基于可靠特征的软件水印研究
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摘要
软件水印是数字水印技术的一个分支,它将版权信息作为水印,秘密地嵌入在软件流程、代码、数据中,通过提取水印验证合法拥有者,检测、威慑盗版行为。该技术有效保护软件知识产权,不限制软件执行,符合软件厂商既保护产权又不影响市场推广的策略,受到软件厂商高度重视,是软件安全研究领域的热点。
近20年来,软件水印研究取得了大量研究成果,发表了多种软件水印算法,但满足实际应用需求的软件水印技术匮乏,其研究面临诸多问题和挑战。1、已有软件水印算法,大都以加入傀儡指令的方式嵌入水印,形成水印的代码没有真正的功能,利用逆向工程技术,很容易找出这些代码,进而破坏水印提取。2、水印鲁棒性差,即使编译器的优化功能都能对水印产生巨大影响,目前没有一种软件水印技术能抗混淆攻击。3、为提高水印鲁棒性,试图隐藏水印形成代码,导致水印算法无法公开,水印对抗强度差。4、抄袭程序整体代码的情形极为少见,当攻击者复制部分代码时,以整体程序为嵌入对象的水印,很难在部分代码中提取。
针对以上问题,本文对软件图分簇后,以簇为单位嵌入水印信息抗部分代码剽窃；以软件指令分布统计、频繁执行路径、混淆编译为可靠特征,将水印信息映射在软件本身的功能代码中,提高水印鲁棒性。具体研究内容如下：
(1)提出基于软件稠密共变图分簇的软件水印方法,解决部分代码剽窃时水印信息失效问题。该方法从CVS服务器上提取软件稠密共变图,再以随机步方式融合未改变节点,形成精确的稠密共变图。使用扩展后的GN算法对该图分簇后,每一簇代码精确映射原程序的一个子系统。在SANDMARK上的实验表明,除图论方法外的软件水印方法,当以簇为单位嵌入水印,任何一个完整子系统中都能成功提取水印信息,这有效解决了部分代码剽窃时,水印信息失效问题。
(2)借鉴变指令分布频率嵌入水印思想,提出只改变部分代码块指令频率的软件水印方法。该方法针对MSIL程序,将程序中每一assembly做为一个代码块,通过等价指令替换,改变assembly中某一条指令分布频率,嵌入一位水印信息。提取水印时,根据代码本检验特定assembly中选定指令频率,提取水印位。该方法以整体特征为载体,实现难度比SHKQ算法小,无需改变大量指令,可应用于较小的程序,通过代码本选取,具有抗共谋攻击能力。
(3)提出基于扩展频繁执行路径数据流的软件水印方法。该方法以程序可靠特征WPP(Whole Program Path)为嵌入水印,以扩展的频繁执行路径数据流为载体,将水印映射在数据流整体特征上,把水印嵌入定位于逻辑层面,水印与软件功能挂钩,破坏水印则影响程序执行,有效提高了水印鲁棒性。水印的嵌入对程序代码修改少,能避免维护、升级、补丁、传输、正常操作影响软件水印提取。WPP根据动态输入形成,不同的输入确定不同的载体,即使将抄袭的代码逆向工程后,用不同的编程语言再实现,水印信息依然可以提取。实验表明,该方法可抗多种保持语义攻击,几乎不会对程序执行产生负面影响。
(4)提出基于非等价语义混淆规则的软件水印方案,解决混淆与水印嵌入相互影响问题。该方案在对代码进行混淆的同时,利用混淆规则抽象映射水印信息,混淆与水印加入同时实现,避免混淆对水印造成破坏。该方案设计了非等价语义混淆变换,混淆后的代码不包含软件的全部语义,执行混淆后的程序得不到原程序功能,在隐藏软件语义的同时,保障了软件水印鲁棒性。方案设置一独立模块恢复语义,提取水印信息。反汇编实验表明,非等价语义混淆有效分割了代码语义,在抵御逆向工程的同时,提高了水印鲁棒性。
(5)开展了动态软件胎记技术的研究,将基于扩展频繁执行路径方法用于构造软件胎记。软件胎记的研究不仅对盗版检测有着重要意义,也促进了软件安全、软件维护、软件调试等相关研究领域发展。可靠性(经等价语义转换后仍可识别)高的胎记可抵御保持语义攻击,是软件水印理想的鲁棒性保障载体,可信性(区分不同开发人员开发的相同功能软件的性能)高的胎记是软件水印理想的嵌入载体。实验表明,此胎记的可靠性与WPP胎记相同,可信性明显高于WPP胎记,是对软件胎记技术的有意探索。
Software watermarking is used to identify a pirate copy, protects the software copyright,belongs to digital watermark technology. Software watermarking looks on copyrightinformation as a watermark, embeds the watermark into software control flow, code or data. Byextracting the watermark, this technique has held the cracker in awe, protected softwareintellectual property indeed. Software watermarking proves the ownership, doesn’t limit thesoftware as well has no effect on market, has been regarded highly by the company and saferesearcher of software.
In recent20years, has got large amount of research results. But, up to now, few softwarewatermarking technology is applied to the application, software watermarking is faced withmany problems.One of the limiting factors of the software watermarking is that somealgorithms, embed the watermark with the way adding puppet instruction, the codes forming awatermark have no way to blend with true code. It’s easy to find out these puppet codes byreverse engineering. Optimizer is able to produce enormous effect to the watermark. Fewsoftware watermarking technologies can resist to obfuscation. The available softwarewatermarking algorithms try to improve the robustness by concealing these codes, such codeshave no way to be related to software function, to observation, always can find out these codes.Resolving is that the software watermark is embedded into software core function, link thewatermark codes with software behavior, if these codes are deleted, the software works onwrong way. As well, software watermark takes software overall characteristic as carrier, therobustness can be improved. In addition, plagiarizing the entire codes is rare in fact. The mostattackers copy the part code only. The duplicating code is always a subsystem. Software sharesa graph structure, clustering software identifies every subsystem. When the software watermarkalgorithm focuses the embedding on entire program, watermark code is randomly inserted intothe place satisfying embedding. Extracting a watermark in the part code is unlikely. Steal a partfrom the program, made a cut attacks in some way.
To solve the mentioned problem, this dissertation presents the works as follows:Clustering the software aims to plagiarizing the part codes; embedding the watermarks ininstruction frequency, hot paths and obfuscation compile proves the robustness of watermarks.The main contributions of this dissertation are as following:
1. Software Watermarking Based on Condensed Co-Change Graph Cluster
Most software watermarking research focus on the discovery of watermark embedding,still no way to answer the problem that the part code is plagiarized. This study presents the first step toward a consideration of that watermarking every stolen part can improve the softwarewatermarking practicality. Condensed Co-Change Graph of software is inexpensivelyextractable with CVS server. Merging unchanged artifacts in the way of random walk used tobuild accurate Condensed Co-Change Graph. We use extended GN method in Co-Changegraph partition. Each cluster is a subsystem of software. The experiment on SANDMARKshows that takes cluster as unit after embedding a watermark, being able to extract watermarksuccessfully among any subsystems, except graph watermarking. If algorithm takes overallprogram as the watermark body, few approaches do work. Watermarking cluster can resist partcode stolen.
2. A new software watermarking algorithm based on instruction replacement ofparticular assembly
Draw on SHKQ, this dissertation presents a new software watermarking approach whichmodifies the frequency of selected assembly’s instruction to embed the watermark. Withchanging a particular instruction’s frequency of selected assembly, a bit of watermark isembedded into IL program. This watermark is extracted by calculating the frequency ofinstruction recorded in the textbook. This paper describes the implementation of softwarewatermarking algorithm based on instruction replacement of particular assembly and the issuesthat arise when aiming to MSIL, special for textbook. The experimental results show that thisalgorithm can resist collusive attack, more feasible than SHKQ in practice.
3. Hot Path Dataflow Approach to Software Watermarking
This paper presents a new approach to software watermarking based on dataflow of hotpath. Our approach computes hot paths from whole program path (WPP), and then uses impactanalysis approach to obtain the codes which closely related to the hot path. From these codes,extracts the dataflow which it uses to embed watermarks. By instrument the frequency of thedataflow, one bit watermark is embedded into one hot path. Extracting watermark is a reverseprocess. The hot path dataflow (HPD) approach would make the watermark more robustbecause disturbing the hot path would affect the semantic and the functionality of theunderlying software. The dataflow is available if hot path doesn’t change. Furthermore,instrument the frequency of the dataflow have a minimal effect on the operations andperformance of the data structure. This study provides a detailed security analysis andperformance evaluation to show that the addition of the watermark does not affect theperformance nor does it increase the size of the program, and the embedded watermarks arerobust, can withstand various types of attacks.
4. Unmatched Obfuscation Based Software watermarking
Unmatched obfuscation based software watermarking combines obfuscation with watermark properly. Unmatched obfuscation obfuscates the program, at same time, map thewatermarks to obfuscation rule. The obfuscated program doesn’t possess entire function,running the obfuscated program leads to wrong behaviors. The unmatched obfuscation hidesthe function of program and support the protection of watermarks. Moreover, there is a soleunit used to recovery the program, testify the watermarks. The experiment shows thatunmatched obfuscation cuts the interpretation of the obfuscated program, makes the reverseengineering fail, and prompts the robustness of the watermarks.
5. Expanded Hot Path for Software Birthmarking
The study of software birthmarking has promoted software safety, software maintenance,software debugging and so on. Resilience-resistance to transformation is feasible factor toensure a carrier. Credibility-distinguish two sets of modules is an ideal factor to find softwarewatermarking embedding carrier. According to this idea, we extract birthmark from expandedhot path. The experiment shows that, the resilience of this birthmark and WPP birthmark areidentical, the credibility overtops the WPP birthmark obviously.
近20年来,软件水印研究取得了大量研究成果,发表了多种软件水印算法,但满足实际应用需求的软件水印技术匮乏,其研究面临诸多问题和挑战。1、已有软件水印算法,大都以加入傀儡指令的方式嵌入水印,形成水印的代码没有真正的功能,利用逆向工程技术,很容易找出这些代码,进而破坏水印提取。2、水印鲁棒性差,即使编译器的优化功能都能对水印产生巨大影响,目前没有一种软件水印技术能抗混淆攻击。3、为提高水印鲁棒性,试图隐藏水印形成代码,导致水印算法无法公开,水印对抗强度差。4、抄袭程序整体代码的情形极为少见,当攻击者复制部分代码时,以整体程序为嵌入对象的水印,很难在部分代码中提取。
针对以上问题,本文对软件图分簇后,以簇为单位嵌入水印信息抗部分代码剽窃；以软件指令分布统计、频繁执行路径、混淆编译为可靠特征,将水印信息映射在软件本身的功能代码中,提高水印鲁棒性。具体研究内容如下：
(1)提出基于软件稠密共变图分簇的软件水印方法,解决部分代码剽窃时水印信息失效问题。该方法从CVS服务器上提取软件稠密共变图,再以随机步方式融合未改变节点,形成精确的稠密共变图。使用扩展后的GN算法对该图分簇后,每一簇代码精确映射原程序的一个子系统。在SANDMARK上的实验表明,除图论方法外的软件水印方法,当以簇为单位嵌入水印,任何一个完整子系统中都能成功提取水印信息,这有效解决了部分代码剽窃时,水印信息失效问题。
(2)借鉴变指令分布频率嵌入水印思想,提出只改变部分代码块指令频率的软件水印方法。该方法针对MSIL程序,将程序中每一assembly做为一个代码块,通过等价指令替换,改变assembly中某一条指令分布频率,嵌入一位水印信息。提取水印时,根据代码本检验特定assembly中选定指令频率,提取水印位。该方法以整体特征为载体,实现难度比SHKQ算法小,无需改变大量指令,可应用于较小的程序,通过代码本选取,具有抗共谋攻击能力。
(3)提出基于扩展频繁执行路径数据流的软件水印方法。该方法以程序可靠特征WPP(Whole Program Path)为嵌入水印,以扩展的频繁执行路径数据流为载体,将水印映射在数据流整体特征上,把水印嵌入定位于逻辑层面,水印与软件功能挂钩,破坏水印则影响程序执行,有效提高了水印鲁棒性。水印的嵌入对程序代码修改少,能避免维护、升级、补丁、传输、正常操作影响软件水印提取。WPP根据动态输入形成,不同的输入确定不同的载体,即使将抄袭的代码逆向工程后,用不同的编程语言再实现,水印信息依然可以提取。实验表明,该方法可抗多种保持语义攻击,几乎不会对程序执行产生负面影响。
(4)提出基于非等价语义混淆规则的软件水印方案,解决混淆与水印嵌入相互影响问题。该方案在对代码进行混淆的同时,利用混淆规则抽象映射水印信息,混淆与水印加入同时实现,避免混淆对水印造成破坏。该方案设计了非等价语义混淆变换,混淆后的代码不包含软件的全部语义,执行混淆后的程序得不到原程序功能,在隐藏软件语义的同时,保障了软件水印鲁棒性。方案设置一独立模块恢复语义,提取水印信息。反汇编实验表明,非等价语义混淆有效分割了代码语义,在抵御逆向工程的同时,提高了水印鲁棒性。
(5)开展了动态软件胎记技术的研究,将基于扩展频繁执行路径方法用于构造软件胎记。软件胎记的研究不仅对盗版检测有着重要意义,也促进了软件安全、软件维护、软件调试等相关研究领域发展。可靠性(经等价语义转换后仍可识别)高的胎记可抵御保持语义攻击,是软件水印理想的鲁棒性保障载体,可信性(区分不同开发人员开发的相同功能软件的性能)高的胎记是软件水印理想的嵌入载体。实验表明,此胎记的可靠性与WPP胎记相同,可信性明显高于WPP胎记,是对软件胎记技术的有意探索。
Software watermarking is used to identify a pirate copy, protects the software copyright,belongs to digital watermark technology. Software watermarking looks on copyrightinformation as a watermark, embeds the watermark into software control flow, code or data. Byextracting the watermark, this technique has held the cracker in awe, protected softwareintellectual property indeed. Software watermarking proves the ownership, doesn’t limit thesoftware as well has no effect on market, has been regarded highly by the company and saferesearcher of software.
In recent20years, has got large amount of research results. But, up to now, few softwarewatermarking technology is applied to the application, software watermarking is faced withmany problems.One of the limiting factors of the software watermarking is that somealgorithms, embed the watermark with the way adding puppet instruction, the codes forming awatermark have no way to blend with true code. It’s easy to find out these puppet codes byreverse engineering. Optimizer is able to produce enormous effect to the watermark. Fewsoftware watermarking technologies can resist to obfuscation. The available softwarewatermarking algorithms try to improve the robustness by concealing these codes, such codeshave no way to be related to software function, to observation, always can find out these codes.Resolving is that the software watermark is embedded into software core function, link thewatermark codes with software behavior, if these codes are deleted, the software works onwrong way. As well, software watermark takes software overall characteristic as carrier, therobustness can be improved. In addition, plagiarizing the entire codes is rare in fact. The mostattackers copy the part code only. The duplicating code is always a subsystem. Software sharesa graph structure, clustering software identifies every subsystem. When the software watermarkalgorithm focuses the embedding on entire program, watermark code is randomly inserted intothe place satisfying embedding. Extracting a watermark in the part code is unlikely. Steal a partfrom the program, made a cut attacks in some way.
To solve the mentioned problem, this dissertation presents the works as follows:Clustering the software aims to plagiarizing the part codes; embedding the watermarks ininstruction frequency, hot paths and obfuscation compile proves the robustness of watermarks.The main contributions of this dissertation are as following:
1. Software Watermarking Based on Condensed Co-Change Graph Cluster
Most software watermarking research focus on the discovery of watermark embedding,still no way to answer the problem that the part code is plagiarized. This study presents the first step toward a consideration of that watermarking every stolen part can improve the softwarewatermarking practicality. Condensed Co-Change Graph of software is inexpensivelyextractable with CVS server. Merging unchanged artifacts in the way of random walk used tobuild accurate Condensed Co-Change Graph. We use extended GN method in Co-Changegraph partition. Each cluster is a subsystem of software. The experiment on SANDMARKshows that takes cluster as unit after embedding a watermark, being able to extract watermarksuccessfully among any subsystems, except graph watermarking. If algorithm takes overallprogram as the watermark body, few approaches do work. Watermarking cluster can resist partcode stolen.
2. A new software watermarking algorithm based on instruction replacement ofparticular assembly
Draw on SHKQ, this dissertation presents a new software watermarking approach whichmodifies the frequency of selected assembly’s instruction to embed the watermark. Withchanging a particular instruction’s frequency of selected assembly, a bit of watermark isembedded into IL program. This watermark is extracted by calculating the frequency ofinstruction recorded in the textbook. This paper describes the implementation of softwarewatermarking algorithm based on instruction replacement of particular assembly and the issuesthat arise when aiming to MSIL, special for textbook. The experimental results show that thisalgorithm can resist collusive attack, more feasible than SHKQ in practice.
3. Hot Path Dataflow Approach to Software Watermarking
This paper presents a new approach to software watermarking based on dataflow of hotpath. Our approach computes hot paths from whole program path (WPP), and then uses impactanalysis approach to obtain the codes which closely related to the hot path. From these codes,extracts the dataflow which it uses to embed watermarks. By instrument the frequency of thedataflow, one bit watermark is embedded into one hot path. Extracting watermark is a reverseprocess. The hot path dataflow (HPD) approach would make the watermark more robustbecause disturbing the hot path would affect the semantic and the functionality of theunderlying software. The dataflow is available if hot path doesn’t change. Furthermore,instrument the frequency of the dataflow have a minimal effect on the operations andperformance of the data structure. This study provides a detailed security analysis andperformance evaluation to show that the addition of the watermark does not affect theperformance nor does it increase the size of the program, and the embedded watermarks arerobust, can withstand various types of attacks.
4. Unmatched Obfuscation Based Software watermarking
Unmatched obfuscation based software watermarking combines obfuscation with watermark properly. Unmatched obfuscation obfuscates the program, at same time, map thewatermarks to obfuscation rule. The obfuscated program doesn’t possess entire function,running the obfuscated program leads to wrong behaviors. The unmatched obfuscation hidesthe function of program and support the protection of watermarks. Moreover, there is a soleunit used to recovery the program, testify the watermarks. The experiment shows thatunmatched obfuscation cuts the interpretation of the obfuscated program, makes the reverseengineering fail, and prompts the robustness of the watermarks.
5. Expanded Hot Path for Software Birthmarking
The study of software birthmarking has promoted software safety, software maintenance,software debugging and so on. Resilience-resistance to transformation is feasible factor toensure a carrier. Credibility-distinguish two sets of modules is an ideal factor to find softwarewatermarking embedding carrier. According to this idea, we extract birthmark from expandedhot path. The experiment shows that, the resilience of this birthmark and WPP birthmark areidentical, the credibility overtops the WPP birthmark obviously.
引文
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