阶地，上游阶地间相对高差较大，越向下游地区，阶地间相对高差有变小的趋势。
2、通过河流阶地实测横剖面的室外工作和室内分析，对西拉木伦河河流阶地的形态类型和成因类型进行了划分。该河流发育有3种河流阶地类型：堆积阶地、基座阶地和侵蚀阶地，以堆积阶地和基座阶地为主，侵蚀阶地相对较少；河流阶地成因主要有3个：新构造运动，古气候变化，及人类活动。并且， T1到T3阶地的形成受气候控制，T4和T5的形成受不同期次的新构造运动控制。
3、通过野外河流阶地横剖面的实测及热释光测年法的年代测定，建立了西拉木伦河河流阶地发育的年代格架，对其形成演化阶段进行了划分。西拉木伦河基本成形于160Ka前后，完全成形于78Ka左右，经历了两次大规模的地壳抬升，以及中更新世的间冰期-晚更新世早中期的冰期-晚更新世晚期的间冰期-全新世早中晚期的不同暖期。西拉木伦河形成演化分为6个阶段：第一阶段：中更新世Q_p~2；第二阶段：中更新世Q_p~3末期—晚更新世Qp早期；第三阶段：晚更新世Q3
p早期——晚更新世Q_p~3中期；第四阶段：晚更新世Q_p~3晚期——晚更新世Q_p~3末期；第五阶段:晚更新世Q_p~3末期；第六阶段：Q_h全新世早期——如今。
4、通过对河流阶地不同地段的级序及形态类型的研究分析，探讨了西拉木伦河流域的新构造运动特征。西拉木伦河上、中、下游的新构造活动不均一,新构造运动以断裂活动为主,包括垂直升降、水平扭动及掀斜抬升等活动方式。
Located in the east of Inner Mongolia，Hexigten lies at the interjunction of theDaxinganling Mountains and Yanshan Mountains, which is a typical research areas ofthe Quaternary environment change. This paper is from Hexigten Global Geoparkplanning and construction of the special fund projects.
Through the field detailed study of Xilamulun River, especially through thestudy of the river terrace and the analysis of the remote sensing of planar graphs, weestablish the age framework of the river development by TL dating. At the same time,we do a further study on the new tectonic movement sine late Q_p~2of this river basin,invert the process of the river formation and evolution, construct the relation betweenthis development process and the new tectonic movement&ancient climate. The mainresults include:
1. Through the field detailed study of river terrace of Xilamulun River, we findout its divisions. The highest river terrace of the river is5. Generally there is3to5river terrace in the upper and middle reaches of Xilamulun River. The relativedispersion in the upper is more than in the middle.
2. By analysis of the cross sections of Xilamulun River, we differentiate the riverterraces types as its shape and cause. There are3types of river terrace in XilamulunRiver, which includes accumulation terrace, base terrace and erosion terrace. Theformer two gives priority to the latter one. The main cause of formation of the riverterrace is3, including of new tectonic movement, change of ancient climate andhuman activity. We think the formation of T3to T1is controlled by the climatechange, which corresponds to3phase of the climate change----warm-cold-warm.
3. By comprehensive analysis of the age dating results and the other study, weconstruct the river’s development process. the formation of Xilamulun River ispreliminarily formed around160Ka B.P, completely formed around78Ka B.P. Itsdevelopment process can be divided into6phases. No.1, Q_p~2, lake phase, the Riverdoes not take shape, the big lake is linked with small river. No.2, late Q_p~2to early Q_p~3, strong uplifting of the new tectonic movement, the River takes shape initially andpartially reserves T5river terrace. No.3, early Q_p~3to middle Q_p~3, strong uplifting ofthe new tectonic movement, the River takes shape completely and the T4river terraceforms. No.4, late Q_p~3to final phase Q_p~3,T3river terrace forms. No5, final phase Q_p~3toQ_h,T2forms. No.6, Q_hto now, T1forms.
4. By analysis of the river terrace and types of the different sectors of this area,we discuss the characters of the new tectonic movement, which shows several phasesand ways in time and space. The new tectonic movement give first place to faultactivity, which includes vertical promotion and demotion movement, horizontaltwisting and tilted lifting.
引文
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Chatt ers J C, Hoover K A. Changing Late Holocene floosing frequencies on theColumbia River, Washington, Quaternary Research,1986,26,309-320.
Dent on G A, Karien W. Holocen e climatic variations, their pattern and possiblecause, Quaternary Research,1973,3,155-205.
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Zhang Jiafu,Qiu WEILI,Wang Xiaoqing etal.Optical dating of river terrace depositsand its implication for hyperconcentrated floods on the Yellow River inHukou,Shaanxi,China. Quaternary Geochronology,2009.
蔡雄飞,王浩霖,罗中杰等,内蒙古固阳盆地东北缘地层学、沉积学、构造学研究的新进展[J].资源调查与环境,2011,32（3）：177-186.
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康春景.内蒙古克什克腾旗新发现的晚更新世湖相沉积剖面研究.2011.中国地质
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李吉钧，中国西北地区晚更新世以来环境变迁模式.第四纪研究,1990,(3).
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Brak enridge G R. W idespread episodes of stream erosion during the Holocene andtheir climatic cause. Nat ure,1980,283,655-656
Celina Campell.Later Holocene lake sedimentology and climate change in southernAlberta,Canada[J]. Quaternary Research,1997,(49):96-101.
Chatt ers J C, Hoover K A. Changing Late Holocene floosing frequencies on theColumbia River, Washington, Quaternary Research,1986,26,309-320.
Dent on G A, Karien W. Holocen e climatic variations, their pattern and possiblecause, Quaternary Research,1973,3,155-205.
DING Zhong-li,YU Zhi-wei,Rutter N W,etal.Towards an orbital time scale for Chineseloess deposits[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,1994,13:39-70.
French H M. The periglacial Environment. New York: Longtnan Inc.1983.
Giancarlo G.Bianchi Nicholas McCave I Holocene periodicity in North Atlanticclimate and deep-ocean flow south of Iceland[J].Nature,1999,397:515-517.
Li S H,Chen Y Y,Li B etal.OSL dating of sediments from deserts in NorthernChina.Quaternary Geochronology,2007,2(1-4):23-28.
M ay D W. Holocene alluvial fills in the South Loup River valley, Nebraska,Quat ernary Research,1989,32,117-120.
Wintle A G. Luminescence dating of Quaternary sediments Introduction.Boreas,2008,37(4):469-470.
Wintle A G. Luminescence dating:Where it has been and where it is going. Boreas,2008,37(4):471-482.
XIAO Ju-le,ZHENG Hong-bo,ZHAO Hua.Variation of winter monsoon intensity onthe Loess Plateau,Central China during the last130000years:evidence from the grain sizedistribution[J]. Quaternary Research,1992,31:13-19.
Zhang Jiafu,Qiu WEILI,Wang Xiaoqing etal.Optical dating of river terrace depositsand its implication for hyperconcentrated floods on the Yellow River inHukou,Shaanxi,China. Quaternary Geochronology,2009.
蔡雄飞,王浩霖,罗中杰等,内蒙古固阳盆地东北缘地层学、沉积学、构造学研究的新进展[J].资源调查与环境,2011,32（3）：177-186.
蔡雄飞,智铎强,罗中杰等,滚石深藏的奥秘——来自内蒙古高原隆升的报告[J].海洋地质动态,2008,24(10):32-35.
曹伯勋.地貌学及第四纪地质学[M].武汉：中国地质大学出版社，1995.10:7-10.
崔海亭.内蒙古大青山地区环境的重建.见:张兰生主编.中国生存环境历史演变规律研究(一).北京：海洋出版社,1993.155一161
丁国瑜，全新世断层活动的部均匀性[J].中国地震，1990（1）:1-9
高尚玉.全新世中国季风西西北边缘沙漠演化初步研究.中国科学((B辑),199323（2):202-208
高尚玉.全新世大暖期的中国沙淇.见:施雅风主编，中国全新世大暖期气候与环境.北京:海洋出版社，1992.161-167.
贾铁飞,何雨.全新世内蒙古自然环境演变及其特点[J].干旱区地理,1996,19(4):19-24
贾铁飞.中国北方季风气候与内陆气候过渡地带全新世环境演变.内蒙古师范大学学报(自然科学版).1985(1);64-70.
贾铁飞.毛乌素抄地东南部晚更新世晚期以来的自然环境演变.北京师范大学学报(自然科学版).1992,28(增1):111-120.
康春景.内蒙古克什克腾旗新发现的晚更新世湖相沉积剖面研究.2011.中国地质
大学
李吉钧，中国西北地区晚更新世以来环境变迁模式.第四纪研究,1990,(3).
李容全等.内蒙古高原湖泊与环境变迁.北京:北京师范大学出版社，1990.
李有利,杨景春.河西走廊平原区全新世河流阶地对气候变化的响应[J].地理科学.1997.17(3):248-252
刘景虎,崔惠文,邵晓东.西拉木伦东西向构造带地质特征[J].中国地质科学院1981年年报,1981,57-58
马保起，李克，吴卫民，等.大青山河谷地貌特征及新构造意义.[J].地理学报，1999,54（4）:327-334
施雅风,孔昭宸,王苏民,等.中国全新世大暖期气候与环境的基本特征.见:中国大暖期气候与环境.北京:科学出版社,1992.1~18.
田明中.克什克腾旗晚新生代火山地质研究[M].北京：地质出版社，2011：228-229.
田明中.中国克什克腾旗世界地质公园科学综合研究[M].北京：地质出版社,2007:8-59.
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