吉林省典型黑土区农田土壤重金属环境风险研究
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摘要
土壤重金属不仅通过人体的呼吸道和消化道等直接接触的方式危害人体健康，而且通过影响农产品的品质，经由食物链影响人类的生命和健康。黑土作为东北地区的主要耕作土壤，土壤质量决定农产品品质。本研究以典型黑土玉米种植区的德惠市为研究区，研究黑土区农田土壤重金属的环境行为及其生态效应，为农产品产地环境保护和农产品质量安全提供理论和数据支持。
研究区土壤Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb的变异系数范围为12.2-45.0%，平均变异程度为：Cu>Pb>Ni>Cr>Zn，表明土壤Cu和Pb受人类活动干预强烈，外源输入量大，而Cr、Ni、Zn含量的变异较小，且其含量均值低于元素的区域背景值，表明外源输入相对较小。主成分分析结果表明，土壤Cr、Ni和Zn主要受成土母质和成土过程控制，Cu和Pb含量受人类活动的影响显著，施用禽畜粪便、含铜杀虫剂、杀菌剂等是土壤Cu的主要来源，工业废气、燃煤烟尘及生活垃圾等可能是研究区土壤Pb污染的主要来源。
德惠市农田土壤Cr、Ni和Zn的空间分布呈现一致性，高值区出现在德惠市中部，自南往北呈条带分布，另一个高值区分布在德惠市西南部，其空间分布受自然成土过程控制，表现出明显的地带性分布。Cu和Pb的分布受人类活动影响显著，Cu含量的高值区与工业和蔬菜生产基地相吻合，而Pb的高值区呈现斑状分布，且与大的乡镇村庄相吻合，表明工业废气，燃煤烟尘及生活废物是土壤Pb的主要来源。
开垦通过影响土壤中有机碳的含量和组成，影响重金属在胡敏酸和富里酸内的分布及其潜在迁移性。通过对不同开垦年限典型黑土的研究表明，与未开垦土壤相比，开垦土壤中DOC、SOC、HS和HU的含量都明显减少。与未开垦土壤相比，开垦200年以上土壤中SOC含量下降了30%。与FA相比，土壤HA对开垦的响应更加敏感，开垦引起HA含量的显著下降（38%），而FA仅下降7%。土壤的胡富比（CHA/CFA）由开垦前的2.05下降到开垦200年后的1.38，开垦引起胡富比下降了33%，表明开垦导致土壤的腐殖化程度降低。
Pb和Zn主要存在于FA中，FA结合态的Pb和Zn占HS中含量的47-60%和63-76%，而Cu主要存在于HA中，约55%的Na4P2O7+NaOH提取态的Cu存在于HA中。重金属与HA的结合有利于增加矿物颗粒对重金属的吸附，进而降低重金属的移动性和生物有效性，本研究中，Zn和Pb主要存在于FA中，表明研究区土壤中这些元素的潜在迁移性较高。开垦导致Cu和Zn在HA中的比率下降，相反增加了Cu和Zn在FA中的比率。对Pb在腐殖物质不同组分间分配的影响不显著。
德惠市玉米种植区农田土壤重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn和Pb都属于轻微生态风险，虽然土壤Pb和Cu存在明显累积，但是5种重金属含量都未超过土壤环境质量二级标准，表明德惠市黑土玉米种植区农田土壤中重金属的累积相对较轻，未对农业生产和人体健康造成危害。
Soil contamination with heavy metals draws great attention due to its potentialthreat to food safety, human health, and its detrimental effects on soil ecosystems.Excessive accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils can be transferred fromsoil to crops, and can affect human health through the food web. Food consumptionhas been identified as the major pathway of human exposure compared to other waysof exposure such as inhalation and dermal contact. The black soil region in NortheastChina is one of the major bases for commercial grain production in China, soilcontamination affects food safety. This research studied the environmental behaviorsand ecological effects of heavy metals in agricultural soil in Dehui, a representativeagricultural area in the black soil region, Northeast China. This research is essential toreduce metal inputs and to establish quality standards on a regional level that allowthe detection of sampling sites affected by pollution.
The coefficients of variation varied from12.2%for Zn to45.0%for Cu, itdecreased in the order Cu>Pb>Ni>Cr>Zn, showing the significant influence ofagronomic practices on soil Cu and Pb contents. The coefficients of variation for Cr,Ni, and Zn were small, and the mean concentrations of Cr, Ni, and Zn were lowerthan their background values, indicating that anthropic inputs of these elements werelow. The results of PCA for heavy metal contents showed that soil Cr, Ni, and Zn hada lithogenic origin, whereas, the elevated Cu concentrations in the study area were associated with industrial and agronomic practices, and the main sources of Pb wereindustrial fume, coal burning exhausts, and domestic waste.
The trends for soil Cr, Ni, and Zn were similar with higher concentrations trendingN–S across the centre of the study area, other hotspots were located in the southwestof the area. The concentrations of Cr, Ni, and Zn pointed to the parent materialinfluence, and their spatial distribution showed a good correlation with the surfaceevidence of the mineralogical structure. The spatial distribution of Cu and Pb wereaffected by human activities. High Cu values can come from Cu-based agrochemicalsrelated to specific agronomic practices; the hotspots of Cu were coincided with thevegetable farming area. The hotspots where the soils were enriched with Pb mostlycoincided with the towns and big villages that had a high discharge of industrial fume,coal burning exhausts and domestic waste.
Cultivation affects soil organic matter and its fractions, and affects metaldistribution in humic and fulvic acid in black soil. Uncultivated sites and theiradjacent cultivated sites (18,50, and>200years) were studied in the present study,the results showed that the content of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), soil organiccarbon (SOC), extractable humic substances (HS), and humin (HU) had decreasedafter200years of cultivation. SOC had decreased by30%after200years ofcultivation. Cultivation led to a moderate decrease (38%) in HA and a minor decrease(7%) in FA. The CHA/CFAratio, which is a humification parameter, decreased from2.05in the uncultivated soil to1.38in the soil cultivated for200years, showing a33%decrease, and indicating a lower degree of humification of organic matter incultivated soils.
Lead and Zn were more abundant in the FA than the HA fraction. TheFA-complexed Pb and Zn (%of total Na4P2O7+NaOH-extracted Pb and Zn) were inthe ranges47–60%and63–76%, respectively, showing that fulvic acid has a highaffinity for Pb and Zn. Binding on HA may enhance metal sorption on mineralparticles, and accordingly decrease the mobility of heavy metals. In the present study,relatively higher Zn and Pb concentrations were found in the FA fraction, evidencingthat these elements have high phytoavailability. Copper was bound predominantly to the HA fraction;55%of the Na4P2O7+NaOH extracted Cu was in the humic fraction.The share of Cu and Zn in the HA fraction decreased with cultivation time, butcultivation did not bring about a systematic change in Pb distribution in humicsubstances. The results show that cultivation can decrease the humified C content andmetals bound to the HA fraction, and suggest that cultivation may potentially increasethe mobility of heavy metals.
Risk assessment of heavy metals in agricultural soil showed that soil Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn,and Pb in the study area belonged to low potential ecological risk for all the samplingsites. Anthropic activities caused an enrichment of Cu and Pb in soils. However, metalconcentrations in all agricultural soils did not exceed the concentration limit affectingthe safety of agricultural production and human health according to the soilenvironmental quality standard of China, indicating an insignificant contamination ofthese metals in the area.
研究区土壤Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb的变异系数范围为12.2-45.0%，平均变异程度为：Cu>Pb>Ni>Cr>Zn，表明土壤Cu和Pb受人类活动干预强烈，外源输入量大，而Cr、Ni、Zn含量的变异较小，且其含量均值低于元素的区域背景值，表明外源输入相对较小。主成分分析结果表明，土壤Cr、Ni和Zn主要受成土母质和成土过程控制，Cu和Pb含量受人类活动的影响显著，施用禽畜粪便、含铜杀虫剂、杀菌剂等是土壤Cu的主要来源，工业废气、燃煤烟尘及生活垃圾等可能是研究区土壤Pb污染的主要来源。
德惠市农田土壤Cr、Ni和Zn的空间分布呈现一致性，高值区出现在德惠市中部，自南往北呈条带分布，另一个高值区分布在德惠市西南部，其空间分布受自然成土过程控制，表现出明显的地带性分布。Cu和Pb的分布受人类活动影响显著，Cu含量的高值区与工业和蔬菜生产基地相吻合，而Pb的高值区呈现斑状分布，且与大的乡镇村庄相吻合，表明工业废气，燃煤烟尘及生活废物是土壤Pb的主要来源。
开垦通过影响土壤中有机碳的含量和组成，影响重金属在胡敏酸和富里酸内的分布及其潜在迁移性。通过对不同开垦年限典型黑土的研究表明，与未开垦土壤相比，开垦土壤中DOC、SOC、HS和HU的含量都明显减少。与未开垦土壤相比，开垦200年以上土壤中SOC含量下降了30%。与FA相比，土壤HA对开垦的响应更加敏感，开垦引起HA含量的显著下降（38%），而FA仅下降7%。土壤的胡富比（CHA/CFA）由开垦前的2.05下降到开垦200年后的1.38，开垦引起胡富比下降了33%，表明开垦导致土壤的腐殖化程度降低。
Pb和Zn主要存在于FA中，FA结合态的Pb和Zn占HS中含量的47-60%和63-76%，而Cu主要存在于HA中，约55%的Na4P2O7+NaOH提取态的Cu存在于HA中。重金属与HA的结合有利于增加矿物颗粒对重金属的吸附，进而降低重金属的移动性和生物有效性，本研究中，Zn和Pb主要存在于FA中，表明研究区土壤中这些元素的潜在迁移性较高。开垦导致Cu和Zn在HA中的比率下降，相反增加了Cu和Zn在FA中的比率。对Pb在腐殖物质不同组分间分配的影响不显著。
德惠市玉米种植区农田土壤重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn和Pb都属于轻微生态风险，虽然土壤Pb和Cu存在明显累积，但是5种重金属含量都未超过土壤环境质量二级标准，表明德惠市黑土玉米种植区农田土壤中重金属的累积相对较轻，未对农业生产和人体健康造成危害。
Soil contamination with heavy metals draws great attention due to its potentialthreat to food safety, human health, and its detrimental effects on soil ecosystems.Excessive accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils can be transferred fromsoil to crops, and can affect human health through the food web. Food consumptionhas been identified as the major pathway of human exposure compared to other waysof exposure such as inhalation and dermal contact. The black soil region in NortheastChina is one of the major bases for commercial grain production in China, soilcontamination affects food safety. This research studied the environmental behaviorsand ecological effects of heavy metals in agricultural soil in Dehui, a representativeagricultural area in the black soil region, Northeast China. This research is essential toreduce metal inputs and to establish quality standards on a regional level that allowthe detection of sampling sites affected by pollution.
The coefficients of variation varied from12.2%for Zn to45.0%for Cu, itdecreased in the order Cu>Pb>Ni>Cr>Zn, showing the significant influence ofagronomic practices on soil Cu and Pb contents. The coefficients of variation for Cr,Ni, and Zn were small, and the mean concentrations of Cr, Ni, and Zn were lowerthan their background values, indicating that anthropic inputs of these elements werelow. The results of PCA for heavy metal contents showed that soil Cr, Ni, and Zn hada lithogenic origin, whereas, the elevated Cu concentrations in the study area were associated with industrial and agronomic practices, and the main sources of Pb wereindustrial fume, coal burning exhausts, and domestic waste.
The trends for soil Cr, Ni, and Zn were similar with higher concentrations trendingN–S across the centre of the study area, other hotspots were located in the southwestof the area. The concentrations of Cr, Ni, and Zn pointed to the parent materialinfluence, and their spatial distribution showed a good correlation with the surfaceevidence of the mineralogical structure. The spatial distribution of Cu and Pb wereaffected by human activities. High Cu values can come from Cu-based agrochemicalsrelated to specific agronomic practices; the hotspots of Cu were coincided with thevegetable farming area. The hotspots where the soils were enriched with Pb mostlycoincided with the towns and big villages that had a high discharge of industrial fume,coal burning exhausts and domestic waste.
Cultivation affects soil organic matter and its fractions, and affects metaldistribution in humic and fulvic acid in black soil. Uncultivated sites and theiradjacent cultivated sites (18,50, and>200years) were studied in the present study,the results showed that the content of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), soil organiccarbon (SOC), extractable humic substances (HS), and humin (HU) had decreasedafter200years of cultivation. SOC had decreased by30%after200years ofcultivation. Cultivation led to a moderate decrease (38%) in HA and a minor decrease(7%) in FA. The CHA/CFAratio, which is a humification parameter, decreased from2.05in the uncultivated soil to1.38in the soil cultivated for200years, showing a33%decrease, and indicating a lower degree of humification of organic matter incultivated soils.
Lead and Zn were more abundant in the FA than the HA fraction. TheFA-complexed Pb and Zn (%of total Na4P2O7+NaOH-extracted Pb and Zn) were inthe ranges47–60%and63–76%, respectively, showing that fulvic acid has a highaffinity for Pb and Zn. Binding on HA may enhance metal sorption on mineralparticles, and accordingly decrease the mobility of heavy metals. In the present study,relatively higher Zn and Pb concentrations were found in the FA fraction, evidencingthat these elements have high phytoavailability. Copper was bound predominantly to the HA fraction;55%of the Na4P2O7+NaOH extracted Cu was in the humic fraction.The share of Cu and Zn in the HA fraction decreased with cultivation time, butcultivation did not bring about a systematic change in Pb distribution in humicsubstances. The results show that cultivation can decrease the humified C content andmetals bound to the HA fraction, and suggest that cultivation may potentially increasethe mobility of heavy metals.
Risk assessment of heavy metals in agricultural soil showed that soil Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn,and Pb in the study area belonged to low potential ecological risk for all the samplingsites. Anthropic activities caused an enrichment of Cu and Pb in soils. However, metalconcentrations in all agricultural soils did not exceed the concentration limit affectingthe safety of agricultural production and human health according to the soilenvironmental quality standard of China, indicating an insignificant contamination ofthese metals in the area.
引文
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