公共建筑和居室环境中的无障碍设施研究
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摘要
公共建筑和居室环境中的无障碍设施是指能够消除残障者、老年人及其他身体不便者在其中使用时的障碍的辅助设施。无障碍设计的概念也是针对残障者等身体不便者的需求而提出的。
本论文在实地调查基础上通过对无障碍设计理论的研究,对公共建筑和居室环境中的无障碍设施加以探讨。通过实地的调研,发现公共建筑中的无障碍设施存在很大不足,主要体现在四个方面：(1)无障碍设施建设不系统；(2)无障碍设施设置不尽合理,未能做到“以人为本”；(3)偏重大型公共建筑,忽视与人们生活密切相关的小型建筑；(4)人们无障碍意识有待提高。
无障碍设计不仅仅是一个坡道、一个扶手那么简单,它涉及到残障者和老年人的生理和心理特征,需要从尺寸性、安全性、人性化等方面综合考虑,以满足各类身体不便者的使用需求。残障者等身体不便者之所以在生活中产生各种各样的障碍,是因为其身体的某个部分的功能有所丧失或缺损,如果通过各种辅助设施或者用另外部分的功能进行弥补的话,同样能够完成相应的任务。因此,随着新技术、新产品的不断出现,可以创造出更加方便所有人无的障碍环境。
随着社会经济的不断发展和中国老龄化社会的到来,我国对无障碍设施会有更加强烈的需求,2008年北京奥运会和残奥会即将举行,这不仅是展现我国国家形象的历史性时刻,同时也是对我国无障碍设施建设的巨大考验。公共建筑和居室环境作为人活动的两个重要空间,一个是社会活动空间,一个是家庭生活空间,让残障者和老年人都能够很好融入其间是我们整个社会的责任,也是一个富强、文明、和谐的社会所应具备的基本条件。
最后,结合实际调研和资料研究对无障碍设施建设提出以下建议：(1)从立法上对无障碍建设给予法律保护；(2)从科研教育上加大投入为无障碍技术的研究和发展提供强有力的支撑；(3)从社会舆论上加大宣传,提高人们对于无障碍建设的意识和自觉性。几个方面互为补充,相辅相成,是建设完善无障碍系统的有力保障,希望能通过此使我国的无障碍设施更加人性化、科学化、系统化。
The barrier-free facilities of building environment should suit a broad of users, including people with disabilities, older adults, children, people who are ill or injured, and people inconveniences by circumstance.
This paper discussed the barrier-free facilities of building environment, which was based on the spot investigation and theoretic research. Four main issues were existed in the environment. Firstly, the construction of barrier-free facility was not canonical. Secondly, the setting of barrier-free ficility was unreasonable. Thirdly, the small buildings were not regarded. Lastly, there were many formalistic rebuilded buildings.
Barrier-free design is not only as simple as a ramp or a handrail, but also relates to the physical and psychological characteristics of the disabled and the elderly. It should be considered from the size, the security, the humanism to meet the demands of the various people inconveniences by circumstance. They always encountered a variety of obstacles because of the loss of some body function. If carried out through a variety of ancillary facilities make up for it, they are also able to complete the same task. Thus, with the emergence of new technology and new products, we can create a more convenient to all.
With the continuing socio-economic development and the coming of China's ageing society, the requirement of barrier-free facilities must be more stong. The 29th Olympic and Paralympic Games will be held in Beijing in 2008. It will be a tremendous test for the China's barrier-free facilities. Public buildings and indoor environment are two important space of activity. One is the social activities, the other is the family living space. It is the responsibility of our society to make the disabled and the eldly intergrate into it. It also should be the basic condition of a strong, prosperous, civilized, harmonious society.
Finally the paper proposed the following recommendations. Firstly, we should enhance and improve the law. Secondly, we should enhance the education and scientific research. Thirdly, we should enhance the popularization of pubic consciousness and supervision mechanism. These aspects are complementary and mutually reinforcing. They are the guarantee of the construction of consummate barrier-free system. I believe The barrier-free facilities of our country will be more human, scientific, systematic through these measures.
本论文在实地调查基础上通过对无障碍设计理论的研究,对公共建筑和居室环境中的无障碍设施加以探讨。通过实地的调研,发现公共建筑中的无障碍设施存在很大不足,主要体现在四个方面：(1)无障碍设施建设不系统；(2)无障碍设施设置不尽合理,未能做到“以人为本”；(3)偏重大型公共建筑,忽视与人们生活密切相关的小型建筑；(4)人们无障碍意识有待提高。
无障碍设计不仅仅是一个坡道、一个扶手那么简单,它涉及到残障者和老年人的生理和心理特征,需要从尺寸性、安全性、人性化等方面综合考虑,以满足各类身体不便者的使用需求。残障者等身体不便者之所以在生活中产生各种各样的障碍,是因为其身体的某个部分的功能有所丧失或缺损,如果通过各种辅助设施或者用另外部分的功能进行弥补的话,同样能够完成相应的任务。因此,随着新技术、新产品的不断出现,可以创造出更加方便所有人无的障碍环境。
随着社会经济的不断发展和中国老龄化社会的到来,我国对无障碍设施会有更加强烈的需求,2008年北京奥运会和残奥会即将举行,这不仅是展现我国国家形象的历史性时刻,同时也是对我国无障碍设施建设的巨大考验。公共建筑和居室环境作为人活动的两个重要空间,一个是社会活动空间,一个是家庭生活空间,让残障者和老年人都能够很好融入其间是我们整个社会的责任,也是一个富强、文明、和谐的社会所应具备的基本条件。
最后,结合实际调研和资料研究对无障碍设施建设提出以下建议：(1)从立法上对无障碍建设给予法律保护；(2)从科研教育上加大投入为无障碍技术的研究和发展提供强有力的支撑；(3)从社会舆论上加大宣传,提高人们对于无障碍建设的意识和自觉性。几个方面互为补充,相辅相成,是建设完善无障碍系统的有力保障,希望能通过此使我国的无障碍设施更加人性化、科学化、系统化。
The barrier-free facilities of building environment should suit a broad of users, including people with disabilities, older adults, children, people who are ill or injured, and people inconveniences by circumstance.
This paper discussed the barrier-free facilities of building environment, which was based on the spot investigation and theoretic research. Four main issues were existed in the environment. Firstly, the construction of barrier-free facility was not canonical. Secondly, the setting of barrier-free ficility was unreasonable. Thirdly, the small buildings were not regarded. Lastly, there were many formalistic rebuilded buildings.
Barrier-free design is not only as simple as a ramp or a handrail, but also relates to the physical and psychological characteristics of the disabled and the elderly. It should be considered from the size, the security, the humanism to meet the demands of the various people inconveniences by circumstance. They always encountered a variety of obstacles because of the loss of some body function. If carried out through a variety of ancillary facilities make up for it, they are also able to complete the same task. Thus, with the emergence of new technology and new products, we can create a more convenient to all.
With the continuing socio-economic development and the coming of China's ageing society, the requirement of barrier-free facilities must be more stong. The 29th Olympic and Paralympic Games will be held in Beijing in 2008. It will be a tremendous test for the China's barrier-free facilities. Public buildings and indoor environment are two important space of activity. One is the social activities, the other is the family living space. It is the responsibility of our society to make the disabled and the eldly intergrate into it. It also should be the basic condition of a strong, prosperous, civilized, harmonious society.
Finally the paper proposed the following recommendations. Firstly, we should enhance and improve the law. Secondly, we should enhance the education and scientific research. Thirdly, we should enhance the popularization of pubic consciousness and supervision mechanism. These aspects are complementary and mutually reinforcing. They are the guarantee of the construction of consummate barrier-free system. I believe The barrier-free facilities of our country will be more human, scientific, systematic through these measures.
引文
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[2](USA) Molly Follette Story. The Universal Design File[M]. NC:NC State University, The Center For Universal Design,1998.
[3](USA) Molly Follette Story, The Universal Design File[M]. NC:NC State University, The Center For Universal Design,1998.
[4](USA) Jeffrey Jerome.Simple Solutions——Home Automation Technology for Easy, Safe, and Accessible Living[M]. NC:NC State University, The Center For Universal Design,1998.
[5](USA) The Center Of Universal Design. Accessible Multifamily Housing[M]. NC:North Carolina State University,2000.
[6]Grayson, P.J.. Universal design-Environments for everyone:Usable spaces, places, and products[J]. Architecture and Society,1995(July):33-39.
[7]Kose, S. From barrier-free to universal design:An international perspective[J]. Assistive Technology,1998,10(l):44-50.
[8]Scadden, L. Design for everyone. [A series of articles reprinted from CE Network News. Washington, DC:Electronic Industries Association,1994.
[9]Story, M.F. Is it universal? Seven defining criteria. Innovation,1997(Spring):29-32.
[10]Story, M.F. Maximizing usability:The Principles of Universal Design[J]. Assistive Technology,1998,10(1),4-12.
[11]Universal design:Making interiors work for everyone.. Interior Design,1992,63(11).
[12]Barrier Free Environments, Inc. Adaptable housing:Marketable accessible housing for everyone. Washington, DC:U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development,1987.
[13]Mace, R. Universal design:Housing for the lifespan of all people.Rockville, MD:U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development,1988.
[14](英)塞尔温·戈德史密斯.普遍适用性设计[M].北京：知识产权出版社,中国水利水电出版社.2003.
[15](英)詹姆斯·霍姆斯-西德尔,塞尔温·戈德史密斯.无障碍设计[M].大连：大连理工大学出版社.2002.2.
[16](日)荒木兵一郎,藤本尚久,田中直人.国外建筑设计详图图集3——无障碍建筑[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2000.10.
[17](日)高桥仪平.无障碍建筑设计手册·为老年人和残疾人设计建筑[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2003.
[18](美)唐纳德·A·诺曼,梅琼译.设计心理学[M].北京：中信出版社,2003.10
[19]周文麟.城市无障碍环境设计[M].北京：科学出版社,2001.
[20]杨公侠.建筑.人体.效能——建筑工效学[M].天津：天津科学技术出版社,2000
[21]丁成章.无障碍住区与住所设计-设计师与建筑师辅助手册[M].北京：机械工业出版社2004年
[22](日)田中直人,岩田三千子.标识环境通用设计规划设计的108个视点[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2004.
[23](日)日本建筑学会.新版简明无障碍建筑设计资料集成[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2005.
[24](日)NTT城市开发公司,NTT基础设施公司.建筑设计新理念——21世纪建筑领域的7个关键问题[M].福州：福建科学技术出版社,2005.
[25]刘连新,蒋宁山.无障碍设计概论[M].北京：中国建材工业出版社,2004.8.
[26]江海涛.道路和建筑无障碍设计图说[M].济南：山东科学技术出版社,2004.1.
[27]丁玉兰.人机工程学[M].北京：北京理工大学出版社,2000.
[28]张琲.产品创新设计与思维[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2005.
[29]何晓佑,谢云峰.人性化设计[M].南京：江苏美术出版社,2001.8
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