承接国际服务外包竞争力比较研究
摘要
服务外包是企业将原来在内部从事的服务活动转移给外部企业去执行的一种经济现象。承接国际服务外包不仅可以促进服务业出口、优化贸易结构,从而推动经济结构调整,还能够促进就业、提高劳动力素质。此外,服务外包具有资源消耗低、环境污染少等特点,可以在推动经济建设和社会发展的同时,兼顾节约能源与保护环境的需要。
许多国家,特别是发展中国家,竞相出台各种政策法规、制定发展战略鼓励和促进本国企业承接国际服务外包。爱尔兰是最早承接服务外包的国家之一,在欧洲市场上处于垄断地位。印度后来者居上,于2001年超过爱尔兰成为世界上最大的接包国。我国服务外包起步较晚,2006年商务部实施“千百十工程”之后发展迅速,目前在全球离岸服务市场上所占份额已居第二位,但与服务外包承接先进国相比还有很大差距。作为全球最大的发展中国家,我国GDP总额约是印度的四倍,而服务外包产业规模仅约为印度的三分之一；我国的服务外包企业数约是印度的2.5倍,而企业员工平均规模仅约是印度的三分之一；我国服务外包行业的劳动力数量已与印度相当,劳动生产率却还不到印度的三分之一。2010年,我国与印度离岸服务外包占全球市场的份额相差近40个百分点。服务外包接包竞争力的差异是造成这些现象的主要原因。
进入“十二五”时期,我国经济在高速发展的过程中,也遇到了一些问题,诸如粗放型经济发展模式、产业结构、能源与环境以及就业等。针对这些问题,我国国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划提出了“十二五”期间我国经济社会发展的主要目标,包括增加就业、提升服务业增加值占GDP的比重、节约资源以及有效保护环境等。鉴于承接国际服务外包在经济发展的积极作用,现阶段大力发展服务外包产业具有非常重要的现实意义。服务外包作为经济全球化的新标志和国际产业转移的一种新兴方式,同时受到了学术界的广泛关注。对服务外包接包竞争力的系统性探讨,有助于丰富和完善现有的服务外包及产业竞争力理论,也具有较高的理论价值。
本文在界定服务外包具体内涵的基础上,从国家、城市、企业三个层面,采用横向比较与纵向比较相结合、理论分析与实证分析相结合、定性分析与定量分析相结合的方法,深入研究了我国承接国际服务外包的竞争力水平。继而依据当前国际服务外包的发展态势对我国面临的机遇和挑战进行了归纳,并采用TOWS矩阵分析方法提出了我国进一步承接国际服务外包的政策建议。全文共分七章,具体安排如下：
第一章,阐述国际服务外包发展的现状以及对我国经济发展的意义,表明本文的研究背景与研究价值；提出研究思路与本文的研究内容；表明研究方法和可能存在的创新。
第二章,对服务外包的概念进行界定,阐述相关与相近概念的联系与区别,为后文的研究与数据选择提供支持；对国内外相关研究成果进行综述；提出本文研究的相关理论基础。
第三章,从国家层面对我国与国际上服务外包产业发展较为先进和迅速的国家进行比较分析,指出国际市场上适用我国并可以被借鉴的先进经验,分析我国在国际市场中的所具有的比较优势与劣势。
第四章,从城市层面对目前国际与国内重点接包城市的接包竞争力进行比较分析,对各城市在综合竞争力和服务外包行业发展竞争力之间的差异上取长补短,指出我国城际层面的竞争优势与劣势。
第五章,从企业自身发展过程的层面,分析影响服务外包产业发展的各项因素在产业实际发展过程中的作用,指出现实中对服务外包产业发展有强大推动作用但我国企业还未给予足够重视或发展还处于劣势的影响因素,为后续的对策研究提供支持。
第六章,对我国服务外包产业面临的外部环境——包括机遇与挑战因素——进行分析,结合前文的研究结果,使用TOWS分析矩阵对可使用的战略进行选择,并阐述战略核心与政策建议。
第七章,对全文进行总结,综述本文的主要结论。
本文的创新之处主要有两点：
第一,本文从多层面多角度系统性分析接包竞争力。本文利用三种影响因素选择方法从三个层面全方位、多层次综合考察承接服务外包的竞争力状况,为服务外包产业的竞争力比较研究提供了新的思路。
第二,本文在城市层面对现有城市综合竞争力评价体系与城市服务外包竞争力评价体系进行了合理改进与设计,构建了更加科学的模型；在企业层面,将接包竞争力的基本决定因素归纳为基础要素、过程要素和环境要素,建立了服务外包企业竞争力的决定框架,这对服务外包行业的竞争力研究来说是一个全新的观点。
服务外包的新兴性使国内外学者对该领域的研究起步较晚。本文对于服务外包产业竞争力的研究是在相对并不丰厚的前人研究成果基础上展开的,受作者学识及研究条件限制,本文的理论研究深度有所欠缺。另外,微观数据可得性的限制也对实证研究结果产生了一定影响,这有待于在后续的科研过程中逐步加以完善。
Service outsourcing is a kind of economic phenomenon that an organization transfers the service activities which may be performed internally to an independent organization to carry out. Undertaking international service outsourcing can not only promote the export of service industry and optimize trade structure so that economic structure should be adjusted well, but also increase employment and improve the quality of the labor force. Besides, the service outsourcing has some characteristics such as the lower consumption of resource, the less environmental pollution etc. It can promote economic construction and social development while meeting the needs of saving energy and protecting the environment.
Many countries, especially the developing ones, came out various policies and formulate the developing strategy to encourage the domestic enterprises to undertake international service outsourcing. Ireland is one of the earliest countries which undertake service outsourcing and occupy a monopoly position in the European market. As the later comers, India surpassed Ireland and became the largest outsourcing-undertaking country in the world in2001.Service outsourcing started late in China. It developed rapidly after "thousand-hundred-ten projects" carried out by Commerce Department in2006. For now, China is the number two in global offshore services market, but has a long way to catch up the leaders. Take India for example, as the largest developing country, China's GDP is about four times of India's, but the service outsourcing industry scale is only about a third; China has2.5times service outsourcing enterprises of India while the average scale of enterprises'employees is just a third; The quantity of labor in China is equal to India, but the labor productivity is less than a third. In2010, China is40points behind India in offshore service outsourcing share of global market. The difference in competitiveness of undertaking service outsourcing is the main reason.
Entering the12th Five-Year Plan period, China's economy met some problems in the process of rapid development, such as the extensive mode of economic development, industrial structure, energy, environment, employment and so on. To address these issues, in the national economic and social development12th five-year planning China puts forward some main goals which includes the increase of employment, the raising of proportion which service industry takes in GDP, conserving resources and protecting the environment etc. It has very important practical significance to develop service outsourcing industry in view of the positive role service outsourcing plays in the economic development. As the new sign of economic globalization and the new form of international industrial transfer, service outsourcing received extensive attention of the academia. The systematic discussion of undertaking service outsourcing competitiveness, which is helpful to enrich and perfect the existing service outsourcing and industry competition theory, also has highly theoretical value.
Based on the definition of the connotation of service outsourcing, this paper presents a thorough study of undertaking the international service outsourcing competitiveness of China from three perspectives:state, city and enterprise. Crosswise comparison, longitudinal comparison, theoretical analysis, empirical analysis, qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis were all applied in the study. Then suggestions were proposed to enhance the undertaking service outsourcing competitiveness according to the conclusions of the former studies and the current international situation. This paper is divided into seven chapters.
Chapter Ⅰ:expounds the actuality of the development of international service outsourcing and its significance to our country economy; introduces the background and value of the study; proposes the research content and mentality; explains research method and the potential innovation and deficiency.
Chapter Ⅱ:defines the concept of service outsourcing and other related terms; summarizes the related domestic and foreign research achievements; expresses the relevant theoretical basis.
Chapter Ⅲ:compares China with India and Ireland whose service outsourcing industry development is relatively quickly and advanced; analyses our country's comparative advantages and disadvantages in the international market from the state perspective.
Chapter Ⅳ:compares Shanghai and Dalian of China with Mumbai and Bangalore of India, these four cities are fully comparable; analyses our country's comparative advantages and disadvantages in the international market from the city perspective.
Chapter Ⅴ:tests how the factors worked in the process of service outsourcing industry development with empirical analysis; compares Neosoft with Infosys; analysis our country's comparative advantages and disadvantages in the international market from the enterprise perspective.
Chapter VI:analyses the current international situation; puts forward some strategic suggestions and solutions.
Chapter VII:sums up the text and main conclusions.
There are two innovation points in this essay:
First, this paper systematically analyzes competitiveness of undertaking service outsourcing form multi-perspective and multi-angle. Three methods were used to determine the factors influencing competitiveness. Three perspectives were applied to evaluate competitiveness level. This is a new thinking in the study of service outsourcing competitiveness.
Second, this paper rationally improved the existing urban comprehensive competitiveness evaluation system and service outsourcing competitiveness evaluation system and constructed a new model at city level; the fundamental determinants of undertaking service outsourcing were identified as basic elements, process elements and environmental elements at enterprise level. These are new opinions in service outsourcing area.
Service outsourcing is a burgeoning new area of study so that the research on it started relatively late. Due to the limitation of knowledge and research conditions, this paper did not go deep into the theoretical research and the restrictions of availability of micro data had some influence over the outcome of empirical study, which is left for further research to improve.
许多国家,特别是发展中国家,竞相出台各种政策法规、制定发展战略鼓励和促进本国企业承接国际服务外包。爱尔兰是最早承接服务外包的国家之一,在欧洲市场上处于垄断地位。印度后来者居上,于2001年超过爱尔兰成为世界上最大的接包国。我国服务外包起步较晚,2006年商务部实施“千百十工程”之后发展迅速,目前在全球离岸服务市场上所占份额已居第二位,但与服务外包承接先进国相比还有很大差距。作为全球最大的发展中国家,我国GDP总额约是印度的四倍,而服务外包产业规模仅约为印度的三分之一；我国的服务外包企业数约是印度的2.5倍,而企业员工平均规模仅约是印度的三分之一；我国服务外包行业的劳动力数量已与印度相当,劳动生产率却还不到印度的三分之一。2010年,我国与印度离岸服务外包占全球市场的份额相差近40个百分点。服务外包接包竞争力的差异是造成这些现象的主要原因。
进入“十二五”时期,我国经济在高速发展的过程中,也遇到了一些问题,诸如粗放型经济发展模式、产业结构、能源与环境以及就业等。针对这些问题,我国国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划提出了“十二五”期间我国经济社会发展的主要目标,包括增加就业、提升服务业增加值占GDP的比重、节约资源以及有效保护环境等。鉴于承接国际服务外包在经济发展的积极作用,现阶段大力发展服务外包产业具有非常重要的现实意义。服务外包作为经济全球化的新标志和国际产业转移的一种新兴方式,同时受到了学术界的广泛关注。对服务外包接包竞争力的系统性探讨,有助于丰富和完善现有的服务外包及产业竞争力理论,也具有较高的理论价值。
本文在界定服务外包具体内涵的基础上,从国家、城市、企业三个层面,采用横向比较与纵向比较相结合、理论分析与实证分析相结合、定性分析与定量分析相结合的方法,深入研究了我国承接国际服务外包的竞争力水平。继而依据当前国际服务外包的发展态势对我国面临的机遇和挑战进行了归纳,并采用TOWS矩阵分析方法提出了我国进一步承接国际服务外包的政策建议。全文共分七章,具体安排如下：
第一章,阐述国际服务外包发展的现状以及对我国经济发展的意义,表明本文的研究背景与研究价值；提出研究思路与本文的研究内容；表明研究方法和可能存在的创新。
第二章,对服务外包的概念进行界定,阐述相关与相近概念的联系与区别,为后文的研究与数据选择提供支持；对国内外相关研究成果进行综述；提出本文研究的相关理论基础。
第三章,从国家层面对我国与国际上服务外包产业发展较为先进和迅速的国家进行比较分析,指出国际市场上适用我国并可以被借鉴的先进经验,分析我国在国际市场中的所具有的比较优势与劣势。
第四章,从城市层面对目前国际与国内重点接包城市的接包竞争力进行比较分析,对各城市在综合竞争力和服务外包行业发展竞争力之间的差异上取长补短,指出我国城际层面的竞争优势与劣势。
第五章,从企业自身发展过程的层面,分析影响服务外包产业发展的各项因素在产业实际发展过程中的作用,指出现实中对服务外包产业发展有强大推动作用但我国企业还未给予足够重视或发展还处于劣势的影响因素,为后续的对策研究提供支持。
第六章,对我国服务外包产业面临的外部环境——包括机遇与挑战因素——进行分析,结合前文的研究结果,使用TOWS分析矩阵对可使用的战略进行选择,并阐述战略核心与政策建议。
第七章,对全文进行总结,综述本文的主要结论。
本文的创新之处主要有两点：
第一,本文从多层面多角度系统性分析接包竞争力。本文利用三种影响因素选择方法从三个层面全方位、多层次综合考察承接服务外包的竞争力状况,为服务外包产业的竞争力比较研究提供了新的思路。
第二,本文在城市层面对现有城市综合竞争力评价体系与城市服务外包竞争力评价体系进行了合理改进与设计,构建了更加科学的模型；在企业层面,将接包竞争力的基本决定因素归纳为基础要素、过程要素和环境要素,建立了服务外包企业竞争力的决定框架,这对服务外包行业的竞争力研究来说是一个全新的观点。
服务外包的新兴性使国内外学者对该领域的研究起步较晚。本文对于服务外包产业竞争力的研究是在相对并不丰厚的前人研究成果基础上展开的,受作者学识及研究条件限制,本文的理论研究深度有所欠缺。另外,微观数据可得性的限制也对实证研究结果产生了一定影响,这有待于在后续的科研过程中逐步加以完善。
Service outsourcing is a kind of economic phenomenon that an organization transfers the service activities which may be performed internally to an independent organization to carry out. Undertaking international service outsourcing can not only promote the export of service industry and optimize trade structure so that economic structure should be adjusted well, but also increase employment and improve the quality of the labor force. Besides, the service outsourcing has some characteristics such as the lower consumption of resource, the less environmental pollution etc. It can promote economic construction and social development while meeting the needs of saving energy and protecting the environment.
Many countries, especially the developing ones, came out various policies and formulate the developing strategy to encourage the domestic enterprises to undertake international service outsourcing. Ireland is one of the earliest countries which undertake service outsourcing and occupy a monopoly position in the European market. As the later comers, India surpassed Ireland and became the largest outsourcing-undertaking country in the world in2001.Service outsourcing started late in China. It developed rapidly after "thousand-hundred-ten projects" carried out by Commerce Department in2006. For now, China is the number two in global offshore services market, but has a long way to catch up the leaders. Take India for example, as the largest developing country, China's GDP is about four times of India's, but the service outsourcing industry scale is only about a third; China has2.5times service outsourcing enterprises of India while the average scale of enterprises'employees is just a third; The quantity of labor in China is equal to India, but the labor productivity is less than a third. In2010, China is40points behind India in offshore service outsourcing share of global market. The difference in competitiveness of undertaking service outsourcing is the main reason.
Entering the12th Five-Year Plan period, China's economy met some problems in the process of rapid development, such as the extensive mode of economic development, industrial structure, energy, environment, employment and so on. To address these issues, in the national economic and social development12th five-year planning China puts forward some main goals which includes the increase of employment, the raising of proportion which service industry takes in GDP, conserving resources and protecting the environment etc. It has very important practical significance to develop service outsourcing industry in view of the positive role service outsourcing plays in the economic development. As the new sign of economic globalization and the new form of international industrial transfer, service outsourcing received extensive attention of the academia. The systematic discussion of undertaking service outsourcing competitiveness, which is helpful to enrich and perfect the existing service outsourcing and industry competition theory, also has highly theoretical value.
Based on the definition of the connotation of service outsourcing, this paper presents a thorough study of undertaking the international service outsourcing competitiveness of China from three perspectives:state, city and enterprise. Crosswise comparison, longitudinal comparison, theoretical analysis, empirical analysis, qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis were all applied in the study. Then suggestions were proposed to enhance the undertaking service outsourcing competitiveness according to the conclusions of the former studies and the current international situation. This paper is divided into seven chapters.
Chapter Ⅰ:expounds the actuality of the development of international service outsourcing and its significance to our country economy; introduces the background and value of the study; proposes the research content and mentality; explains research method and the potential innovation and deficiency.
Chapter Ⅱ:defines the concept of service outsourcing and other related terms; summarizes the related domestic and foreign research achievements; expresses the relevant theoretical basis.
Chapter Ⅲ:compares China with India and Ireland whose service outsourcing industry development is relatively quickly and advanced; analyses our country's comparative advantages and disadvantages in the international market from the state perspective.
Chapter Ⅳ:compares Shanghai and Dalian of China with Mumbai and Bangalore of India, these four cities are fully comparable; analyses our country's comparative advantages and disadvantages in the international market from the city perspective.
Chapter Ⅴ:tests how the factors worked in the process of service outsourcing industry development with empirical analysis; compares Neosoft with Infosys; analysis our country's comparative advantages and disadvantages in the international market from the enterprise perspective.
Chapter VI:analyses the current international situation; puts forward some strategic suggestions and solutions.
Chapter VII:sums up the text and main conclusions.
There are two innovation points in this essay:
First, this paper systematically analyzes competitiveness of undertaking service outsourcing form multi-perspective and multi-angle. Three methods were used to determine the factors influencing competitiveness. Three perspectives were applied to evaluate competitiveness level. This is a new thinking in the study of service outsourcing competitiveness.
Second, this paper rationally improved the existing urban comprehensive competitiveness evaluation system and service outsourcing competitiveness evaluation system and constructed a new model at city level; the fundamental determinants of undertaking service outsourcing were identified as basic elements, process elements and environmental elements at enterprise level. These are new opinions in service outsourcing area.
Service outsourcing is a burgeoning new area of study so that the research on it started relatively late. Due to the limitation of knowledge and research conditions, this paper did not go deep into the theoretical research and the restrictions of availability of micro data had some influence over the outcome of empirical study, which is left for further research to improve.
引文
③数据来源：根据IDC相关数据(转引自邵金菊等：《服务外包：经济效应和影响因素研究》,浙江大学出版社,2011,56-58.)计算。
①江小涓,《服务全球化与服务外包：现状趋势及理论分析》,人民出版社,2008.11,第一版。
①符正平.比较优势与竞争优势的比较分析——兼论新竞争经济学及其启示[J].国际贸易问题,1999(8)：2.
①迈克尔·波特：《国家竞争优势》,华夏出版社,2001年1月,第14页。
②迈克尔·波特：《国家竞争优势》(中文版),华夏出版社,2002年,第119页。
①金碚：《中国工业国际竞争力——理论、方法与实证研究》,经济管理出版社,1997年,第37-38页。
①王晓露,企业竞争力理论文献综述[J].煤炭经济研究,2007(7)：49。
②数据来源：Forfas Report:annul competitive Benchmarking Ireland's Performance,2007, P100.
③ "Global Urban Competitiveness Report 2009-2010"显示,四城市综合竞争力排名为：上海(37),孟买(205),大连(218),班加罗尔(276)。
①潘松,《我们向印度学什么——印度超一流企业的崛起与启示》,机械工业出版社,2010年6月。
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