黄土高原草地与农田系统土壤呼吸及碳平衡
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摘要
全球变化是当前最受关注的科学问题之一,人类活动干扰下的陆地生态系统碳循环过程是该领域研究的热点问题。土壤呼吸是碳循环中的重要环节,土壤呼吸组分区分是土壤呼吸研究的核心问题,但精确、原位区分土壤呼吸组分仍是一个难点。由于自然和人类活动的综合影响,黄土高原已成为世界水土流失最严重的区域之一。上世纪末,国家在该区域实施了退耕还林还草工程,但截至目前,有关退耕还草工程对该生态系统固碳潜力及其碳源/汇强度和分布影响的研究还较少。本研究以黄土高原退耕逾20年的草地和传统耕作农田为对象,通过4年的野外调查和室内试验,改进了区分土壤呼吸组分的方法,测定了草地与农田系统土壤呼吸组分的动态特征以及净初级生产力和土壤碳库的变化,分析研究了影响土壤有机碳和无机碳转化的因素,确定了土壤呼吸各组分与环境和生物因子的关系,量化了系统的碳收支及其影响机制,以期为深入理解土地利用方式对生态系统碳源/汇功能的影响和退耕还草工程的固碳效应的评价提供科学依据。主要研究结果如下：
1.在壕沟法的基础上,创建了“多处理交替测定,分别建模计算”的方法区分并系统地量化了草地和农田系统微生物呼吸(Rm)和根呼吸(Rr),同时考虑了冬季和夜间土壤呼吸组分的变化。农田系统(谷子)的研究表明,土壤总呼吸(Rt)和Rm的日变化趋势一致,最高值出现在13：00-15：00,最低值出现在3：00-6：00,其日变化规律主要受土壤温度影响；而Rr最高值出现在0：00-3：00,最低值出现在11：00-13：00,其日变化主要受植物光合作用影响。Rt,Rm和Rr的日平均值接近于9：00的测定值。在季节尺度上,Rm主要受土壤温度(T)和土壤水分(M)的共同影响,其相关方程为：Rm=-0.020+0.024 T+0.013 M.(r2=0.83,P<0.001)。Rr与植物叶面积指数(LAI)显著相关,其相关方程为：Rr=0.160+0.454LAI.(r2=0.85,P<0.05).根呼吸比例(Rr/Rt)白天低、夜晚高,且表现出显著的季节变化。Rr/Rt日平均值接近于9：00的测定值,在整个生长季变幅为22.3%-86.6%,平均值为67.3%。
2.连续2年,应用改进的壕沟法区分了围封草地Rm和Rr,并通过测定土壤中CO2的产生率和扩散率,应用分析模型对Rr和Rm结果进行校正。结果显示,草地中Rm和Rr的日变化和季节变化规律与农田相同,Rm的日变化主要受土壤温度的影响,而Rr主要受植物光合作用的影响。季节尺度上,土壤温度和水分与Rm显著相关,方程为：Rm=-0.024+0.027 T+0.022 M(r2=0.76,P<0.001),而植物物候期是影响Rr季节变化的主要因素。草地Rr/Rt的日变化也呈现白天低、夜晚高的规律。两年的结果表明,Rr/Rt从3月到11月变幅平均为14.8%-62.8%,整个生长季平均值为41.7%,全年平均值为41.9%。两年间降水格局的不同没有改变全年的Rr/Rt。分析模型的校正结果显示,在该区应用壕沟法区分呼吸组分会导致Rr被低估4.2%,Rr/Rt被低估1.8%。
3.对比研究了围封与放牧对土壤呼吸组分的影响。放牧草地围封3年后,表层土壤有机碳(SOC)和土壤微生物量碳(SMBC)显著增加(P<0.05),进而导致Rm在多数季节显著升高,且Rm对温度的响应更加敏感。2008年,围封草地Rm年累积量为165.9 g C m-2,放牧草地为116.1 g C m-2。整个生长季,围封草地Rr平均为0.374μmolCO2m-2s-1,较放牧草地(0.309μmol CO2m-2s-1)高21.0%,围封草地根系生物量也显著高于放牧草地。
4.对比分析了草地与农田系统0-200 cm土层土壤碳的分布格局及碳库特征。结果表明：0-20 cm土层土壤全碳(TC)含量草地显著高于农田,围封草地显著高于放牧草地(P<0.05)。农田系统10 cm以下各土层SOC含量均高于草地,而20-80 cm土层,草地土壤无机碳(SIC)含量显著高于农田(P<0.05)。各样地100cm以上土层SOC和SIC之间呈负相关。0-200 cm土层SOC贮量两农田的平均值为9.68×103g C m-2,比围封草地(7.12×103g C m-2)和放牧草地(6.83×103g Cm-2)分别高36.2%和41.9%(P<0.05)；0-200 cm土层SIC贮量草地显著高于农田,其贮量为：围封草地(5.49×104g C m-2)>放牧草地(5.30×104g C m-2)>农田(5.04×104 g C m-2)。围封和放牧草地较农田分别高8.9%和5.1%,围封草地较放牧草地高3.6%。农作物收获将一部分Ca和Mg带出土壤,导致农田Ca和Mg贮量降低,可能是导致农田无机碳淀积过程弱于草地的主要原因。另外,草地土壤较高的微生物碳含量和CO2浓度也有利于有机碳的分解和无机碳的淀积。
退耕24年后的草地在持续放牧条件下土壤全碳贮量(5.99×104g C m-2)与农田(6.04×104g C m-2)相比没有显著差异,而放牧草地围封5年后土壤全碳贮量(6.21×104g C m-2)显著增加3.6%。
5.采用阶段累积法、峰值法和极差法测定了草地NPP,并对传统耕作方式下的农田和退耕20余年的草地系统碳平衡进行了连续4年的比较研究。结果表明,阶段累积法较峰值法和极差法对草地NPP的估算更为准确,其对围封和放牧草地的估算值分别是峰值法与极差法的1.3与5.3倍和1.5与6.2倍。该区退耕后的草地与传统耕作的农田均为碳汇,围封草地和中度放牧草地年固碳量分别为95.5和96.4g C m-2,农田系统年净固碳量为35.8g C m-2,草地固碳量约为农田的2.7倍,退耕还草有利于陆地生态系统对大气CO2的固存。
The global climit change is becoming one of the most important issue in the scientific field, while interest in the carbon (C) cycle in the terrestrial ecosystems disturbed by human activity has grown. Soil respiration is an important process in the C cycle, while partitioning different soil respiration componengts is very important. However, it is difficult to partition soil respiration precisely in situ. Because of the unreasonable use of lands, the Loess Plateau has become one of the regions with the most serious soil erosion. In the end of last century, China initiated a state-funded project, Grain-for-Green, in this region. However, few studies have focused on the influences of the project on the C sequestration potential in the terrestrial ecosystems. Four years' study had been conducted in the grasslands (fenced grassland:W; grazing grassland:Z) which had been retreated from cultivation over 20 years, as well as the croplands (G and Y) under traditional cultivation. With the improved method for soil respiration partitioning, we investigated the variations of soil respiration, different soil respiration components, net primary production (NPP), soil C storage, and analyzed the facts controlling the transformation between soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil inorganic carbon (SIC). The C balance was also estimated and the mechanism of C source/sink change was studied. The purposes are to better understand the effects of land-use conversion on soil carbon sequestration, and to provide valuable scientific information for evaluating the effects of "Grain-for-Green" project on C sequestration.
The main results are as follows:
1. Based on the trenching method, a method of "measuring alternatively among treatments, modeling and calculating separately" was established to partition and quantify microbial respirtion (Rm) and root respiration (Rr) in the grasslands and croplands. The results for the cropland (Y) (Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.) showed that total soil respiration (Rt) and Rm showed similar diurnal variation, with the maximum values at 13:00-15:00 and the minimum at 3:00-6:00. Soil temperature exerted predominant control over the diurnal variations of Rt and Rm. The minimum values of Rr appeared at 11:00-13:00 and the maximum at 0:00-3:00, which was not consistent with the change in photosynthesis. The daily mean values of Rt、Rm and Rr were close to that measured at 9:00. At the seasonal scale, Rm was strongly dependent on both soil temperature and moisture, the regression equation was:Rm=-0.020+0.024 T+0.013 M (r2=0.83, P<0.001). Rr was strongly correlated with leaf area index (LAI), the regression equation was:Rr=0.160+ 0.454 LAI (r2=0.85, P<0.05). Rr/Rt ratio was higher at nighttime and lower at daytime, and showed an pronounced seasonal variation. The daily mean values of Rr/Rt ratios were close to the values obtained at 9:00. Rr/Rt ratio ranged between 22.3% and 86.6% and averaged 67.3% in the whole growing season.
2. with the improved trenching method, soil respiration in the fenced grassland (W) was partitioned into Rm and Rr in 2008 and 2009. With the measurements of soil CO2 production and soil CO2 diffusivity, an analytical model was applied to correct the data of Rm and Rr, aiming to reduce the method-induced error. The results showed that the diurnal and seasonal variations of Rm and Rr were similar to that in the cropland (Y), the diurnal variation of Rm was mainly depend on soil temperature, while that of Rr was mainly influenced by plant photosynthesis. The seasonal variation of Rm was predominantly controled by the effects of both soil temperature and moisture, the regression equation was:Rm=-0.024+0.027 T+0.022 M.(r2=0.76, P<0.001). Rr/Rt ratio was also higher at nighttime and lower at daytime. In the two years, Rr/Rt ratio ranged between 14.8% and 62.8% in the growing season (March-November), and averaged 41.7% and 41.9% for the whole growing season and whole year. The different distribution of precipitation in the two years did not change the Rr/Rt ratio. Corrected by the analytical model, it could be concluded that the usual trenching method with small root-free plots led to an underestimation of Rr and Rr/Rt ratio by 4.2% and 1.8%.
3. The effects of grazing and grazing exclusion on different soil respiration components were investigated. After exclusion of grazing for about 3 years, SOC and microbial biomass C (SMBC) in the surface soil of grassland increased significantly(P< 0.05), resulting in the increase of Rm in most seasons. The temperature dependence of Rm also increased. The annual accumulations of Rm were 165.9 g C m-2 in W and 116.1 g C m-2 in Z. Rr averaged 0.374μmol CO2 m-2 s-1 in W in the whole growing season,21.0% higher than that in Z (0.309μmol CO2 m-2 s-1). It might be attibuted to the higher root biomass in W (220.0 gm-2) compared to that in Z (185.6 g -2).
4. The carbon distribution and storage in 0-200 cm soil layer in the grasslands and croplands were investigated. SOC contents in the soil layers below 10 cm were higher in the croplands than that in the grasslands, while SIC contents in 20-80 cm soil layers in the grasslands were significantly higher than that in the croplands (P<0.05). in 0-20 cm soil layer, soil total carbon (TC) contents were significantly higher in grasslands than that in the croplands (P<0.05), while TC content in W was significant higher than that in Z (P<0.05). Negative correlations were found between SOC and SIC for all sites. In 0-200 cm soil layer, the mean value of SOC storage for the two croplands was 9.68×103g C m-2,36.2% and 41.9% higher than that in W (7.12 g C m-2) and Z (6.83 g C m-2) (P<0.05). SIC storages in 0-200 cm soil layer in the grasslands were significantly higher than that in the croplands, and the sequence was:W (5.49×104 g C m-2)> Z (5.30×104 g C m-2)> croplands (mean of G and Y:5.04g104 g C m-2). SIC storage in W and Z were 8.9% and 5.1% higher than that in the croplands, while that in W was 3.6% higher than that in Z. Because of the special harvesting method, Ca、Mg were taken out from the soil continuously, leading to the decrease of Ca、Mg storge and lower precipitation of SIC. On the other hand, the higher root biomass in the grasslands might lead to higher SMBC and higher CO2 concentration, further accelerated the decomposition of soil organic matter and the precipitation of SIC.
After retreating from cultivation for 24 years, TC storage in the grassland (5.99×104g C m-2) did not change significantly under continuate grazing compared to the cropland (6.04×104g C m-2), while grazing exclusion for 5 years resulted in an increase of TC storage (6.21×104g C m-2) by 3.6%.
5. NPP in the grasslands was estimated with three methods:"Peak biomass"、"peak-trough analysis" and "sum of positive increments in live and dead plus litter (SPI)", and the carbon balances in the croplands and the grasslands from 2007 to 2010 were also investigated. The results showed that the "SPI" method could give more reliable results of NPP compared to the others. For W, the NPP estimated with the "SPI" method was 1.3 and 5.3 times of "Peak biomass" and "peak-trough analysis" methods, while for Z, it was 1.5 and 6.2 times of the latter two methods, respectively. In this region, both the cropland and the grassland retreated from cultivation could act as carbon sink. The annual carbon sequestration in W and Z were 95.5 and 96.4 g C m-2, while that in the cropland (Y) was 35.8 g C m-2, The carbon sequestration in the grasslands were about 2.7 times of that in the cropland, which indicated that conversion of cropland to grassland contribute to the sequestration of the atmospheric CO2.
1.在壕沟法的基础上,创建了“多处理交替测定,分别建模计算”的方法区分并系统地量化了草地和农田系统微生物呼吸(Rm)和根呼吸(Rr),同时考虑了冬季和夜间土壤呼吸组分的变化。农田系统(谷子)的研究表明,土壤总呼吸(Rt)和Rm的日变化趋势一致,最高值出现在13：00-15：00,最低值出现在3：00-6：00,其日变化规律主要受土壤温度影响；而Rr最高值出现在0：00-3：00,最低值出现在11：00-13：00,其日变化主要受植物光合作用影响。Rt,Rm和Rr的日平均值接近于9：00的测定值。在季节尺度上,Rm主要受土壤温度(T)和土壤水分(M)的共同影响,其相关方程为：Rm=-0.020+0.024 T+0.013 M.(r2=0.83,P<0.001)。Rr与植物叶面积指数(LAI)显著相关,其相关方程为：Rr=0.160+0.454LAI.(r2=0.85,P<0.05).根呼吸比例(Rr/Rt)白天低、夜晚高,且表现出显著的季节变化。Rr/Rt日平均值接近于9：00的测定值,在整个生长季变幅为22.3%-86.6%,平均值为67.3%。
2.连续2年,应用改进的壕沟法区分了围封草地Rm和Rr,并通过测定土壤中CO2的产生率和扩散率,应用分析模型对Rr和Rm结果进行校正。结果显示,草地中Rm和Rr的日变化和季节变化规律与农田相同,Rm的日变化主要受土壤温度的影响,而Rr主要受植物光合作用的影响。季节尺度上,土壤温度和水分与Rm显著相关,方程为：Rm=-0.024+0.027 T+0.022 M(r2=0.76,P<0.001),而植物物候期是影响Rr季节变化的主要因素。草地Rr/Rt的日变化也呈现白天低、夜晚高的规律。两年的结果表明,Rr/Rt从3月到11月变幅平均为14.8%-62.8%,整个生长季平均值为41.7%,全年平均值为41.9%。两年间降水格局的不同没有改变全年的Rr/Rt。分析模型的校正结果显示,在该区应用壕沟法区分呼吸组分会导致Rr被低估4.2%,Rr/Rt被低估1.8%。
3.对比研究了围封与放牧对土壤呼吸组分的影响。放牧草地围封3年后,表层土壤有机碳(SOC)和土壤微生物量碳(SMBC)显著增加(P<0.05),进而导致Rm在多数季节显著升高,且Rm对温度的响应更加敏感。2008年,围封草地Rm年累积量为165.9 g C m-2,放牧草地为116.1 g C m-2。整个生长季,围封草地Rr平均为0.374μmolCO2m-2s-1,较放牧草地(0.309μmol CO2m-2s-1)高21.0%,围封草地根系生物量也显著高于放牧草地。
4.对比分析了草地与农田系统0-200 cm土层土壤碳的分布格局及碳库特征。结果表明：0-20 cm土层土壤全碳(TC)含量草地显著高于农田,围封草地显著高于放牧草地(P<0.05)。农田系统10 cm以下各土层SOC含量均高于草地,而20-80 cm土层,草地土壤无机碳(SIC)含量显著高于农田(P<0.05)。各样地100cm以上土层SOC和SIC之间呈负相关。0-200 cm土层SOC贮量两农田的平均值为9.68×103g C m-2,比围封草地(7.12×103g C m-2)和放牧草地(6.83×103g Cm-2)分别高36.2%和41.9%(P<0.05)；0-200 cm土层SIC贮量草地显著高于农田,其贮量为：围封草地(5.49×104g C m-2)>放牧草地(5.30×104g C m-2)>农田(5.04×104 g C m-2)。围封和放牧草地较农田分别高8.9%和5.1%,围封草地较放牧草地高3.6%。农作物收获将一部分Ca和Mg带出土壤,导致农田Ca和Mg贮量降低,可能是导致农田无机碳淀积过程弱于草地的主要原因。另外,草地土壤较高的微生物碳含量和CO2浓度也有利于有机碳的分解和无机碳的淀积。
退耕24年后的草地在持续放牧条件下土壤全碳贮量(5.99×104g C m-2)与农田(6.04×104g C m-2)相比没有显著差异,而放牧草地围封5年后土壤全碳贮量(6.21×104g C m-2)显著增加3.6%。
5.采用阶段累积法、峰值法和极差法测定了草地NPP,并对传统耕作方式下的农田和退耕20余年的草地系统碳平衡进行了连续4年的比较研究。结果表明,阶段累积法较峰值法和极差法对草地NPP的估算更为准确,其对围封和放牧草地的估算值分别是峰值法与极差法的1.3与5.3倍和1.5与6.2倍。该区退耕后的草地与传统耕作的农田均为碳汇,围封草地和中度放牧草地年固碳量分别为95.5和96.4g C m-2,农田系统年净固碳量为35.8g C m-2,草地固碳量约为农田的2.7倍,退耕还草有利于陆地生态系统对大气CO2的固存。
The global climit change is becoming one of the most important issue in the scientific field, while interest in the carbon (C) cycle in the terrestrial ecosystems disturbed by human activity has grown. Soil respiration is an important process in the C cycle, while partitioning different soil respiration componengts is very important. However, it is difficult to partition soil respiration precisely in situ. Because of the unreasonable use of lands, the Loess Plateau has become one of the regions with the most serious soil erosion. In the end of last century, China initiated a state-funded project, Grain-for-Green, in this region. However, few studies have focused on the influences of the project on the C sequestration potential in the terrestrial ecosystems. Four years' study had been conducted in the grasslands (fenced grassland:W; grazing grassland:Z) which had been retreated from cultivation over 20 years, as well as the croplands (G and Y) under traditional cultivation. With the improved method for soil respiration partitioning, we investigated the variations of soil respiration, different soil respiration components, net primary production (NPP), soil C storage, and analyzed the facts controlling the transformation between soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil inorganic carbon (SIC). The C balance was also estimated and the mechanism of C source/sink change was studied. The purposes are to better understand the effects of land-use conversion on soil carbon sequestration, and to provide valuable scientific information for evaluating the effects of "Grain-for-Green" project on C sequestration.
The main results are as follows:
1. Based on the trenching method, a method of "measuring alternatively among treatments, modeling and calculating separately" was established to partition and quantify microbial respirtion (Rm) and root respiration (Rr) in the grasslands and croplands. The results for the cropland (Y) (Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.) showed that total soil respiration (Rt) and Rm showed similar diurnal variation, with the maximum values at 13:00-15:00 and the minimum at 3:00-6:00. Soil temperature exerted predominant control over the diurnal variations of Rt and Rm. The minimum values of Rr appeared at 11:00-13:00 and the maximum at 0:00-3:00, which was not consistent with the change in photosynthesis. The daily mean values of Rt、Rm and Rr were close to that measured at 9:00. At the seasonal scale, Rm was strongly dependent on both soil temperature and moisture, the regression equation was:Rm=-0.020+0.024 T+0.013 M (r2=0.83, P<0.001). Rr was strongly correlated with leaf area index (LAI), the regression equation was:Rr=0.160+ 0.454 LAI (r2=0.85, P<0.05). Rr/Rt ratio was higher at nighttime and lower at daytime, and showed an pronounced seasonal variation. The daily mean values of Rr/Rt ratios were close to the values obtained at 9:00. Rr/Rt ratio ranged between 22.3% and 86.6% and averaged 67.3% in the whole growing season.
2. with the improved trenching method, soil respiration in the fenced grassland (W) was partitioned into Rm and Rr in 2008 and 2009. With the measurements of soil CO2 production and soil CO2 diffusivity, an analytical model was applied to correct the data of Rm and Rr, aiming to reduce the method-induced error. The results showed that the diurnal and seasonal variations of Rm and Rr were similar to that in the cropland (Y), the diurnal variation of Rm was mainly depend on soil temperature, while that of Rr was mainly influenced by plant photosynthesis. The seasonal variation of Rm was predominantly controled by the effects of both soil temperature and moisture, the regression equation was:Rm=-0.024+0.027 T+0.022 M.(r2=0.76, P<0.001). Rr/Rt ratio was also higher at nighttime and lower at daytime. In the two years, Rr/Rt ratio ranged between 14.8% and 62.8% in the growing season (March-November), and averaged 41.7% and 41.9% for the whole growing season and whole year. The different distribution of precipitation in the two years did not change the Rr/Rt ratio. Corrected by the analytical model, it could be concluded that the usual trenching method with small root-free plots led to an underestimation of Rr and Rr/Rt ratio by 4.2% and 1.8%.
3. The effects of grazing and grazing exclusion on different soil respiration components were investigated. After exclusion of grazing for about 3 years, SOC and microbial biomass C (SMBC) in the surface soil of grassland increased significantly(P< 0.05), resulting in the increase of Rm in most seasons. The temperature dependence of Rm also increased. The annual accumulations of Rm were 165.9 g C m-2 in W and 116.1 g C m-2 in Z. Rr averaged 0.374μmol CO2 m-2 s-1 in W in the whole growing season,21.0% higher than that in Z (0.309μmol CO2 m-2 s-1). It might be attibuted to the higher root biomass in W (220.0 gm-2) compared to that in Z (185.6 g -2).
4. The carbon distribution and storage in 0-200 cm soil layer in the grasslands and croplands were investigated. SOC contents in the soil layers below 10 cm were higher in the croplands than that in the grasslands, while SIC contents in 20-80 cm soil layers in the grasslands were significantly higher than that in the croplands (P<0.05). in 0-20 cm soil layer, soil total carbon (TC) contents were significantly higher in grasslands than that in the croplands (P<0.05), while TC content in W was significant higher than that in Z (P<0.05). Negative correlations were found between SOC and SIC for all sites. In 0-200 cm soil layer, the mean value of SOC storage for the two croplands was 9.68×103g C m-2,36.2% and 41.9% higher than that in W (7.12 g C m-2) and Z (6.83 g C m-2) (P<0.05). SIC storages in 0-200 cm soil layer in the grasslands were significantly higher than that in the croplands, and the sequence was:W (5.49×104 g C m-2)> Z (5.30×104 g C m-2)> croplands (mean of G and Y:5.04g104 g C m-2). SIC storage in W and Z were 8.9% and 5.1% higher than that in the croplands, while that in W was 3.6% higher than that in Z. Because of the special harvesting method, Ca、Mg were taken out from the soil continuously, leading to the decrease of Ca、Mg storge and lower precipitation of SIC. On the other hand, the higher root biomass in the grasslands might lead to higher SMBC and higher CO2 concentration, further accelerated the decomposition of soil organic matter and the precipitation of SIC.
After retreating from cultivation for 24 years, TC storage in the grassland (5.99×104g C m-2) did not change significantly under continuate grazing compared to the cropland (6.04×104g C m-2), while grazing exclusion for 5 years resulted in an increase of TC storage (6.21×104g C m-2) by 3.6%.
5. NPP in the grasslands was estimated with three methods:"Peak biomass"、"peak-trough analysis" and "sum of positive increments in live and dead plus litter (SPI)", and the carbon balances in the croplands and the grasslands from 2007 to 2010 were also investigated. The results showed that the "SPI" method could give more reliable results of NPP compared to the others. For W, the NPP estimated with the "SPI" method was 1.3 and 5.3 times of "Peak biomass" and "peak-trough analysis" methods, while for Z, it was 1.5 and 6.2 times of the latter two methods, respectively. In this region, both the cropland and the grassland retreated from cultivation could act as carbon sink. The annual carbon sequestration in W and Z were 95.5 and 96.4 g C m-2, while that in the cropland (Y) was 35.8 g C m-2, The carbon sequestration in the grasslands were about 2.7 times of that in the cropland, which indicated that conversion of cropland to grassland contribute to the sequestration of the atmospheric CO2.
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