改良剂对玉米Ⅱ大豆、玉米Ⅱ豇豆植株锌铬积累及养分吸收的影响
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摘要
本试验以四川农业大学农场紫色土为供试土壤,按国家土壤环境质量(GB15618-1995)二级标准(旱地)加入重金属锌和铬平衡后,再加入石灰和过磷酸钙两种改良剂,通过盆栽试验,系统研究了这两种改良剂及作物(玉米(Zea maysL.)、大豆(Glyline Max)和豇豆(Vigna unguiculate Linn.))单作和间作(玉米‖大豆和玉米‖豇豆)共同作用下,土壤(根际土和非根际土)中的锌、铬有效性及其养分有效性、pH变化、各作物植株体的锌、铬积累量及其养分(氮、磷、钾)吸收、作物生物量等。在此基础上,比较不同改良剂、作物不同种类和不同种植方式对锌铬复合污染土壤的修复效果,以期为锌、铬复合污染土壤上作物生产的安全性提供依据。其主要研究结果如下：
1、从土壤锌、铬有效态含量比较,呈现为根际土壤>非根际土壤。在同一种植方式(单作或间作),不同改良剂处理下的根际土壤和非根际土壤锌、铬有效态含量均显著小于对照,其含量大小均为对照>石灰(低浓度)>石灰(高浓度)；对照>过磷酸钙(高浓度)>过磷酸钙(低浓度),并都在石灰(高浓度)处理和过磷酸钙(低浓度)处理上达到最小值,这表明土壤锌、铬的有效性与土壤pH密切相关,维持土壤高pH值,更有利于降低土壤锌、铬的有效性。在不同种植方式下,同一改良剂相同浓度处理间的土壤锌、铬有效态含量为单作>间作。说明作物间作比单作更有利于促进改良剂降低土壤锌、铬有效性,从而降低了作物植株体对锌、铬的积累。
2、两种改良剂都显著抑制了作物对土壤中锌、铬的吸收。同一种植方式下不同改良剂浓度处理间,不论是单作还是间作的玉米、大豆和豇豆,其根、茎、叶中的锌、铬含量大小均为：对照>石灰(低浓度)>石灰(高浓度),对照>过磷酸钙(高浓度)>过磷酸钙(低浓度)。这与土壤锌、铬有效态含量大小排序一致,说明作物对锌、铬的吸收与土壤中的锌、铬有效态含量呈正相关关系,由于土壤锌、铬有效性的降低,从而降低了作物对锌、铬的积累。在不同种植方式下,同一改良剂浓度处理间玉米、大豆和豇豆的根、茎及叶的铬、锌含量均表现为单作>间作,说明间作对降低作物的锌、铬积累更有利。
3、施加改良剂后,土壤养分的有效性明显提高,土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量均表现为根际土壤>非根际土壤。同时,改良剂还明显提高了作物对土壤养分(氮、磷、钾)的吸收,植株体内的全氮、全磷、全钾含量都较对照均有所提高,过磷酸钙的提高效果较石灰好。在不同种植方式下,同一改良剂浓度处理间玉米、大豆和豇豆中的根、茎、叶全磷、全钾含量均为间作>单作,表现出明显的间作优势。全氮则为间作中的玉米高于单作玉米、间作中的大豆或豇豆低于单作大豆或豇豆。
4、改良剂促进了作物生长,作物生物量大小排序均为过磷酸钙处理>石灰处理。在相同改良剂浓度处理下,间作玉米的生物量均大于单作玉米的生物量,间作的大豆(或豇豆)的生物量则均小于单作大豆(或豇豆)的生物量。玉米表现出间作优势,大豆(或豇豆)表现出间作弱势。
5、改良剂有效降低了锌、铬在作物地上部分和籽实中的转移。玉米、大豆和豇豆的籽实锌、铬含量均表现为：石灰处理>过磷酸钙处理、单作>间作。根据食品卫生标准,从试验中得到的玉米、大豆和豇豆,其籽实铬含量均未达到食品卫生标准,而锌含量在单作和间作中的大豆和豇豆籽实中均达到食品卫生标准。此外单作和间作中的玉米在过磷酸钙处理下,籽实中的锌含量也均达到了食品卫生标准。
6、土壤pH值的总体变化趋势是根际土壤<非根际土壤,石灰处理>过磷酸钙处理。在同一种植方式下,不同改良剂浓度处理间的土壤pH值大小依次为石灰(高浓度)>石灰(低浓度)>对照>过磷酸钙(低浓度)>过磷酸钙(高浓度),从不同种植方式来看,石灰处理的玉米‖大豆、玉米‖豇豆中的根际土壤和非根际土壤pH值介于单作玉米和单作大豆(豇豆)之间；而过磷酸钙处理的土壤pH值均呈现为：间作>单作。
以上结果表明,在锌铬复合污染土壤上,通过施加石灰和过磷酸钙来调节土壤pH值,从而降低了土壤的锌、铬有效性,进而又降低了玉米、大豆和豇豆对锌、铬的积累,放缓了锌、铬在土壤-根系-作物系统的迁移和转运能力。就改良效果而言,石灰(高)的改良效果最好,过磷酸钙(高)的效果最差；就种植方式而言,间作优于单作。同时,改良剂还明显提高了土壤养分(氮、磷、钾)的有效性,从而明显提高作物对土壤养分的吸收,促进了作物的生长,利于作物稳产增产。就两种改良剂比较,养分的提高效果为过磷酸钙优于石灰。就种植方式而言,间作表现出明显的间作优势,较单作效果好。因此在锌铬复合污染土壤的修复上,可推荐所选改良剂和作物间作这一修复方式,这对其它重金属污染土壤的修复具有借鉴和指导作用。
According to the Environmental quality standard for soils (GB15618-1995)of secondary standard(dryland), zinc and chromium(ZnCl2,CrCl6.6H2O) were put in the test purple soil from Sichuan Agricultural University farm, and then two amendments of lime and superphosphate were added. Through the pot experiment by means of monoculture (corn, soybean and cowpea) and intercropping(corn‖soybean and corn‖cowpea), it comprehensively studied the zinc and chromium effectiveness, nutrient availability and the change of soil pH in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil, the zinc and chromium accumulation, nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) absorption and biomass et al in crops under the interactions of the two amendments and planting patterns. Based on these, compared with the restoration effects of different amendments, crop species and planting patterns on zinc and chromium contaminated soil, it provided a theoretical basis of crop safety production in zinc and chromium contaminated soil. The major findings were as follows:
1.For the soil available zinc and chromium, the contents showed rhizosphere soil> non-rhizosphere soil. Under the same planting pattern (monoculture or intercropping), the contents of available zinc and chromium in soil treated by different amendments, which reached the minimum both at lime(high concentration) and superphosphate(low concentration respectively), were fewer than the CK, and the contents order:CK> lime (low concentration)> lime (high concentration), CK>superphosphate (high concentration)> superphosphate (low concentration); it indicated that maintaining high soil pH was more effective on the reduction of soil zinc and chromium availability. Under the different planting patterns, the contents of available zinc and chromium in soil treated by the same concentrations of amendment distributed:monoculture> intercropping. It indicated that intercropping was more beneficial than monoculture in the reduction of availabilty of zinc and chromium in the soil by the amnedments,and further the accumulation in the crop.
2.The two amendments significantly inhibited the absorption of zinc and chromium in soil, and with better effects of the lime than the superphosphate. Under the same planting pattern and different concentrations of amendments, in spite of monoculture or intercropping, the contents of zinc and chromium in roots, stems and leaves distributed: CK> lime (low concentration)> lime (high concentration), CK> superphosphate (high concentration)> superphosphate (low concentration). This performance was similar to soil zinc and chromium availability, indicating the absorption of zinc and chromium in crop have a positive correlation with the zinc and chromium availability in soil. Those in roots, stems and leaves of corn, soybean and cowpea treated by the different planting patterns and same concentrations of amendments showed:monoculture> intercropping, which indicated that intercropping played a more important role in reducing the accumulation of zinc and chromium in plant bodies.
3.The contents of hydrolyzable nitroge, available phosphorus and available potassium showed:rhizosphere soil> non-rhizosphere soil after addtion of amendments, and the availability of soil nutrients was significantly improved. At the same time, the amendments had significantly increased the absorption of soil nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium)of crops, and those of nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium in plant bodies improved compared with the CK, and the improvement by superphosphate was better than lime. Under the different planting patterns and same concentrations of amendments, the contents of total phosphorus and total potassium in roots, stems and leaves of corn, soybean and cowpea showed:intercropping> monoculture, with obvious intercropping advantages. And the total nitrogen in corn showed:intercropping> monoculture, but the total nitrogen in soybean and cowpea showed monoculture> intercropping.
4. The amendments promoted crops growth, and the biomasses order:superphosphate > lime. Under the same concentrations of amendments, the biomasses of corn intercropping were more than corn monoculture, but the biomasses of soybean (cowpea) intercropping were fewer than those of monoculture. It indicated cron intercropping was more significant in general, soybean and cowpea were not.
5. The amendments effectively reduced the transformation of zinc and chromium in aerial parts and seeds. The contents of zinc and chromium in corn, soybean and cowpea seeds showed:lime> superphosphate, monoculture> intercropping. According to the Food Hygiene Standard, the contents of chromium in soybean and cowpea seeds in this experiment were lower than those in the standard; while, the contents of zinc in soybean and cowpea seeds met the standards. In addition, by the treatments of superphosphate, the contents of zinc in monoculture and intercropping corn seeds reached the standard, and some of lime treatments reached the standard as well.
6. The general changing trend of soil pH showed:rhizosphere soil superphosphate. Under the same planting patterns, the order of soil pH treated by different concentrations of amendments was:lime (high concentration)>lime (low)> concentration, CK> superphosphate (low concentration)>superphosphate (high concentration). For the different planting patterns, the pH values of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil of corn/soybean and corn/cowpea treated by lime were between those of the corn monoculture and soybean (cowpea) monoculture, and those treated by superphosphate showed:intercropping> monoculture.
The results above indicated that, the effectiveness of zinc and chromium significantly declined through lime and superphosphate application on the pH in zinc and chromium contaminated soil.So the accumulation of zinc and chromium was reduced in corn, soybean and cowpea, and the migration and transportation capacity of zinc and chromium slowed down. For the restoration effects of amendments, the lime(high concentration) had the best effects while the superphosphate(high concentration) had the fewer effects; and for planting patterns, the intercropping was better than monoculture. Meanwhile, the amendments had significantly increased the absorption of soil nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium), and then increased the soil nutrients absorption of plants, which promoted crops growth and production. For the comparsion of the two amendments, the improvement showed:superphosphate> lime. For the comparsion of the different planting patterns, the effect of intercropping was better than monoculture effect. Therefore, amendments and crop intercropping could be recommended for the restoration of zinc and chromium contanminated soil.
1、从土壤锌、铬有效态含量比较,呈现为根际土壤>非根际土壤。在同一种植方式(单作或间作),不同改良剂处理下的根际土壤和非根际土壤锌、铬有效态含量均显著小于对照,其含量大小均为对照>石灰(低浓度)>石灰(高浓度)；对照>过磷酸钙(高浓度)>过磷酸钙(低浓度),并都在石灰(高浓度)处理和过磷酸钙(低浓度)处理上达到最小值,这表明土壤锌、铬的有效性与土壤pH密切相关,维持土壤高pH值,更有利于降低土壤锌、铬的有效性。在不同种植方式下,同一改良剂相同浓度处理间的土壤锌、铬有效态含量为单作>间作。说明作物间作比单作更有利于促进改良剂降低土壤锌、铬有效性,从而降低了作物植株体对锌、铬的积累。
2、两种改良剂都显著抑制了作物对土壤中锌、铬的吸收。同一种植方式下不同改良剂浓度处理间,不论是单作还是间作的玉米、大豆和豇豆,其根、茎、叶中的锌、铬含量大小均为：对照>石灰(低浓度)>石灰(高浓度),对照>过磷酸钙(高浓度)>过磷酸钙(低浓度)。这与土壤锌、铬有效态含量大小排序一致,说明作物对锌、铬的吸收与土壤中的锌、铬有效态含量呈正相关关系,由于土壤锌、铬有效性的降低,从而降低了作物对锌、铬的积累。在不同种植方式下,同一改良剂浓度处理间玉米、大豆和豇豆的根、茎及叶的铬、锌含量均表现为单作>间作,说明间作对降低作物的锌、铬积累更有利。
3、施加改良剂后,土壤养分的有效性明显提高,土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量均表现为根际土壤>非根际土壤。同时,改良剂还明显提高了作物对土壤养分(氮、磷、钾)的吸收,植株体内的全氮、全磷、全钾含量都较对照均有所提高,过磷酸钙的提高效果较石灰好。在不同种植方式下,同一改良剂浓度处理间玉米、大豆和豇豆中的根、茎、叶全磷、全钾含量均为间作>单作,表现出明显的间作优势。全氮则为间作中的玉米高于单作玉米、间作中的大豆或豇豆低于单作大豆或豇豆。
4、改良剂促进了作物生长,作物生物量大小排序均为过磷酸钙处理>石灰处理。在相同改良剂浓度处理下,间作玉米的生物量均大于单作玉米的生物量,间作的大豆(或豇豆)的生物量则均小于单作大豆(或豇豆)的生物量。玉米表现出间作优势,大豆(或豇豆)表现出间作弱势。
5、改良剂有效降低了锌、铬在作物地上部分和籽实中的转移。玉米、大豆和豇豆的籽实锌、铬含量均表现为：石灰处理>过磷酸钙处理、单作>间作。根据食品卫生标准,从试验中得到的玉米、大豆和豇豆,其籽实铬含量均未达到食品卫生标准,而锌含量在单作和间作中的大豆和豇豆籽实中均达到食品卫生标准。此外单作和间作中的玉米在过磷酸钙处理下,籽实中的锌含量也均达到了食品卫生标准。
6、土壤pH值的总体变化趋势是根际土壤<非根际土壤,石灰处理>过磷酸钙处理。在同一种植方式下,不同改良剂浓度处理间的土壤pH值大小依次为石灰(高浓度)>石灰(低浓度)>对照>过磷酸钙(低浓度)>过磷酸钙(高浓度),从不同种植方式来看,石灰处理的玉米‖大豆、玉米‖豇豆中的根际土壤和非根际土壤pH值介于单作玉米和单作大豆(豇豆)之间；而过磷酸钙处理的土壤pH值均呈现为：间作>单作。
以上结果表明,在锌铬复合污染土壤上,通过施加石灰和过磷酸钙来调节土壤pH值,从而降低了土壤的锌、铬有效性,进而又降低了玉米、大豆和豇豆对锌、铬的积累,放缓了锌、铬在土壤-根系-作物系统的迁移和转运能力。就改良效果而言,石灰(高)的改良效果最好,过磷酸钙(高)的效果最差；就种植方式而言,间作优于单作。同时,改良剂还明显提高了土壤养分(氮、磷、钾)的有效性,从而明显提高作物对土壤养分的吸收,促进了作物的生长,利于作物稳产增产。就两种改良剂比较,养分的提高效果为过磷酸钙优于石灰。就种植方式而言,间作表现出明显的间作优势,较单作效果好。因此在锌铬复合污染土壤的修复上,可推荐所选改良剂和作物间作这一修复方式,这对其它重金属污染土壤的修复具有借鉴和指导作用。
According to the Environmental quality standard for soils (GB15618-1995)of secondary standard(dryland), zinc and chromium(ZnCl2,CrCl6.6H2O) were put in the test purple soil from Sichuan Agricultural University farm, and then two amendments of lime and superphosphate were added. Through the pot experiment by means of monoculture (corn, soybean and cowpea) and intercropping(corn‖soybean and corn‖cowpea), it comprehensively studied the zinc and chromium effectiveness, nutrient availability and the change of soil pH in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil, the zinc and chromium accumulation, nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) absorption and biomass et al in crops under the interactions of the two amendments and planting patterns. Based on these, compared with the restoration effects of different amendments, crop species and planting patterns on zinc and chromium contaminated soil, it provided a theoretical basis of crop safety production in zinc and chromium contaminated soil. The major findings were as follows:
1.For the soil available zinc and chromium, the contents showed rhizosphere soil> non-rhizosphere soil. Under the same planting pattern (monoculture or intercropping), the contents of available zinc and chromium in soil treated by different amendments, which reached the minimum both at lime(high concentration) and superphosphate(low concentration respectively), were fewer than the CK, and the contents order:CK> lime (low concentration)> lime (high concentration), CK>superphosphate (high concentration)> superphosphate (low concentration); it indicated that maintaining high soil pH was more effective on the reduction of soil zinc and chromium availability. Under the different planting patterns, the contents of available zinc and chromium in soil treated by the same concentrations of amendment distributed:monoculture> intercropping. It indicated that intercropping was more beneficial than monoculture in the reduction of availabilty of zinc and chromium in the soil by the amnedments,and further the accumulation in the crop.
2.The two amendments significantly inhibited the absorption of zinc and chromium in soil, and with better effects of the lime than the superphosphate. Under the same planting pattern and different concentrations of amendments, in spite of monoculture or intercropping, the contents of zinc and chromium in roots, stems and leaves distributed: CK> lime (low concentration)> lime (high concentration), CK> superphosphate (high concentration)> superphosphate (low concentration). This performance was similar to soil zinc and chromium availability, indicating the absorption of zinc and chromium in crop have a positive correlation with the zinc and chromium availability in soil. Those in roots, stems and leaves of corn, soybean and cowpea treated by the different planting patterns and same concentrations of amendments showed:monoculture> intercropping, which indicated that intercropping played a more important role in reducing the accumulation of zinc and chromium in plant bodies.
3.The contents of hydrolyzable nitroge, available phosphorus and available potassium showed:rhizosphere soil> non-rhizosphere soil after addtion of amendments, and the availability of soil nutrients was significantly improved. At the same time, the amendments had significantly increased the absorption of soil nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium)of crops, and those of nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium in plant bodies improved compared with the CK, and the improvement by superphosphate was better than lime. Under the different planting patterns and same concentrations of amendments, the contents of total phosphorus and total potassium in roots, stems and leaves of corn, soybean and cowpea showed:intercropping> monoculture, with obvious intercropping advantages. And the total nitrogen in corn showed:intercropping> monoculture, but the total nitrogen in soybean and cowpea showed monoculture> intercropping.
4. The amendments promoted crops growth, and the biomasses order:superphosphate > lime. Under the same concentrations of amendments, the biomasses of corn intercropping were more than corn monoculture, but the biomasses of soybean (cowpea) intercropping were fewer than those of monoculture. It indicated cron intercropping was more significant in general, soybean and cowpea were not.
5. The amendments effectively reduced the transformation of zinc and chromium in aerial parts and seeds. The contents of zinc and chromium in corn, soybean and cowpea seeds showed:lime> superphosphate, monoculture> intercropping. According to the Food Hygiene Standard, the contents of chromium in soybean and cowpea seeds in this experiment were lower than those in the standard; while, the contents of zinc in soybean and cowpea seeds met the standards. In addition, by the treatments of superphosphate, the contents of zinc in monoculture and intercropping corn seeds reached the standard, and some of lime treatments reached the standard as well.
6. The general changing trend of soil pH showed:rhizosphere soil
The results above indicated that, the effectiveness of zinc and chromium significantly declined through lime and superphosphate application on the pH in zinc and chromium contaminated soil.So the accumulation of zinc and chromium was reduced in corn, soybean and cowpea, and the migration and transportation capacity of zinc and chromium slowed down. For the restoration effects of amendments, the lime(high concentration) had the best effects while the superphosphate(high concentration) had the fewer effects; and for planting patterns, the intercropping was better than monoculture. Meanwhile, the amendments had significantly increased the absorption of soil nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium), and then increased the soil nutrients absorption of plants, which promoted crops growth and production. For the comparsion of the two amendments, the improvement showed:superphosphate> lime. For the comparsion of the different planting patterns, the effect of intercropping was better than monoculture effect. Therefore, amendments and crop intercropping could be recommended for the restoration of zinc and chromium contanminated soil.
引文
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