山西晋城地区煤岩力学性质及煤储层压裂模拟研究
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摘要
煤层气作为一种洁净优质的能源,加以综合利用可获得多方面的效益。煤层气井以直井为主,水力压裂是增加煤层气直井产能最主要的强化手段。由于我国含煤地层一般都经历过强烈构造运动,煤体结构往往遭到很大破坏,压裂效果不好,不能获得较好的产能,因此需要对煤储层压裂机理进行研究,为此选择煤岩力学性质及模拟煤储层水力压裂的研究。通过对寺河煤矿主要可采煤层3号煤的煤岩抗拉强度、单轴抗压强度、三轴抗压强度及声发射试验发现,煤的力学性质不仅在垂直煤的层理面上具有方向性,而且在平行煤的层理面上也具有方向性。
位于沁水盆地南部的山西晋城地区晋煤集团寺河煤矿3号煤的抗拉强度随着饱和吸水率的增加而增加;煤岩的抗拉强度受高度的影响很大,其值和高度呈负相关。随饱和含水率的增加垂直面割理方向弹性模量逐渐降低,而饱和含水率对平行面割理方向的弹性模量影响很小;垂直面割理方向上的泊松比随单轴抗压强度的增加而降低,而平行面割理方向变化不大。单轴压缩条件下的声发射计数率曲线特征可以分为三个类型:①迸裂型;②破裂型;③稳定型。在三轴压缩条件下煤岩峰值应变和方向有关,峰值应变随围压的变化在较低的压力下试样轴向垂直面割理时比轴向平行面割理时小,而在较高围压时比轴向平行面割理时要大。
数值模拟计算表明在各向同性、不含裂隙的情况下,在非均匀应力场中破裂压力随着最大和最小主应力与应力差的变化而变化。在含裂隙的情况下其破裂压力在均匀地应力场中几乎不受裂缝方向与最大主应力方向夹角的影响,仅受地应力大小的影响;在非均匀地应力场中当应力条件不变时破裂压力随着裂缝方向与最大主应力方向夹角的变化而变化。压裂裂缝是沿先存裂缝扩展还是产生新缝,受先存裂缝与最大水平主应力方向的夹角、水平主应力的大小、最高工作压力等因素的共同影响。在不含裂隙、地应力条件相同的情况下,煤岩力学性质各向异性与煤岩力学性质各向同性相比,破裂压力很接近。
Coalbed methane(CBM), one kind of clean and high-quality energies, can bring various benefits if being took into comprehensive use. Nowadays, vertical well is the mainly CBM development mode. And hydraulic fracturing is the most important means for vertical well to enhance the recovery of CBM. As a result of strong tectonic movement that coal-bearing strata generally undergone in China, coal structure had been great damaged extensively, which usually cause bad fracturing effect and lower production, and hence it is necessary to research the fracturing mechanism of coal reservoir. For these reason, we select the research subject, mechanical properties of coal and coal reservoir fracturing simulation.
A series of experiments containing tensile strength, uniaxial compressive strength, triaxial compressive strength and acoustic emission were carried out to the coal collected from No.3 coal seam in Sihe coal mine, south of the Qinshui Basin, and the results indicated that the mechanical properties of coal possess directivity not only in the direction vertical to the coal bedding plane,but also in the direction parallel to the coal bedding plane. The tensile strengths increase with the increase of the saturated water absorption. And the tensile strengths are also influenced greatly by length of the specimen which has negative correlation with the value of the tensile strengths. With the increase of Saturated water absorption, the elastic modulus reduce gradually in the direction vertical face cleat; in contrast the impacts of the Saturated water absorption on the elastic modulus were little in the direction parallel face cleat. The Poisson's ratio decrease with the increase of uniaxial compressive intensity in the direction vertical face cleat, and similarly, it has little change in the direction parallel face cleat. Under the condition of Uniaxial compression, the characteristics of the acoustic emission count rate curves can be divided into three types:①Burst;②ruptured; and③stable. Under the condition of Triaxial compression, the peak strain of coal also correlate with direction, under the lower confining pressure, the variation of peak strain with the confining pressure when axial of specimens perpendicular to the face cleat are less than that when axial of specimens parallel to the face cleat; whereas under the higher confining pressure, the variation when axial of specimens perpendicular to the face cleat are greater than that when axial of specimens parallel to the face cleat.
The results of numerical simulation indicated that, in the non-uniform stress field, under the condition of the isotropic and non-fracture, the breakdown pressure changed with the change of maximum principal stress, minimum principal stress and stress difference; while under the condition of cracks, the breakdown pressure were affected mainly by the crustal stress rather than the variation of the angle between the directions of cracks and the maximum principal stress. In the non-uniform stress field, at given stress condition, the breakdown pressure changed with the change of the angle between the directions of cracks and the maximum principal stress.In fracturing, whether the crack expanding along pre-existing crack or generation new crack depending on the complex factors such as the angle between the directions of pre-existing cracks and the maximum horizontal principal stress, horizontal stress and the maximum working pressure.Under the condition non-fractured and the given ground stress, the fracture stress are close to each other when the mechanical properties of coal is isotropic.
位于沁水盆地南部的山西晋城地区晋煤集团寺河煤矿3号煤的抗拉强度随着饱和吸水率的增加而增加;煤岩的抗拉强度受高度的影响很大,其值和高度呈负相关。随饱和含水率的增加垂直面割理方向弹性模量逐渐降低,而饱和含水率对平行面割理方向的弹性模量影响很小;垂直面割理方向上的泊松比随单轴抗压强度的增加而降低,而平行面割理方向变化不大。单轴压缩条件下的声发射计数率曲线特征可以分为三个类型:①迸裂型;②破裂型;③稳定型。在三轴压缩条件下煤岩峰值应变和方向有关,峰值应变随围压的变化在较低的压力下试样轴向垂直面割理时比轴向平行面割理时小,而在较高围压时比轴向平行面割理时要大。
数值模拟计算表明在各向同性、不含裂隙的情况下,在非均匀应力场中破裂压力随着最大和最小主应力与应力差的变化而变化。在含裂隙的情况下其破裂压力在均匀地应力场中几乎不受裂缝方向与最大主应力方向夹角的影响,仅受地应力大小的影响;在非均匀地应力场中当应力条件不变时破裂压力随着裂缝方向与最大主应力方向夹角的变化而变化。压裂裂缝是沿先存裂缝扩展还是产生新缝,受先存裂缝与最大水平主应力方向的夹角、水平主应力的大小、最高工作压力等因素的共同影响。在不含裂隙、地应力条件相同的情况下,煤岩力学性质各向异性与煤岩力学性质各向同性相比,破裂压力很接近。
Coalbed methane(CBM), one kind of clean and high-quality energies, can bring various benefits if being took into comprehensive use. Nowadays, vertical well is the mainly CBM development mode. And hydraulic fracturing is the most important means for vertical well to enhance the recovery of CBM. As a result of strong tectonic movement that coal-bearing strata generally undergone in China, coal structure had been great damaged extensively, which usually cause bad fracturing effect and lower production, and hence it is necessary to research the fracturing mechanism of coal reservoir. For these reason, we select the research subject, mechanical properties of coal and coal reservoir fracturing simulation.
A series of experiments containing tensile strength, uniaxial compressive strength, triaxial compressive strength and acoustic emission were carried out to the coal collected from No.3 coal seam in Sihe coal mine, south of the Qinshui Basin, and the results indicated that the mechanical properties of coal possess directivity not only in the direction vertical to the coal bedding plane,but also in the direction parallel to the coal bedding plane. The tensile strengths increase with the increase of the saturated water absorption. And the tensile strengths are also influenced greatly by length of the specimen which has negative correlation with the value of the tensile strengths. With the increase of Saturated water absorption, the elastic modulus reduce gradually in the direction vertical face cleat; in contrast the impacts of the Saturated water absorption on the elastic modulus were little in the direction parallel face cleat. The Poisson's ratio decrease with the increase of uniaxial compressive intensity in the direction vertical face cleat, and similarly, it has little change in the direction parallel face cleat. Under the condition of Uniaxial compression, the characteristics of the acoustic emission count rate curves can be divided into three types:①Burst;②ruptured; and③stable. Under the condition of Triaxial compression, the peak strain of coal also correlate with direction, under the lower confining pressure, the variation of peak strain with the confining pressure when axial of specimens perpendicular to the face cleat are less than that when axial of specimens parallel to the face cleat; whereas under the higher confining pressure, the variation when axial of specimens perpendicular to the face cleat are greater than that when axial of specimens parallel to the face cleat.
The results of numerical simulation indicated that, in the non-uniform stress field, under the condition of the isotropic and non-fracture, the breakdown pressure changed with the change of maximum principal stress, minimum principal stress and stress difference; while under the condition of cracks, the breakdown pressure were affected mainly by the crustal stress rather than the variation of the angle between the directions of cracks and the maximum principal stress. In the non-uniform stress field, at given stress condition, the breakdown pressure changed with the change of the angle between the directions of cracks and the maximum principal stress.In fracturing, whether the crack expanding along pre-existing crack or generation new crack depending on the complex factors such as the angle between the directions of pre-existing cracks and the maximum horizontal principal stress, horizontal stress and the maximum working pressure.Under the condition non-fractured and the given ground stress, the fracture stress are close to each other when the mechanical properties of coal is isotropic.
引文
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