锑在中国煤及典型矿区中的环境地球化学研究
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摘要
锑及其化学物在现代工业中有着逐年广泛而重要的应用,但锑因为其毒性被列为环境中的优先控制污染物,并且其化学物具有潜在致癌性。地质成矿活动与人类行为均可以导致锑在环境中的富集。本文选择近年来的热点金属锑作为研究对象,应用地球化学基本原理,从煤炭能源入手,以锑在煤及相关矿业活动中的分布、存在形态、迁移、富集为主线,形成对元素锑较为系统的环境生物地球化学研究。通过充分的调研首次对锑在中国煤中的分布进行了详细的统计和总结,并建立实验分析锑在不同煤中的存在形态,对煤中锑的地球化学理论进行了拓展和补充,进而以矿区不同环境介质为研究载体,探讨了锑在矿区人为活动影响下在土壤环境、水环境、植物环境中的迁移、富集等地球化学特征。
通过研究主要得出：(1)中国聚煤期长,成煤环境复杂并存在若干高锑区。总体来说中国煤中锑的含量较低,绝大多数地区的煤田中锑的含量低于1μg g-1。全部1458份样品中锑的含量范围为0.02-159.05μg g-1,分布较不均匀,平均值为3.68μg g-1.锑在中国的地理分布整体呈现华南多数煤中锑平均含量明显高于华北煤的特征,西北及中部部分煤中锑的含量相对较低。其中贵州和内蒙古的部分煤田存在异常高锑煤。不同成煤时期和不同煤种煤中锑的含量不同。(2)硅铝酸盐的锑是煤中锑的最主要存在形态,在本次研究的五种煤样中占总锑的百分含量范围为34.25%-60.29%,随着变质程度加深,硅铝酸盐结合态的锑占总锑的比例有减少的趋势：烟煤>无烟煤>天然焦。有机结合态和碳酸盐结合态的锑在烟煤中的含量比例大于无烟煤和天然焦,说明在天然焦形成过程中,有机态结合的锑在煤化作用下会转化为硅铝酸盐态和硫化物态的锑,而煤中碳酸盐在高温高压下则会分解。锑与砷、硒、汞在煤中的总量相关性不明显,但砷、硒、锑作为亲硫元素在煤中某些成分中具有明显亲和性。(3)两淮煤矿区在人为活动影响下受到较强的锑污染,表层土壤中锑的浓度为2.9μg g-1 -7.7μg g-1,平均值为4.0μg g-1.煤矸石的堆放和煤的洗选是矿区土壤中锑的主要点源,锑在表生环境中的水平迁移范围达到350米,在土壤剖面中随深度加大未形成明显的积累,纵向的迁移能力不强。富集因素法评价土壤锑的污染得出,超过75%的表层土壤中的锑的受到显著污染;4-6个土壤样品中锑高度富集。居民区锑的污染程度在矿区范围内相对较低,且分布均匀。芦岭塌陷湖及河水中的锑浓度处在允许含量之内,可作为生活及饮用水源。矸石堆是矿区水体中锑的重要来源之一。(4)锡矿山锑矿区作为世界唯一超大型锑矿山,矿区土壤及植被受到严重污染,且锑在10个采样区的分布不均匀,具有统计学差异,距离锡矿山水厂最近的采样区土壤受到的锑污染最严重,距离水厂下游600m处的表层土受到的锑污染相对较轻。不同采样区土壤中可供植物利用的锑含量与土壤中锑总量不成正比。34种植物中锑的平均含量范围为5.97-98.23μg g-1,均对环境中锑的污染有一定的耐受力。不同植物对锑的富集能力差异较大,其中蜈蚣草(P. vittata)相比其他植物种对于环境中锑的累积具有的明显的优势。三裂叶葛藤(P. phaseoloides)和野菊(D. indicum)主要通过它们的茎、叶和花中累积环境中的锑,木贼科的节节草(H. ramosissima Equisetaceae)在所有植物中含有的锑浓度最高,为143.69μg g-1.从中可以选择富集优势明显的植物重点研究以开展环境中锑的生态修复。
Antimony (Sb) is a trace element in the Earth's crust. Significant quantities of Sb are used by several industries in modern times. The toxicity of Sb compounds in the environment has been increasingly recognized recently. Sb is commonly enriched in practically all metal sulfide ores (especially those of Pb and Cu) as well as in coal. Major anthropogenic sources of Sb are fossil fuel combustion, non-ferrous metals refining, waste incineration, and incineration of sewage sludge. Coal is one of the most important sources of energy. Its worldwide use will continue to expand during next several decades, particularly in rapidly developing countries, including China. There is an urgency to enhance the knowledge of Sb in coals and related deposit.
The distribution, modes of occurrence, geological processes and environmental effect of Sb in Chinese coals has been reviewed.1458 coal samples were collected from Chinese sources and the average Sb content in Chinese coals is 3.68μg g-1. Based on average Sb content, coal from provinces, cities and autonomous regions may be divided into three groups. Sb is extremely enriched in the Guizhou and Inner Mongolia Coals. The amount of Sb in coal varies with coal-forming periods and coal ranks. Environmental impact of a trace element in coal is related to its concentration and modes of occurrence. There are several modes of occurrence of Sb in coal. It occurs in discrete pyrite grains and is dispersed in the organic matter as tiny sulfide particles. During coal combustion Sb is partly released to the atmosphere and partly partitioned into the solid residues. Sb in the environment brings about definite harm to human health. The forms of Sb in five selected coals were studied by sequential solvent extraction. Results show that the silicate-bound Sb is the most abundant form in these coals. Silicate plus sulfide-bound Sb accounts for more than half of the total Sb in all coals. Bituminous coals are higher in organic matter-bound Sb than anthracite and natural coke, indicating that the Sb in the organic matter may be incorporated into silicate and sulfide minerals during metamorphism. Thirty-three soil samples were collected from the Luling, Liuer, and Zhangji coal mines, in the Huaibei and Huainan areas, Anhui Province, China. The average Sb content in 33 samples was 4.0μg g-1, which is lower than that recorded in coals from this region (6.2μg g-1). More than 75% of the soils sampled show a significant degree of Sb pollution (EFs 5-20). The soils collected near the gob pile and coal preparation plant were higher in Sb content than those collected from residential areas near the mines. The gob pile and tailings from the preparation plant were high in mineral matter content and high in Sb. They are the sources of Sb pollution in surface soils in the vicinity of coal mines. The spatial dispersion of Sb in surface soil in the mine region shows that Sb pollution could reach out as far as 350 m. Crops in rice paddies may adsorb some Sb and reduce the Sb content in soils from paddy fields. Vertical distribution of Sb in two soil profiles indicates that Sb is relatively immobile in soils. Sb distribution and accumulation in plants in Xikuangshan Sb deposit area, the only super-large Sb deposit in the world, Hunan, China, were investigated. Results show that soils were severely polluted with the average Sb concentrations up to 5949.20μg g-1. Sb widely occurred in 34 plants with various concentrations ranging from 3.92μg g-1 to 143.69μg g-1. Bioavailability of Sb was limited and varied with different soil types (sites) as well as plant species. Equisetaceae family has the highest concentration (98.23μg g-1) while Dryopteridacea family has the lowest one (6.43μg g-1). H. ramosissima species of Equisetaceae family had the highest average Sb concentration of 98.23μg g-1 and P. vittata species of Pteridaceae family showed high abilities of accumulating Sb from the contaminated environment (Biological Accumulation Coefficient, BAC=0.08). Almost all species enriched Sb in their upground part such as shoot, leaf and flower (Biological Transfer Coefficient, BTC>1). P. phaseoloides and D. indicum showed predominant accumulation of Sb in the upground part with BTC of 6.65 and 5.47, respectively. Those observations would be significant to the phytoaccumulation and phytoremediation of Sb in plants and ecological and environmental risk assessment of Sb in contaminated areas.
通过研究主要得出：(1)中国聚煤期长,成煤环境复杂并存在若干高锑区。总体来说中国煤中锑的含量较低,绝大多数地区的煤田中锑的含量低于1μg g-1。全部1458份样品中锑的含量范围为0.02-159.05μg g-1,分布较不均匀,平均值为3.68μg g-1.锑在中国的地理分布整体呈现华南多数煤中锑平均含量明显高于华北煤的特征,西北及中部部分煤中锑的含量相对较低。其中贵州和内蒙古的部分煤田存在异常高锑煤。不同成煤时期和不同煤种煤中锑的含量不同。(2)硅铝酸盐的锑是煤中锑的最主要存在形态,在本次研究的五种煤样中占总锑的百分含量范围为34.25%-60.29%,随着变质程度加深,硅铝酸盐结合态的锑占总锑的比例有减少的趋势：烟煤>无烟煤>天然焦。有机结合态和碳酸盐结合态的锑在烟煤中的含量比例大于无烟煤和天然焦,说明在天然焦形成过程中,有机态结合的锑在煤化作用下会转化为硅铝酸盐态和硫化物态的锑,而煤中碳酸盐在高温高压下则会分解。锑与砷、硒、汞在煤中的总量相关性不明显,但砷、硒、锑作为亲硫元素在煤中某些成分中具有明显亲和性。(3)两淮煤矿区在人为活动影响下受到较强的锑污染,表层土壤中锑的浓度为2.9μg g-1 -7.7μg g-1,平均值为4.0μg g-1.煤矸石的堆放和煤的洗选是矿区土壤中锑的主要点源,锑在表生环境中的水平迁移范围达到350米,在土壤剖面中随深度加大未形成明显的积累,纵向的迁移能力不强。富集因素法评价土壤锑的污染得出,超过75%的表层土壤中的锑的受到显著污染;4-6个土壤样品中锑高度富集。居民区锑的污染程度在矿区范围内相对较低,且分布均匀。芦岭塌陷湖及河水中的锑浓度处在允许含量之内,可作为生活及饮用水源。矸石堆是矿区水体中锑的重要来源之一。(4)锡矿山锑矿区作为世界唯一超大型锑矿山,矿区土壤及植被受到严重污染,且锑在10个采样区的分布不均匀,具有统计学差异,距离锡矿山水厂最近的采样区土壤受到的锑污染最严重,距离水厂下游600m处的表层土受到的锑污染相对较轻。不同采样区土壤中可供植物利用的锑含量与土壤中锑总量不成正比。34种植物中锑的平均含量范围为5.97-98.23μg g-1,均对环境中锑的污染有一定的耐受力。不同植物对锑的富集能力差异较大,其中蜈蚣草(P. vittata)相比其他植物种对于环境中锑的累积具有的明显的优势。三裂叶葛藤(P. phaseoloides)和野菊(D. indicum)主要通过它们的茎、叶和花中累积环境中的锑,木贼科的节节草(H. ramosissima Equisetaceae)在所有植物中含有的锑浓度最高,为143.69μg g-1.从中可以选择富集优势明显的植物重点研究以开展环境中锑的生态修复。
Antimony (Sb) is a trace element in the Earth's crust. Significant quantities of Sb are used by several industries in modern times. The toxicity of Sb compounds in the environment has been increasingly recognized recently. Sb is commonly enriched in practically all metal sulfide ores (especially those of Pb and Cu) as well as in coal. Major anthropogenic sources of Sb are fossil fuel combustion, non-ferrous metals refining, waste incineration, and incineration of sewage sludge. Coal is one of the most important sources of energy. Its worldwide use will continue to expand during next several decades, particularly in rapidly developing countries, including China. There is an urgency to enhance the knowledge of Sb in coals and related deposit.
The distribution, modes of occurrence, geological processes and environmental effect of Sb in Chinese coals has been reviewed.1458 coal samples were collected from Chinese sources and the average Sb content in Chinese coals is 3.68μg g-1. Based on average Sb content, coal from provinces, cities and autonomous regions may be divided into three groups. Sb is extremely enriched in the Guizhou and Inner Mongolia Coals. The amount of Sb in coal varies with coal-forming periods and coal ranks. Environmental impact of a trace element in coal is related to its concentration and modes of occurrence. There are several modes of occurrence of Sb in coal. It occurs in discrete pyrite grains and is dispersed in the organic matter as tiny sulfide particles. During coal combustion Sb is partly released to the atmosphere and partly partitioned into the solid residues. Sb in the environment brings about definite harm to human health. The forms of Sb in five selected coals were studied by sequential solvent extraction. Results show that the silicate-bound Sb is the most abundant form in these coals. Silicate plus sulfide-bound Sb accounts for more than half of the total Sb in all coals. Bituminous coals are higher in organic matter-bound Sb than anthracite and natural coke, indicating that the Sb in the organic matter may be incorporated into silicate and sulfide minerals during metamorphism. Thirty-three soil samples were collected from the Luling, Liuer, and Zhangji coal mines, in the Huaibei and Huainan areas, Anhui Province, China. The average Sb content in 33 samples was 4.0μg g-1, which is lower than that recorded in coals from this region (6.2μg g-1). More than 75% of the soils sampled show a significant degree of Sb pollution (EFs 5-20). The soils collected near the gob pile and coal preparation plant were higher in Sb content than those collected from residential areas near the mines. The gob pile and tailings from the preparation plant were high in mineral matter content and high in Sb. They are the sources of Sb pollution in surface soils in the vicinity of coal mines. The spatial dispersion of Sb in surface soil in the mine region shows that Sb pollution could reach out as far as 350 m. Crops in rice paddies may adsorb some Sb and reduce the Sb content in soils from paddy fields. Vertical distribution of Sb in two soil profiles indicates that Sb is relatively immobile in soils. Sb distribution and accumulation in plants in Xikuangshan Sb deposit area, the only super-large Sb deposit in the world, Hunan, China, were investigated. Results show that soils were severely polluted with the average Sb concentrations up to 5949.20μg g-1. Sb widely occurred in 34 plants with various concentrations ranging from 3.92μg g-1 to 143.69μg g-1. Bioavailability of Sb was limited and varied with different soil types (sites) as well as plant species. Equisetaceae family has the highest concentration (98.23μg g-1) while Dryopteridacea family has the lowest one (6.43μg g-1). H. ramosissima species of Equisetaceae family had the highest average Sb concentration of 98.23μg g-1 and P. vittata species of Pteridaceae family showed high abilities of accumulating Sb from the contaminated environment (Biological Accumulation Coefficient, BAC=0.08). Almost all species enriched Sb in their upground part such as shoot, leaf and flower (Biological Transfer Coefficient, BTC>1). P. phaseoloides and D. indicum showed predominant accumulation of Sb in the upground part with BTC of 6.65 and 5.47, respectively. Those observations would be significant to the phytoaccumulation and phytoremediation of Sb in plants and ecological and environmental risk assessment of Sb in contaminated areas.
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