湛江港近江牡蛎中碳氮同位素时空分布及其对无机氮响应的初步研究
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摘要
本文于2008年至2009年期间,在湛江港海区采集了海水、近江牡蛎、浮游植物、沉积物和大型底栖藻类。利用稳定碳氮同位素方法测试了近江牡蛎、浮游植物、沉积物和大型底栖藻类的碳氮同位素比值;紫外-可见分光光度法分析了海水中无机氮(亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐、氨盐)的含量,运用统计方法对数据进行处理,分析近江牡蛎的食物来源、近江牡蛎各组织的δ15N值对无机氮的响应情况等,主要结果如下:
(1)牡蛎各组织对稳定碳氮同位素的富集与牡蛎生长年龄无关,各组织的稳定碳氮同位素富集或贫化的趋势基本一致。所有组织中,内脏团的δ13C值和δ15N值变化最明显。在空间上,同一组织在不同站点的δ13C和δ15N富集程度各不相同;在时间上,只有内脏团在各季节中变化显著。
(2)牡蛎不同组织对δ13C和δ15N的富集各不相同,闭壳肌、鳃、外套膜和内脏团的δ13C平均值范围分别是:-24.13‰～-15.01‰、-23.81‰～-16.43‰、-24.37‰～-16.36‰和-25.16‰～-17.05‰;δ15N是:7.70‰～14.26‰、7.13‰～13.23‰、6.39‰～13.55‰、5.74‰～12.74‰。闭壳肌的δ13C值和δ15N值最富集,最贫化的是内脏团,富集趋势大致为内脏团<外套膜<鳃<闭壳肌;牡蛎滤食获营养物质后,在其体内的流动途径大致是:内脏团→外套膜→鳃→闭壳肌。
(3)近江牡蛎食物的稳定碳氮同位素各不相同。浮游植物和大型底栖海藻δ13C值的范围分别为-19.93‰～-20.90‰、-13.43‰～-18.47‰,前者比后者的变化范围小,可能由光合作用利用不一的碳源引起光合作用同位素效应,而这使大型海藻比浮游植物更容易富集δ13C。不同的大型底栖海藻δ15N值各不相同,范围是:8.06‰～12.60‰,这可能与其利用不同氮源有关,与大气沉降、人工合成化学肥料和人类排放废物的δ15N值比较,湛江港大型底栖藻类的氮源可能来至大气沉降和人类排放废物。不同站点间表层沉积物的稳定碳氮同位素比值差异显著,这可能与其组成成分复杂有关,其在几种食物中也相对较贫化,δ13C值和δ15N值范围分别是:-24.57‰～-16.96‰、2.33‰～10.75‰。
(4)不同食物对同一站点牡蛎的贡献比例差异较大,同种食物对不同站点的牡蛎贡献也各异,这可能与牡蛎对滤食的食物选择利用有关。本研究中,大型底栖藻类是牡蛎有机碳的主要贡献者,在四季所占的平均比例范围是:55.38%～86.09%;三种大型底栖藻类中,尤以条浒苔最大。浮游植物贡献最大季节为冬季,最小为春季,分别是23.8%、7.8%;沉积物在春夏秋冬四季的贡献分别为:6.1%、18.4%、6.5%、26.6%。
(5)近江牡蛎闭壳肌和鳃的δ13C值和δ15N值在不同站点间有显著的差异,但季节间的差异不明显,这与闭壳肌和鳃的物质转化率较慢有关,这一特性使闭壳肌和鳃适于作长期污染物示踪组织,闭壳肌尤佳;内脏团在各组织中变化最大,它的δ13C值和δ15N值在不同站点和季节间都有显著的差异,可适于作短期和长期污染物示踪组织,由于内脏团成份复杂,在选择其作为示踪组织时应进一步纯化;外套膜的δ15N值与内脏团相似,在不同站点和季节间都有显著的差异,适于作短期和长期污染物示踪组织。在示踪组织的优先选择上,闭壳肌宜于作长期污染物示踪组织,外套膜适于作短期污染物示踪组织。
(6)牡蛎各组织稳定氮同位素比值的变化与海水中无机氮(亚硝酸盐、氨盐、硝酸盐和总无机氮)含量的变化具有相同趋势,说明组织中δ15N值的富集或贫化与无机氮含量存在一定的关系。通过相关分析得出,近江牡蛎闭壳肌δ15N值与亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐、氨氮和总无机氮均体现了较好的响应关系。其次为鳃和外套膜,与亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐和总无机氮均有明显的响应,而与氨盐没有明显的响应。内脏团与无机氮的响应最弱,仅与硝酸盐有明显相应。因此,闭壳肌和鳃适宜用于监测无机氮的长期状况,尤以闭壳肌为佳;外套膜适宜用于监测亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐和总无机氮的短期状况,而氨盐的短期监测还需进一步的研究分析。
Ostrea rivularis Gould, Phytoplankton, Sediment and Benthic-Macroalgae were collected to investigate the stable isotope ratios of carbon(δ13C) and nitrogen(δ15N) and Sea wate were collected to Inorganic nitrogen( nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen) in 2008 to 2009, Zhanjiang Harbor. All datas calculate by statistical survey to analysis the food source of Ostrea rivularis Gould, the relation Inorganic nitrogen andδ15N of tissues. the main results are shown as follows:
(1)It was not relation between the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope enrichment of tissues and the age of Ostrea rivularis Gould. Different tissues had the same enrichment or dilution trend on stable carbon and nitrogen isotope. In spatial, the same tissue had different enrichment grade ofδ13C andδ15N values. In temporal, only the visceral mass were bigger change on seasons, And itsδ13C andδ15N values were pronounced change in all tissues.
(2) Theδ13C andδ15N values of adductor muscle、mantle tissue、ctenidia and visceral mass on Ostrea rivularis Gould were differed from each other, the rang ofδ13C values were -24.13‰～-15.01‰、-23.81‰～-16.43‰、-24.37‰～-16.36‰、-25.16‰～-17.05‰;, and the range ofδ15N values were 7.70‰～14.26‰、7.13‰～13.23‰、6.39‰～13.55‰、5.74‰～12.74‰. Theδ13C和δ15N values of adductor muscle were best enrichment, the visceral mass were best dilution, relatively. The enrichment trend were: adductor muscle>ctenidia>mantle tissue>visceral mass. So, when it gained nutrition from SPOM and SOM, the flow pathway in its body was: viscera mass→mantle tissue→ctenidia→adductor muscle.
(3)The food of Ostrea rivularis Could had different carbon and nitrogen isotope features.Theδ13C values of Phytoplankton and Benthic-Macroalgae were: -19.93‰～-20.90‰、-13.43‰～-18.47‰,the later had more enrichmentδ13C values. That because they used different carbon when photosynthesis. So the Benthic-Macroalgae enriched 13C more easily. Different Macroalgae had differδ15N values, the ranged of values was 8.06‰～12.60‰,that maybe because they used different nitrogen. It was inferred that the nutrient source of Macroalgae in Zhanjiang Harbor were mainly from atmospheric and human-drived waste according to the comparision ofδ15N values among atmospheric and human-drived waste and man-made ferilizer. Sediment had different stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes on stations, and its isotopes values were dilution at all foods, relatively, theδ13 andδ15N values were:-24.57‰～-16.96‰、2.33‰～10.75‰。
(4)It’s quite different in proportion of the contribution between different food on the same site oyster. It’s also different in proportion of the contribution between the same kinds of food on different oyster different sites. This may be related to oyster filter feeding choices and using food. In this study, large benthic algae is a major contributor to organic carbon in oyster. The average ratio of range in the four seasons is 55.38%～86.09%. Among the three kinds of benthic macro-algae, the largest is Enteromorpha clathratha. The largest and smallest contribution to the season of phytoplankton as Winter and Spring, the values were 23.8% and 7.8%. The contribution of sediment in four seasons( Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter) respectively were 6.1%,18.4%,6.5% and 26.6%.
(5)There were significantly diversity forδ13C andδ15N values of adductor muscle and ctenidia of Ostrea rivularis Gould in stations, but seasonal variation were not significantly. It has relation with the slow turnover rate of adductor muscle and ctenidia. This characteristic made adductor muscle and ctenidia can use to indicate the long-term pollutant, and the adductor muscle was better. Viscera mass showed the maximal variability forδ13C andδ15N values in four tissues, it showed significantly diversity in different stations and seasons. The characteristic make it can use to indicate the short-term or long-term pollutant, however, due to its complicated composition, so, should be make it further purified when using as a tracer. Theδ15N values of mantle tissue was similar as the viscera, they also had significantly diversity forδ13C andδ15N values in different stations and seasons,can use to indicate the short-term or long-term pollutant. So,in the preference of tracer, adductor muscle was suitable to using as long-term pollutant tracer, and mantle tissue was suited to indicate short-term pollutant.
(6)Theδ13C andδ15N values in tissues of oyster has the same changed tend as contents of inorganic nitrogen( nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen and total inorganic nitrogen).Accossing the correlation analysis, the results were showed as: theδ15N values in adductor muscle can better respond to the contents of nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen and total inorganic nitrogen. The next were ctenidia and mantle tissue, also better respond to the contents of inorganic nitrogen besides ammonia nitrogen. The viscera mass was less, only to nitrate nitrogen. Hence, adductor muscle and ctenidia can use to indicate the long-term status of inorganic nitrogen, in the preference of adductor muscle. And mantle tissue was suitable to indicate the short-term status of nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and total inorganic nitrogen, but indicate the short-term status of ammonia nitrogen need the next study.
(1)牡蛎各组织对稳定碳氮同位素的富集与牡蛎生长年龄无关,各组织的稳定碳氮同位素富集或贫化的趋势基本一致。所有组织中,内脏团的δ13C值和δ15N值变化最明显。在空间上,同一组织在不同站点的δ13C和δ15N富集程度各不相同;在时间上,只有内脏团在各季节中变化显著。
(2)牡蛎不同组织对δ13C和δ15N的富集各不相同,闭壳肌、鳃、外套膜和内脏团的δ13C平均值范围分别是:-24.13‰～-15.01‰、-23.81‰～-16.43‰、-24.37‰～-16.36‰和-25.16‰～-17.05‰;δ15N是:7.70‰～14.26‰、7.13‰～13.23‰、6.39‰～13.55‰、5.74‰～12.74‰。闭壳肌的δ13C值和δ15N值最富集,最贫化的是内脏团,富集趋势大致为内脏团<外套膜<鳃<闭壳肌;牡蛎滤食获营养物质后,在其体内的流动途径大致是:内脏团→外套膜→鳃→闭壳肌。
(3)近江牡蛎食物的稳定碳氮同位素各不相同。浮游植物和大型底栖海藻δ13C值的范围分别为-19.93‰～-20.90‰、-13.43‰～-18.47‰,前者比后者的变化范围小,可能由光合作用利用不一的碳源引起光合作用同位素效应,而这使大型海藻比浮游植物更容易富集δ13C。不同的大型底栖海藻δ15N值各不相同,范围是:8.06‰～12.60‰,这可能与其利用不同氮源有关,与大气沉降、人工合成化学肥料和人类排放废物的δ15N值比较,湛江港大型底栖藻类的氮源可能来至大气沉降和人类排放废物。不同站点间表层沉积物的稳定碳氮同位素比值差异显著,这可能与其组成成分复杂有关,其在几种食物中也相对较贫化,δ13C值和δ15N值范围分别是:-24.57‰～-16.96‰、2.33‰～10.75‰。
(4)不同食物对同一站点牡蛎的贡献比例差异较大,同种食物对不同站点的牡蛎贡献也各异,这可能与牡蛎对滤食的食物选择利用有关。本研究中,大型底栖藻类是牡蛎有机碳的主要贡献者,在四季所占的平均比例范围是:55.38%～86.09%;三种大型底栖藻类中,尤以条浒苔最大。浮游植物贡献最大季节为冬季,最小为春季,分别是23.8%、7.8%;沉积物在春夏秋冬四季的贡献分别为:6.1%、18.4%、6.5%、26.6%。
(5)近江牡蛎闭壳肌和鳃的δ13C值和δ15N值在不同站点间有显著的差异,但季节间的差异不明显,这与闭壳肌和鳃的物质转化率较慢有关,这一特性使闭壳肌和鳃适于作长期污染物示踪组织,闭壳肌尤佳;内脏团在各组织中变化最大,它的δ13C值和δ15N值在不同站点和季节间都有显著的差异,可适于作短期和长期污染物示踪组织,由于内脏团成份复杂,在选择其作为示踪组织时应进一步纯化;外套膜的δ15N值与内脏团相似,在不同站点和季节间都有显著的差异,适于作短期和长期污染物示踪组织。在示踪组织的优先选择上,闭壳肌宜于作长期污染物示踪组织,外套膜适于作短期污染物示踪组织。
(6)牡蛎各组织稳定氮同位素比值的变化与海水中无机氮(亚硝酸盐、氨盐、硝酸盐和总无机氮)含量的变化具有相同趋势,说明组织中δ15N值的富集或贫化与无机氮含量存在一定的关系。通过相关分析得出,近江牡蛎闭壳肌δ15N值与亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐、氨氮和总无机氮均体现了较好的响应关系。其次为鳃和外套膜,与亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐和总无机氮均有明显的响应,而与氨盐没有明显的响应。内脏团与无机氮的响应最弱,仅与硝酸盐有明显相应。因此,闭壳肌和鳃适宜用于监测无机氮的长期状况,尤以闭壳肌为佳;外套膜适宜用于监测亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐和总无机氮的短期状况,而氨盐的短期监测还需进一步的研究分析。
Ostrea rivularis Gould, Phytoplankton, Sediment and Benthic-Macroalgae were collected to investigate the stable isotope ratios of carbon(δ13C) and nitrogen(δ15N) and Sea wate were collected to Inorganic nitrogen( nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen) in 2008 to 2009, Zhanjiang Harbor. All datas calculate by statistical survey to analysis the food source of Ostrea rivularis Gould, the relation Inorganic nitrogen andδ15N of tissues. the main results are shown as follows:
(1)It was not relation between the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope enrichment of tissues and the age of Ostrea rivularis Gould. Different tissues had the same enrichment or dilution trend on stable carbon and nitrogen isotope. In spatial, the same tissue had different enrichment grade ofδ13C andδ15N values. In temporal, only the visceral mass were bigger change on seasons, And itsδ13C andδ15N values were pronounced change in all tissues.
(2) Theδ13C andδ15N values of adductor muscle、mantle tissue、ctenidia and visceral mass on Ostrea rivularis Gould were differed from each other, the rang ofδ13C values were -24.13‰～-15.01‰、-23.81‰～-16.43‰、-24.37‰～-16.36‰、-25.16‰～-17.05‰;, and the range ofδ15N values were 7.70‰～14.26‰、7.13‰～13.23‰、6.39‰～13.55‰、5.74‰～12.74‰. Theδ13C和δ15N values of adductor muscle were best enrichment, the visceral mass were best dilution, relatively. The enrichment trend were: adductor muscle>ctenidia>mantle tissue>visceral mass. So, when it gained nutrition from SPOM and SOM, the flow pathway in its body was: viscera mass→mantle tissue→ctenidia→adductor muscle.
(3)The food of Ostrea rivularis Could had different carbon and nitrogen isotope features.Theδ13C values of Phytoplankton and Benthic-Macroalgae were: -19.93‰～-20.90‰、-13.43‰～-18.47‰,the later had more enrichmentδ13C values. That because they used different carbon when photosynthesis. So the Benthic-Macroalgae enriched 13C more easily. Different Macroalgae had differδ15N values, the ranged of values was 8.06‰～12.60‰,that maybe because they used different nitrogen. It was inferred that the nutrient source of Macroalgae in Zhanjiang Harbor were mainly from atmospheric and human-drived waste according to the comparision ofδ15N values among atmospheric and human-drived waste and man-made ferilizer. Sediment had different stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes on stations, and its isotopes values were dilution at all foods, relatively, theδ13 andδ15N values were:-24.57‰～-16.96‰、2.33‰～10.75‰。
(4)It’s quite different in proportion of the contribution between different food on the same site oyster. It’s also different in proportion of the contribution between the same kinds of food on different oyster different sites. This may be related to oyster filter feeding choices and using food. In this study, large benthic algae is a major contributor to organic carbon in oyster. The average ratio of range in the four seasons is 55.38%～86.09%. Among the three kinds of benthic macro-algae, the largest is Enteromorpha clathratha. The largest and smallest contribution to the season of phytoplankton as Winter and Spring, the values were 23.8% and 7.8%. The contribution of sediment in four seasons( Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter) respectively were 6.1%,18.4%,6.5% and 26.6%.
(5)There were significantly diversity forδ13C andδ15N values of adductor muscle and ctenidia of Ostrea rivularis Gould in stations, but seasonal variation were not significantly. It has relation with the slow turnover rate of adductor muscle and ctenidia. This characteristic made adductor muscle and ctenidia can use to indicate the long-term pollutant, and the adductor muscle was better. Viscera mass showed the maximal variability forδ13C andδ15N values in four tissues, it showed significantly diversity in different stations and seasons. The characteristic make it can use to indicate the short-term or long-term pollutant, however, due to its complicated composition, so, should be make it further purified when using as a tracer. Theδ15N values of mantle tissue was similar as the viscera, they also had significantly diversity forδ13C andδ15N values in different stations and seasons,can use to indicate the short-term or long-term pollutant. So,in the preference of tracer, adductor muscle was suitable to using as long-term pollutant tracer, and mantle tissue was suited to indicate short-term pollutant.
(6)Theδ13C andδ15N values in tissues of oyster has the same changed tend as contents of inorganic nitrogen( nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen and total inorganic nitrogen).Accossing the correlation analysis, the results were showed as: theδ15N values in adductor muscle can better respond to the contents of nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen and total inorganic nitrogen. The next were ctenidia and mantle tissue, also better respond to the contents of inorganic nitrogen besides ammonia nitrogen. The viscera mass was less, only to nitrate nitrogen. Hence, adductor muscle and ctenidia can use to indicate the long-term status of inorganic nitrogen, in the preference of adductor muscle. And mantle tissue was suitable to indicate the short-term status of nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and total inorganic nitrogen, but indicate the short-term status of ammonia nitrogen need the next study.
引文
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