苹果园土壤生物活性及土壤镉行为的生物调节
摘要
在调查山东苹果产区不同生产水平果园土壤生物活性的基础上,以二年生红富士和三年生冬红果盆栽苹果幼树以及15年生成龄红富士苹果树及其土壤为材料(砧木均为平邑甜茶Malus hupenhensis Rhed),通过蚯蚓和有效微生物群(EM,Effective microorganisms)处理,研究了蚯蚓和EM对土壤生物活性、土壤镉吸附解吸行为及苹果幼树生长发育的调节作用,结果如下:
1、不同土壤类型果园的土壤生物活性具有明显差异,土壤酶的活性及土壤微生物碳、氮含量与土壤有机质含量有一定的关联度。在所研究的果园土壤类型(褐土、棕壤和潮土)中,土壤脲酶及碱性磷酸酶的活性以褐土为最高,酸性磷酸酶的活性以棕壤为最高,褐土微生物碳、氮含量明显高于潮土及棕壤。
2、苹果园产量与土壤生物活性具有很高的相关性。产量越高,土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性越大,土壤微生物碳、氮的含量也越高,在同一土壤类型的果园中,这种规律更为明显。超高产、高产及中产果园的土壤微生物商大于1,低产果园小于1;高产果园的土壤微生物碳氮比低于低产果园,高产果园土壤氮素的生物有效性高,土壤微生物群落中以细菌为主。
3、果园引入蚯蚓提高了土壤生物活性,但蚯蚓对土壤生物活性的影响程度与土壤类型密切相关。褐土、潮土和棕壤土中脲酶、酸性磷酸酶及碱性磷酸酶的活性在蚯蚓处理后均显著增高,其中脲酶活性在棕壤中增幅最大,酸性及碱性磷酸酶活性在潮土增幅中最大。褐土和潮土中微生物碳含量在蚯蚓处理后明显增加,其中在潮土增幅最大;褐土、潮土和棕壤中的微生物氮含量在蚯蚓处理后均明显增加,其中在棕壤增幅最大。
4、土壤施肥后再引入蚯蚓,土壤生物活性的变化因肥料种类和土壤类型而明显不同。褐土施肥后再引入蚯蚓,施用有机肥和无机肥的土壤酶活性和微生物碳、氮含量差异不显著;潮土及棕壤施用有机肥后再经蚯蚓处理,土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性以及微生物碳、氮含量均明显高于施用无机肥料的土壤。
5、应用EM提高了土壤生物活性,提高程度因土壤类型不同有较大差异。褐土经EM处理后,其脲酶、酸性磷酸酶及碱性磷酸酶的活性均显著提高;潮土和棕壤中的脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性在EM处理后提高,脲酶活性在棕壤中增幅最大,酸性磷酸酶活性在潮土中增幅最大。EM处理明显增加了褐土和潮土微生物碳含量,其中在潮土中增幅最大;EM处理也增加了褐土、潮土和棕壤的土壤微生物氮含量,其中在棕壤中增幅最大。
6、EM对土壤酶活性及微生物碳、氮含量的影响因施肥条件而不同。施用有机肥的褐土,经过EM处理后,其脲酶及碱性磷酸酶的活性较施用无机肥的提高更显著;不论在褐土、潮土还是在棕壤中,有机肥与EM组合处理后,土壤酶活性都最高。施用有机肥的褐土、潮土和棕壤,经EM处理后,它们的微生物碳含量均明显高于施用无机肥的;褐土及棕壤中的微生物氮含量,在施用有机肥比施用无机肥后提高显著。
7、褐土、潮土和棕壤引入蚯蚓和EM后,苹果幼树根系的活力提高,根尖数、根系总长度、表面积及体积增加,地上部生长加快。
8、蚯蚓和EM降低了土壤对Cd2+的吸附率和最大吸附量,EM效果更为明显。随着外加Cd2+浓度的提高,蚯蚓及EM对土壤镉解吸率总体上呈逐渐增大趋势,而且随着Cd2+吸附量的增加,解吸量随之提高,特别是土壤Cd2+的吸附量大于500mg.kg-1时,Cd2+解吸量的增加尤为显著。因此,蚯蚓和EM的存在,增加了土壤Cd2+浓度,能够明显增进根系对镉的吸收及镉在果实中的积累,尤其在土壤镉浓度较高时,效果更显著。
Soil biological activity of different productive level orchards in Shandong apple production areas were investigated; the effect of earthworms and effective microorganisms(EM) on the soil biological activity, the adsorption-desorption of cadmium and the growth and development of young apple trees with 2-year-old Fuji trees, 3-year-old Donghongguo apple trees and 15-year-old perennial bearing Fuji trees as materials (with Malus hupenhensis Rhed. as the apple stock) have been studied in pot or field experiments. The results are as follows.
1.There are significant difference in biological activity of different types of soil. The activity of soil enzyme, the content of SMBC and SMBN were in a certain degree of correlation with the content of organic matter in orchard. Among all kinds of soil which were studied including cinnamon soil, brown soil, fluvo-aquic soil , the activity of urease and alkaline phosphatase were highest in cinnamon soil, the activity of acid phosphatase was highest in brown soil,the content of SMBC and SMBN in cinnamon soil was significantly higher than that in fluvo-aquic and brown earth soil.
2. Orchard output and soil biological activity has a high correlation. The higher the yield, the greater activity of urease, acid and alkaline phosphatase, the richer content of SMBC and SMBN, which was more apparent among the same type of orchard. Generally, in super-high-yielding, high-yielding and mid-yielding orchards, qMB is more than 1, however in low-yielding,qMB is less than 1 in contrast. The ratio of SMBC and SMBN in high-yielding orchards is lower than that in low-yielding ones. The soil nitrogen is more bioavailability in high-yielding orchards, and bacterial communities consists the majority of soil microbial communities.
3. The earthworms improves the biological activity of soil, but the extent of this impact was closely realeated to the type of soil. Earthworms enhanced the activity of urease, acid and alkaline phosphatase in cinnamon, brown, and fluvo-aquic soil significantly. To the increased extent, urease came to the highest in brown soil, while acid and alkaline phosphatase was in fluvo-aquic soil. The content of SMBC was increased significantly after the applied of earthworms in cinnamon and fluvo-aquic soil, thereinto the fluvo-aquic soil had higher incerased content of SMBC. The earthworms obviously increases the content of SMBN in all these three types soil, and the largest increasing range is in brown soil.
4. If we introduced earthworms after the fertilization in soil, it would bring different results to soil enzyme activity depending on the different type of fertilizers and soil.Using earthworms after the fertilization in cinnamon soil, there was no significant difference in soil enzyme activity, the content of SMBC and SMBN compared with organic fertilizers and fertilizers. Introduced earthworms after the organic fertilizers used in fluvo-aquic and brown soil, the activity of urease, acid and alkaline phosphatase , the content of SMBC and SMBN were significantly higher than that in soils applied of fertilizer.
5. Application of EM increased the soil's biological activity, but the extent of this impact were different depending on the type of soil. EM Significantly improved the activity of urease, acid and alkalescence phosphatase in cinnamon soil, and enhanced the activity of urease, acid phosphatase in fluvo-aquic and brown soil. Thereinto the activity of urease has the highest increased in cinnamon soil, while the acid phosphatase was in fluvo-aquic soil. Application of EM increased the content of SMBC in cinnamon and fluvo-aquic soil, then the larger increasing range is in fluvo-aquic soil. It also increased the content of SMBN in three types of soil, and the largest increasing range was in brown soil.
6. Under different fertilizing conditions, EM had different effects on the activity of soil enzyme and the content of SMBC and SMBN. After treated cinnamon soil with EM and organic fertilizers , compared with fertilizers, application of organic fertilizers significantly increased the activity of urease and alkaline phosphatas. Under“EM + organic fertilizers”treatment the activities of soil enzyme was highest in three types of soil. After treated by EM, the content of SMBC was much higher when organic fertilizers were added to these soils,.And after used organic fertilizers, the content of SMBN in brown and cinnamon soil was significantly rised.
7. The participation of earthworms and EM in cinnamon, brown and fluvo-aquic soil enhanced the activity of root of young apple trees, increased the number of root tips, the length of roots, the surface area and volume of roots , accelerated the growth of the part above-earth.
8. Earthworms and EM decreased the Cd2+ absorption ratio and maximum absorption capacity of soil, EM had more evidently effect. With the increase of Cd2+ concentration added to soil , the effect of earthworms and EM on soil desorption ratio went up gradually on general. And with the augmentation of the amount of Cd2+ absorbed, the amount of desorption increased naturally. Especially, when the amount of Cd2+ absorption was bigger than 500mg.kg-1, the amount of desorption increased significantly. Therefore, the existence of earthworms and EM increased the soil Cd2+ concentration, and it could significantly promote the Cd2+ absorption in the root system and Cd2+ accumulation in fruits, especially, the effects were more pronounced when the Cd2+ concentration was rather high.
1、不同土壤类型果园的土壤生物活性具有明显差异,土壤酶的活性及土壤微生物碳、氮含量与土壤有机质含量有一定的关联度。在所研究的果园土壤类型(褐土、棕壤和潮土)中,土壤脲酶及碱性磷酸酶的活性以褐土为最高,酸性磷酸酶的活性以棕壤为最高,褐土微生物碳、氮含量明显高于潮土及棕壤。
2、苹果园产量与土壤生物活性具有很高的相关性。产量越高,土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性越大,土壤微生物碳、氮的含量也越高,在同一土壤类型的果园中,这种规律更为明显。超高产、高产及中产果园的土壤微生物商大于1,低产果园小于1;高产果园的土壤微生物碳氮比低于低产果园,高产果园土壤氮素的生物有效性高,土壤微生物群落中以细菌为主。
3、果园引入蚯蚓提高了土壤生物活性,但蚯蚓对土壤生物活性的影响程度与土壤类型密切相关。褐土、潮土和棕壤土中脲酶、酸性磷酸酶及碱性磷酸酶的活性在蚯蚓处理后均显著增高,其中脲酶活性在棕壤中增幅最大,酸性及碱性磷酸酶活性在潮土增幅中最大。褐土和潮土中微生物碳含量在蚯蚓处理后明显增加,其中在潮土增幅最大;褐土、潮土和棕壤中的微生物氮含量在蚯蚓处理后均明显增加,其中在棕壤增幅最大。
4、土壤施肥后再引入蚯蚓,土壤生物活性的变化因肥料种类和土壤类型而明显不同。褐土施肥后再引入蚯蚓,施用有机肥和无机肥的土壤酶活性和微生物碳、氮含量差异不显著;潮土及棕壤施用有机肥后再经蚯蚓处理,土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性以及微生物碳、氮含量均明显高于施用无机肥料的土壤。
5、应用EM提高了土壤生物活性,提高程度因土壤类型不同有较大差异。褐土经EM处理后,其脲酶、酸性磷酸酶及碱性磷酸酶的活性均显著提高;潮土和棕壤中的脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性在EM处理后提高,脲酶活性在棕壤中增幅最大,酸性磷酸酶活性在潮土中增幅最大。EM处理明显增加了褐土和潮土微生物碳含量,其中在潮土中增幅最大;EM处理也增加了褐土、潮土和棕壤的土壤微生物氮含量,其中在棕壤中增幅最大。
6、EM对土壤酶活性及微生物碳、氮含量的影响因施肥条件而不同。施用有机肥的褐土,经过EM处理后,其脲酶及碱性磷酸酶的活性较施用无机肥的提高更显著;不论在褐土、潮土还是在棕壤中,有机肥与EM组合处理后,土壤酶活性都最高。施用有机肥的褐土、潮土和棕壤,经EM处理后,它们的微生物碳含量均明显高于施用无机肥的;褐土及棕壤中的微生物氮含量,在施用有机肥比施用无机肥后提高显著。
7、褐土、潮土和棕壤引入蚯蚓和EM后,苹果幼树根系的活力提高,根尖数、根系总长度、表面积及体积增加,地上部生长加快。
8、蚯蚓和EM降低了土壤对Cd2+的吸附率和最大吸附量,EM效果更为明显。随着外加Cd2+浓度的提高,蚯蚓及EM对土壤镉解吸率总体上呈逐渐增大趋势,而且随着Cd2+吸附量的增加,解吸量随之提高,特别是土壤Cd2+的吸附量大于500mg.kg-1时,Cd2+解吸量的增加尤为显著。因此,蚯蚓和EM的存在,增加了土壤Cd2+浓度,能够明显增进根系对镉的吸收及镉在果实中的积累,尤其在土壤镉浓度较高时,效果更显著。
Soil biological activity of different productive level orchards in Shandong apple production areas were investigated; the effect of earthworms and effective microorganisms(EM) on the soil biological activity, the adsorption-desorption of cadmium and the growth and development of young apple trees with 2-year-old Fuji trees, 3-year-old Donghongguo apple trees and 15-year-old perennial bearing Fuji trees as materials (with Malus hupenhensis Rhed. as the apple stock) have been studied in pot or field experiments. The results are as follows.
1.There are significant difference in biological activity of different types of soil. The activity of soil enzyme, the content of SMBC and SMBN were in a certain degree of correlation with the content of organic matter in orchard. Among all kinds of soil which were studied including cinnamon soil, brown soil, fluvo-aquic soil , the activity of urease and alkaline phosphatase were highest in cinnamon soil, the activity of acid phosphatase was highest in brown soil,the content of SMBC and SMBN in cinnamon soil was significantly higher than that in fluvo-aquic and brown earth soil.
2. Orchard output and soil biological activity has a high correlation. The higher the yield, the greater activity of urease, acid and alkaline phosphatase, the richer content of SMBC and SMBN, which was more apparent among the same type of orchard. Generally, in super-high-yielding, high-yielding and mid-yielding orchards, qMB is more than 1, however in low-yielding,qMB is less than 1 in contrast. The ratio of SMBC and SMBN in high-yielding orchards is lower than that in low-yielding ones. The soil nitrogen is more bioavailability in high-yielding orchards, and bacterial communities consists the majority of soil microbial communities.
3. The earthworms improves the biological activity of soil, but the extent of this impact was closely realeated to the type of soil. Earthworms enhanced the activity of urease, acid and alkaline phosphatase in cinnamon, brown, and fluvo-aquic soil significantly. To the increased extent, urease came to the highest in brown soil, while acid and alkaline phosphatase was in fluvo-aquic soil. The content of SMBC was increased significantly after the applied of earthworms in cinnamon and fluvo-aquic soil, thereinto the fluvo-aquic soil had higher incerased content of SMBC. The earthworms obviously increases the content of SMBN in all these three types soil, and the largest increasing range is in brown soil.
4. If we introduced earthworms after the fertilization in soil, it would bring different results to soil enzyme activity depending on the different type of fertilizers and soil.Using earthworms after the fertilization in cinnamon soil, there was no significant difference in soil enzyme activity, the content of SMBC and SMBN compared with organic fertilizers and fertilizers. Introduced earthworms after the organic fertilizers used in fluvo-aquic and brown soil, the activity of urease, acid and alkaline phosphatase , the content of SMBC and SMBN were significantly higher than that in soils applied of fertilizer.
5. Application of EM increased the soil's biological activity, but the extent of this impact were different depending on the type of soil. EM Significantly improved the activity of urease, acid and alkalescence phosphatase in cinnamon soil, and enhanced the activity of urease, acid phosphatase in fluvo-aquic and brown soil. Thereinto the activity of urease has the highest increased in cinnamon soil, while the acid phosphatase was in fluvo-aquic soil. Application of EM increased the content of SMBC in cinnamon and fluvo-aquic soil, then the larger increasing range is in fluvo-aquic soil. It also increased the content of SMBN in three types of soil, and the largest increasing range was in brown soil.
6. Under different fertilizing conditions, EM had different effects on the activity of soil enzyme and the content of SMBC and SMBN. After treated cinnamon soil with EM and organic fertilizers , compared with fertilizers, application of organic fertilizers significantly increased the activity of urease and alkaline phosphatas. Under“EM + organic fertilizers”treatment the activities of soil enzyme was highest in three types of soil. After treated by EM, the content of SMBC was much higher when organic fertilizers were added to these soils,.And after used organic fertilizers, the content of SMBN in brown and cinnamon soil was significantly rised.
7. The participation of earthworms and EM in cinnamon, brown and fluvo-aquic soil enhanced the activity of root of young apple trees, increased the number of root tips, the length of roots, the surface area and volume of roots , accelerated the growth of the part above-earth.
8. Earthworms and EM decreased the Cd2+ absorption ratio and maximum absorption capacity of soil, EM had more evidently effect. With the increase of Cd2+ concentration added to soil , the effect of earthworms and EM on soil desorption ratio went up gradually on general. And with the augmentation of the amount of Cd2+ absorbed, the amount of desorption increased naturally. Especially, when the amount of Cd2+ absorption was bigger than 500mg.kg-1, the amount of desorption increased significantly. Therefore, the existence of earthworms and EM increased the soil Cd2+ concentration, and it could significantly promote the Cd2+ absorption in the root system and Cd2+ accumulation in fruits, especially, the effects were more pronounced when the Cd2+ concentration was rather high.
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