浙江松林生态系统对松材线虫入侵的抵御和恢复机制
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摘要
松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus(Steiner et Buhrer)Nickle是我国毁灭性的林业外来入侵生物之一。本文以浙江省富阳市和舟山市11块不同林型不同受害程度的松林为研究对象,分析了松材线虫入侵及病木伐除对松林系统植物群落结构和功能的影响;同时从松树种群、植物群落及松林生态系统三个层次上,研究了不同松林生态系统对松材线虫入侵的抵御能力,并进一步探讨了松林生态系统对松材线虫入侵的抵御和恢复机制。通过研究,主要取得以下5个结果:
1.从植物多样性和生态位的角度,探讨了松材线虫入侵对植物群落结构的影响。结果表明:当松材线虫入侵后,由于马尾松林遭到严重破坏,使林内松材线虫的食物资源供应不足,在这样的情况下,若恢复形成的群落类型向其与生态位宽的树种(白栎、冬青等阔叶树)形成的混交林或阔叶林方向发展,则马尾松将不再独占主导地位,林内的物种多样性升高。反之,如果更新成第二代马尾松林,则林内的物种多样性下降。
2.在研究伐除干扰对植物多样性的影响时,建立了伐倒干扰强度指数,对于特定马尾松受害林分,群落的多样性指数随伐倒干扰强度指数的变化表现规律符合“中间高度膨胀”理论,即在较小和较大伐倒干扰强度时,群落多样性指数较低;中等伐倒干扰强度时,群落多样性指数较高。同时经协方差分析可知:它对群落内灌草多样性指数的变化反应最为显著。表明这一指数能有效反应松材线虫入侵及病木伐除后马尾松林植物多样性的变化。
3.从生长量、生物量和木材产出率的角度,分析了松材线虫入侵对植物群落功能的影响。结果表明:在伐除受害木和利用引诱剂诱集主要传播媒介松墨天牛等措施的干预下,使特定林分的平均生长水平出现了高峰,但要想保持受害区林分未受害马尾松树的平均生长量,必须采取一系列保护措施。
同时建立了一系列灰色系统模型和灰色—马尔可夫组合预测模型,结果表明:灰色系统模型的后验差比值C和最小误差概率P精度好;灰色—马尔可夫模型历史拟合平均相对误差为4.89%,可见这两个模型精度高,可用于对松材线虫入侵区的马尾松林分因子的生长进行预测。
4.从松树种群、植物群落及松林生态系统水平三个层次依次开展相关研究,分别对不同径级寄主、不同松树个体结构;不同寄主树种、不同优势树种分布格局及不同松林植物多样性下的松林抵御能力进行了比较分析。结果表明:从松树种群角度而言,大部分受害松树是林分中径级较小的林木;平均冠幅、树冠占树干的百分比、五年近期生长量越大,流脂等级越高,树的抵抗力越大。从植物群落角度而言,寄主树种的抗性等级越高,松树所占的比例越小(松阔混交林),群落的抵抗力越大。从松林系
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner et Buhrer) Nickle, an important invasive alien species of forestry in China, has been one of the most destructive forest diseases. Based on the research objectives in this paper of 11 pine forest in different forest types and different damage degree after the invasion of pine wood nematode in Fuyang and Zhoushan county, Zhejiang province, the impact of Pine Wood Nematode (PWN) and removal disturbance on the structure and function of pine forest ecosystem were analyzed. In three perspectives of pine tree population, plant community and pine forest ecosystem, the resistance ability to the invasion of PWN in different pine forest ecosystem were studied. Furthermore, the resistance and resilience mechanism of pine ecosystem invaded by pine wood nematode was also discussed. Through research, the main 5 results are as follows.1. In the aspect of plant diversity and niche, the change of plant community's structure caused by the invasion of PWN was studied. The result showed that when invaded by PWN, the Masson pine forest would suffer from some sort of disastrous damage, which made the supply of food resource for the PWN in forest insufficient. On that condition, if the formed community after resilience tend to be broad-leaved forest or mixture of Masson pine (Pinus masssoniana) and tree species of broad niche (Quercus fabric、 Ilexpurpurea etc broad-leaved trees). Masson pine wouldn't dominate any more, and the species diversity in the forest would increase, On the contrary, if the formed community after resilience succeeded conversely to become the second generation's young Masson pine forest, the species diversity in the forest would decline.2. The "Index of Disturbing Intensity of Stump and Fallen Woods" (IDISF) created to represent the degree of disturbance of tree removal to plant diversity. When it comes to a specified harmed stand, the species diversity obeyed the principle of "Mid-altitude bulge" as the change of IDISF. Specifically, both excessive and insufficient removal of infected trees will cause decline of plant species diversity in certain degree. Covariance analysis of IDISF indicated that different IDISF had no significant effects on the species diversity of the arbor layer, but had different impacts on that of the shrub and herb layers, and therefore,
it can be used to assess changes in species diversity of different Masson pine communities after the invasion of pine wood nematode.3. From the view of growth increment, biomass dynamics and timber outturn, the change of plant community's function caused by the invasion of PWN was studied. The result showed: under the disturbance of removal of infected trees and attractant, special stand's average growth level achieved a climax. Moreover, if the average growth increment of unattacked Masson pine in the infected forest stand was to be maintained, a series of protecting measures must be taken.A series of grey forecasting models and grey-markov models were also established. The result showed: the predictive precision of the built grey forecasting model is good by using the post-test residue ratio C and minimum error probability P, and the history matching average relative error of the forecasting model combination of grey-markov is 4.89%. So these models all have a good simulation accuracy, which can be utilized in growth prediction of both infected and normal Masson pine forest factors.4. Based on intensive observation, in three perspectives of pine tree population, plant community and pine forest ecosystem, the resistance ability in different DBH class of pine host, different pine structure, different host species, different distributing pattern of dominant tree species, and different species diversity of herb and shrub layers in the forest were studied. The result showed: as for pine tree population, most infected pines are less DBH class in the forest. The greater mean crown width, the percentage of bole with crown of tree and 5-year growth increment, the higher the resin category, the bigger resistance ability of pine tr
1.从植物多样性和生态位的角度,探讨了松材线虫入侵对植物群落结构的影响。结果表明:当松材线虫入侵后,由于马尾松林遭到严重破坏,使林内松材线虫的食物资源供应不足,在这样的情况下,若恢复形成的群落类型向其与生态位宽的树种(白栎、冬青等阔叶树)形成的混交林或阔叶林方向发展,则马尾松将不再独占主导地位,林内的物种多样性升高。反之,如果更新成第二代马尾松林,则林内的物种多样性下降。
2.在研究伐除干扰对植物多样性的影响时,建立了伐倒干扰强度指数,对于特定马尾松受害林分,群落的多样性指数随伐倒干扰强度指数的变化表现规律符合“中间高度膨胀”理论,即在较小和较大伐倒干扰强度时,群落多样性指数较低;中等伐倒干扰强度时,群落多样性指数较高。同时经协方差分析可知:它对群落内灌草多样性指数的变化反应最为显著。表明这一指数能有效反应松材线虫入侵及病木伐除后马尾松林植物多样性的变化。
3.从生长量、生物量和木材产出率的角度,分析了松材线虫入侵对植物群落功能的影响。结果表明:在伐除受害木和利用引诱剂诱集主要传播媒介松墨天牛等措施的干预下,使特定林分的平均生长水平出现了高峰,但要想保持受害区林分未受害马尾松树的平均生长量,必须采取一系列保护措施。
同时建立了一系列灰色系统模型和灰色—马尔可夫组合预测模型,结果表明:灰色系统模型的后验差比值C和最小误差概率P精度好;灰色—马尔可夫模型历史拟合平均相对误差为4.89%,可见这两个模型精度高,可用于对松材线虫入侵区的马尾松林分因子的生长进行预测。
4.从松树种群、植物群落及松林生态系统水平三个层次依次开展相关研究,分别对不同径级寄主、不同松树个体结构;不同寄主树种、不同优势树种分布格局及不同松林植物多样性下的松林抵御能力进行了比较分析。结果表明:从松树种群角度而言,大部分受害松树是林分中径级较小的林木;平均冠幅、树冠占树干的百分比、五年近期生长量越大,流脂等级越高,树的抵抗力越大。从植物群落角度而言,寄主树种的抗性等级越高,松树所占的比例越小(松阔混交林),群落的抵抗力越大。从松林系
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner et Buhrer) Nickle, an important invasive alien species of forestry in China, has been one of the most destructive forest diseases. Based on the research objectives in this paper of 11 pine forest in different forest types and different damage degree after the invasion of pine wood nematode in Fuyang and Zhoushan county, Zhejiang province, the impact of Pine Wood Nematode (PWN) and removal disturbance on the structure and function of pine forest ecosystem were analyzed. In three perspectives of pine tree population, plant community and pine forest ecosystem, the resistance ability to the invasion of PWN in different pine forest ecosystem were studied. Furthermore, the resistance and resilience mechanism of pine ecosystem invaded by pine wood nematode was also discussed. Through research, the main 5 results are as follows.1. In the aspect of plant diversity and niche, the change of plant community's structure caused by the invasion of PWN was studied. The result showed that when invaded by PWN, the Masson pine forest would suffer from some sort of disastrous damage, which made the supply of food resource for the PWN in forest insufficient. On that condition, if the formed community after resilience tend to be broad-leaved forest or mixture of Masson pine (Pinus masssoniana) and tree species of broad niche (Quercus fabric、 Ilexpurpurea etc broad-leaved trees). Masson pine wouldn't dominate any more, and the species diversity in the forest would increase, On the contrary, if the formed community after resilience succeeded conversely to become the second generation's young Masson pine forest, the species diversity in the forest would decline.2. The "Index of Disturbing Intensity of Stump and Fallen Woods" (IDISF) created to represent the degree of disturbance of tree removal to plant diversity. When it comes to a specified harmed stand, the species diversity obeyed the principle of "Mid-altitude bulge" as the change of IDISF. Specifically, both excessive and insufficient removal of infected trees will cause decline of plant species diversity in certain degree. Covariance analysis of IDISF indicated that different IDISF had no significant effects on the species diversity of the arbor layer, but had different impacts on that of the shrub and herb layers, and therefore,
it can be used to assess changes in species diversity of different Masson pine communities after the invasion of pine wood nematode.3. From the view of growth increment, biomass dynamics and timber outturn, the change of plant community's function caused by the invasion of PWN was studied. The result showed: under the disturbance of removal of infected trees and attractant, special stand's average growth level achieved a climax. Moreover, if the average growth increment of unattacked Masson pine in the infected forest stand was to be maintained, a series of protecting measures must be taken.A series of grey forecasting models and grey-markov models were also established. The result showed: the predictive precision of the built grey forecasting model is good by using the post-test residue ratio C and minimum error probability P, and the history matching average relative error of the forecasting model combination of grey-markov is 4.89%. So these models all have a good simulation accuracy, which can be utilized in growth prediction of both infected and normal Masson pine forest factors.4. Based on intensive observation, in three perspectives of pine tree population, plant community and pine forest ecosystem, the resistance ability in different DBH class of pine host, different pine structure, different host species, different distributing pattern of dominant tree species, and different species diversity of herb and shrub layers in the forest were studied. The result showed: as for pine tree population, most infected pines are less DBH class in the forest. The greater mean crown width, the percentage of bole with crown of tree and 5-year growth increment, the higher the resin category, the bigger resistance ability of pine tr
引文
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