浙江省生态公益林主要群落结构的比较研究
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摘要
本论文以浙江省生态公益林长期监测样地为基础,结合典型调查,通过系统研究498个生态公益林典型样地的群落特征,对浙江省生态公益林的主要群落常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林、杉木林、松林、毛竹林和灌木林的物种组成结构、种群生态位、植物多样性、生物量与碳储量等群落结构特征及相互关系进行了比较研究,以揭示浙江省生态公益林主要群落的结构特征和动态变化规律,为科学构建高效生态公益林提供理论依据。研究结果表明:
(1)浙江省生态公益林主要群落类型各层次的物种数均以常绿阔叶林树种数量最多,分别达到乔木层树种共有52科103属183个种,下木层树种为59科125属198个种,草本层为36科56属59个种;下木层以常绿阔叶林最多,毛竹林最少;草本层则以松林最少。
松林、杉木林、竹林在较大尺度范围上呈集群分布,常绿阔叶林和灌木林的主要树种都呈随机分布,针阔混交林大部分树种呈集群分布;乔木层中的枫香、木荷、青冈、苦槠、马尾松、香樟、杉木、麻栎、冬青、白栎、黄檀和甜槠的生态位宽度最宽,灌木林依次为檵木>白栎>盐肤木>黄檀>杜鹃>算盘子>乌药>豆腐柴>麻栎>青冈>乌桕>木荷>覆盆子>山苍子>合欢;常绿阔叶林中的马尾松与木荷、青冈,针阔混交林中甜槠与香樟,短柄枹与杨梅、黄檀、麻栎，灌木林中黄檀与算盘子、豆腐柴，覆盆子与木荷、山苍子等生态位重叠值最大。
(2)群落物种多样性指数随着海拔的升高而增加,乔木层物种多样性指数均随着海拔升高而先增后降。常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林群落物种丰富度、Simpson生态优势度、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度为下木层>乔木层>草本层,松林为下木层>草本层>乔木层,杉木林为下木层>草本层>乔木层。针阔混交林和常绿阔叶林的乔木层多样性指数高于其它林型,常绿阔叶林的物种丰富度、异质性和均匀性指数均高于针叶林,物种丰富度以针阔混交林最高。乔木层物种数随着年龄的升高略有下降,其它指数随着年龄的升高先增后减。植物多样性指数中的物种数、Simpson指数、均匀度指数均与Shannon-Wiener指数的相关性最为密切。
(3)浙江省生态公益林中常绿阔叶林生物量初期增速快、后期则增幅较少,针阔混交林整体水平较高,幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林与成熟林的林分平均值分别为65.02t/hm2、103.31t/hm~2、124.89 t/hm~2和170.78t/hm~2,松林、杉木林和竹林较低。乔木层随着年龄的增长而增加,下木层生物量及比重总体上呈随林龄地增长而下降的趋势,草本层表现为针阔混交林低、变化小;常绿阔叶林、杉木林和马尾林中幼龄时生物量较大,中龄林后急剧下降。乔木层生物量是乔木林群落生物量的主要组成部分,占总生物量的70%以上,其中竹林达到92.16%、常绿阔叶林为83.94%、杉木林为82.17%、松林为77.44%、针阔混交林为74.15%,下木层生物量则是灌木林生物量的主要贡献者,占总生物量的74.09%,在幼龄林阶段,也是常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林生物量的主要贡献者,草本层生物量在总生物量所占比例均为最小,不足5%。乔木层地上部分生物量约占70-80%,地下部分生物量占20-30%,其中竹林的地上部分生物量比例最高,为80.53%;常绿阔叶林的地下部分比例最高,为27.21%,结构最为均衡,杉木林和针阔混交林次之,竹林最不均衡。
(4)常绿阔叶林和杉木林的乔木层各器官生物量组成结构在不同年龄阶段基本稳定,常绿阔叶林的组成结构为树干占50%、树枝占10-15%、树叶占5-10%、树根占25-30%,杉木林为树干占50-55%、树根占25%左右、树枝和树叶占20-25%,树枝和树叶各占一半;针阔混交林和松林的组成结构在不同年龄阶段表现出规律性变化,各器官生物量均随年龄的增长而增加,但增长速度则不同,生长初期的树干生物量的增长速度要高于树枝、树叶和树根的增长速度,进入近熟林期(马尾松为中龄林)后各器官生物量则表现为相对稳定,针阔混交林树干占60%、树根占20%、枝叶占20%左右;毛竹林主干比例高,根、枝、叶比例低,各器官所占乔木层生物量的比例分别为树干66.62%、树根19.47%、树枝9.13%、树叶4.78%。
(5)常绿阔叶林的年凋落物量为4015.33kg/hm~2·a、针阔混交林3702.21kg/hm~2·a、松林2441.52kg/hm~2·a、杉木林2012.82kg/hm~2·a、毛竹林2047.73kg/hm~2·a、灌木林1230.76kg/hm~2·a;落叶是各群落凋落物中最为重要的组成成份,占总凋落量的85.43%,竹林最高占达96.04%,树枝平均占有量为7.31%,常绿阔叶林和杉木林最高,果实、树皮和碎屑等一般不超过5%;群落凋落物量表现为幼龄林<中龄林<近熟林<成熟林。
(6)浙江省生态公益林主要群落的碳储量研究表明,群落的乔木层是主要的碳库,占总碳储量的70%以上。常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林、杉木林和松林4种群落类型在不同生长阶段的碳储量均随着年龄的增长增长,针阔混交林、杉木林和松林等含针叶树种的群落一直处于快速增长状态,针阔混交林在近熟林到成熟林过程中,增长尤为迅速,而常绿阔叶林在中幼龄阶段增长快、进入中龄林后增速减慢。
(7)乔木林分中,群落凋落物量与生物量之间存在显著的线性关系,且各林分凋落物量与群落总生物量之间的相关性要高于林分凋落物量与乔木层生物量之间的关系,常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林和松林的林分凋落物量与林分生物量间的关系要比杉木林和毛竹林与更为密切,前者凋落物量与生物量的相关系数达到0.9以上,后者的相关系数在0.8左右。利用凋落物与生物量的关系模型估测森林凋落物量,不仅简便易行,而且具有较高的可靠性。
(8)群落的物种组成、多样性、生物量、凋落物量及组成结构是一个有机的整体,如果物种组成丰富,层次结构、物种丰富度等多样性指数、生物量及结构、凋落物量、碳储量等就越高,相反就低,根据对主要群落类型的物种组成与多样性、林分生产力等群落结构特征分析可以得出:常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林群落物种组成丰富、多样性指数高,林分生物量、凋落物均显著高于松林、杉木林、毛竹林和灌木林,群落生物量结构乔灌草、各器官分配、地上部分与地下部分结构组成更为合理,群落稳定性高,常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林应是浙江省生态公益林的理想群落与目的群落。
Based on permanent sample plots, we investigated 498 stands community traits in ecological service forest (ESF) of Zhejiang province, covering 101 800 km2, in China's eastern subtropical zone. We estimated and analyzed population niche, plant diversity, biomass, carbon storage, community composition and interrelation at large scale, including main forest types of ESF: evergreen broadleaved forest, coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest, China fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) forest, pine (Pinus massoniana) forest, bamboo forest and shrub. Through revealing the main characteristics of community structure and dynamics rules, we can provide a theoretical basis for scientifically constructing high-performance ESF. These research results show that:
(1) Evergreen broad-leaved forest has the most species numbers at every layer in ESF of Zhejiang Province. There are 52 familys 103 genus 183 species in tree layer, 59 familys 125 genus 198 species in understory layer, and 36 familys 56 genus 59 species in herb layer respectively. Shrub forest has the lowest species numbers at tree layer, while bamboo forest has the lowest at understory layer and pine forest having the lowest at herb layer. Pine forest, Chinese fir forest, bamboo forest were cluster distribution at larger scale, main tree species of evergreen broadleaved forest and shrub were randomly distributed, many tree species of mixed forest were cluster distributed.
(2) Community diversity index increased with increasing altitude, tree species diversity index increased then decreased with altitude. Species richness, Simpson ecological dominance index, Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou evenness index have same performance (understory layer>tree layer>herb layer) for evergreen broadleaved forest and coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest, which are understory layer>herb layer>tree layer for pine forest and understory layer>herb layer>tree layer for Chinese fir forest. Evergreen broadleaved forest and coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest have higher tree layer diversity index than other forest types. Evergreen broad-leaved forest has much higher species richness, heterogeneity and evenness index than coniferous forests, while coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest having higest species richness. Number of species in tree layer increased with age, and other indices increased then decreased. Plant species diversity index of the richness, Simpson index, evenness index most closely related with Shannon-Wiener index.
(3) Biomass for evergreen broadleaved forest in ESF of Zhejiang Province grew fast early, then increased less late. Coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest has much higher biomass. Biomass for young, middle-age near-mature and mature age class of mixed forests were 65.02t/hm~2, 103.31t/hm~2, 124.89 t/hm~2 and 170.78t/hm~2, respectively. Contrastingly, Pine forest, Chinese fir forest and bamboo forest have lower biomass. Tree layer biomass increased with age, and understory layer biomass and its proportion were decreasing with age. Tree layer biomass accounted for over 70% of total biomass, 92.16% for bamboo forest, 83.94% for evergreen broadleaved forest, 82.17% for Chinese fir forest, 77.44% for pine forest and 74.15% for mixed forest. Biomass for understory is the main contributor (74.09%) to the total biomass of shrub forest, and also main contributor to young age of evergreen broadleaved forest and mixed forest. Herb layer biomass accounted for smallest proportion, less than 5%. Aboveground biomass of tree layer accounted for about 70-80% of biomass, while underground biomass for 20-30%. Bamboo has highest proportion (80.53%) for aboveground biomass and evergreen broadleaved forest has highest proportion (27.21%) for underground biomass. They both have most balance structure, and Chinese fir forest and mixed forest next. Bamboo forest has most unbalance structure.
(4) Evergreen broad-leaved forest and Chinese fir tree layer biomass composition of various organs in different age structure are stable. Evergreen broad-leaved forest has 50% biomass of composition for trunk, 10-15% for branch, 5-10% for leaf, 25-30% for roots. Chinese fir forest has 50-55% biomass of composition for trunk, 25% for roots, 20-25% branch and leaf. Coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest and pine forest showed same changes in the composition of the structure of different age class, biological organs biomass both are increased with age, but with different growth rate. Coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest has 60% biomass of composition for trunk, 20% for root, around 20% for branch and leaf. Bamboo forest has high proportion (66.62%) for trunk and low for roots (19.47%), branch (9.13%) and leaf (4.78%).
(5) Annual litter production for evergreen broadleaved forest was 4015.33 kg/hm~2·a, for coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest was 3702.21 kg/hm~2·a, for pine forest was 2441.52 kg/hm~2·a, for Chinese fir forest was 2012.82 kg/hm~2·a, for bamboo forest was 2047.73 kg/hm~2·a, and for shrub forest was 1230.76 kg/hm~2·a. Leaf litter is the most important composition (85.43%) of the total litter, which account for the highest (96.04%) of bamboo litter production. Branch litter accounted for 7.31% average, which account for the highest of evergreen broadleaved forest and Chinese fir forest. Litter of fruit, bark and debris are less than 5%. Community litter production was young (6) Tree layer is the main carbon pools, which carbon storage accounted for above 70% of total carbon storage. Carbon storage of evergreen broadleaved forest, coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest, Chinese fir forest and pine forest all are increase with age at different age class. Carbon storage of forest type containing coniferous species such as coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest, Chinese fir forest and pine forest has been growing fast. Carbon storage of coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest growth especially fast from near-mature to mature age class, and evergreen broadleaved forest carbon storage growth rapid at young and mid-age stage, then growth rate slowed down.
(7) There is linearity significant between total litter production and biomass of community, which are higher than relationship between litter production and biomass of tree layer. The relationship (0.9) between litter production and biomass of the evergreen broadleaved forest, mixed forest and pine forest were higher than the relationship (0.8) of Chinese fir forest and bamboo forest. Using relationship model between litter and biomass to estimates the amount of forest litter production is not only easy, but also has higher reliability.
(8) Specie composition, biodiversity, biomass, litter production and structure composition of community is an organic whole. If the specie composition rich, hierarchical structure, diversity indices, biomass, litter and carbon storage all are higher, on the contrary all are low. The study of main forest type based on specie composition, diversity, biomass and other characteristics of community structure show these results: evergreen broadleaved forest and coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest both are higher than other four forest types at specie rich, diversity indices, biomass and litter production. They also has more rational biomass structure, organ distribution and above and under ground ratio, so more stable. Evergreen broadleaved forest and coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest ecosystem should be the ideal of ESF of Zhejiang Province.
(1)浙江省生态公益林主要群落类型各层次的物种数均以常绿阔叶林树种数量最多,分别达到乔木层树种共有52科103属183个种,下木层树种为59科125属198个种,草本层为36科56属59个种;下木层以常绿阔叶林最多,毛竹林最少;草本层则以松林最少。
松林、杉木林、竹林在较大尺度范围上呈集群分布,常绿阔叶林和灌木林的主要树种都呈随机分布,针阔混交林大部分树种呈集群分布;乔木层中的枫香、木荷、青冈、苦槠、马尾松、香樟、杉木、麻栎、冬青、白栎、黄檀和甜槠的生态位宽度最宽,灌木林依次为檵木>白栎>盐肤木>黄檀>杜鹃>算盘子>乌药>豆腐柴>麻栎>青冈>乌桕>木荷>覆盆子>山苍子>合欢;常绿阔叶林中的马尾松与木荷、青冈,针阔混交林中甜槠与香樟,短柄枹与杨梅、黄檀、麻栎，灌木林中黄檀与算盘子、豆腐柴，覆盆子与木荷、山苍子等生态位重叠值最大。
(2)群落物种多样性指数随着海拔的升高而增加,乔木层物种多样性指数均随着海拔升高而先增后降。常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林群落物种丰富度、Simpson生态优势度、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度为下木层>乔木层>草本层,松林为下木层>草本层>乔木层,杉木林为下木层>草本层>乔木层。针阔混交林和常绿阔叶林的乔木层多样性指数高于其它林型,常绿阔叶林的物种丰富度、异质性和均匀性指数均高于针叶林,物种丰富度以针阔混交林最高。乔木层物种数随着年龄的升高略有下降,其它指数随着年龄的升高先增后减。植物多样性指数中的物种数、Simpson指数、均匀度指数均与Shannon-Wiener指数的相关性最为密切。
(3)浙江省生态公益林中常绿阔叶林生物量初期增速快、后期则增幅较少,针阔混交林整体水平较高,幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林与成熟林的林分平均值分别为65.02t/hm2、103.31t/hm~2、124.89 t/hm~2和170.78t/hm~2,松林、杉木林和竹林较低。乔木层随着年龄的增长而增加,下木层生物量及比重总体上呈随林龄地增长而下降的趋势,草本层表现为针阔混交林低、变化小;常绿阔叶林、杉木林和马尾林中幼龄时生物量较大,中龄林后急剧下降。乔木层生物量是乔木林群落生物量的主要组成部分,占总生物量的70%以上,其中竹林达到92.16%、常绿阔叶林为83.94%、杉木林为82.17%、松林为77.44%、针阔混交林为74.15%,下木层生物量则是灌木林生物量的主要贡献者,占总生物量的74.09%,在幼龄林阶段,也是常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林生物量的主要贡献者,草本层生物量在总生物量所占比例均为最小,不足5%。乔木层地上部分生物量约占70-80%,地下部分生物量占20-30%,其中竹林的地上部分生物量比例最高,为80.53%;常绿阔叶林的地下部分比例最高,为27.21%,结构最为均衡,杉木林和针阔混交林次之,竹林最不均衡。
(4)常绿阔叶林和杉木林的乔木层各器官生物量组成结构在不同年龄阶段基本稳定,常绿阔叶林的组成结构为树干占50%、树枝占10-15%、树叶占5-10%、树根占25-30%,杉木林为树干占50-55%、树根占25%左右、树枝和树叶占20-25%,树枝和树叶各占一半;针阔混交林和松林的组成结构在不同年龄阶段表现出规律性变化,各器官生物量均随年龄的增长而增加,但增长速度则不同,生长初期的树干生物量的增长速度要高于树枝、树叶和树根的增长速度,进入近熟林期(马尾松为中龄林)后各器官生物量则表现为相对稳定,针阔混交林树干占60%、树根占20%、枝叶占20%左右;毛竹林主干比例高,根、枝、叶比例低,各器官所占乔木层生物量的比例分别为树干66.62%、树根19.47%、树枝9.13%、树叶4.78%。
(5)常绿阔叶林的年凋落物量为4015.33kg/hm~2·a、针阔混交林3702.21kg/hm~2·a、松林2441.52kg/hm~2·a、杉木林2012.82kg/hm~2·a、毛竹林2047.73kg/hm~2·a、灌木林1230.76kg/hm~2·a;落叶是各群落凋落物中最为重要的组成成份,占总凋落量的85.43%,竹林最高占达96.04%,树枝平均占有量为7.31%,常绿阔叶林和杉木林最高,果实、树皮和碎屑等一般不超过5%;群落凋落物量表现为幼龄林<中龄林<近熟林<成熟林。
(6)浙江省生态公益林主要群落的碳储量研究表明,群落的乔木层是主要的碳库,占总碳储量的70%以上。常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林、杉木林和松林4种群落类型在不同生长阶段的碳储量均随着年龄的增长增长,针阔混交林、杉木林和松林等含针叶树种的群落一直处于快速增长状态,针阔混交林在近熟林到成熟林过程中,增长尤为迅速,而常绿阔叶林在中幼龄阶段增长快、进入中龄林后增速减慢。
(7)乔木林分中,群落凋落物量与生物量之间存在显著的线性关系,且各林分凋落物量与群落总生物量之间的相关性要高于林分凋落物量与乔木层生物量之间的关系,常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林和松林的林分凋落物量与林分生物量间的关系要比杉木林和毛竹林与更为密切,前者凋落物量与生物量的相关系数达到0.9以上,后者的相关系数在0.8左右。利用凋落物与生物量的关系模型估测森林凋落物量,不仅简便易行,而且具有较高的可靠性。
(8)群落的物种组成、多样性、生物量、凋落物量及组成结构是一个有机的整体,如果物种组成丰富,层次结构、物种丰富度等多样性指数、生物量及结构、凋落物量、碳储量等就越高,相反就低,根据对主要群落类型的物种组成与多样性、林分生产力等群落结构特征分析可以得出:常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林群落物种组成丰富、多样性指数高,林分生物量、凋落物均显著高于松林、杉木林、毛竹林和灌木林,群落生物量结构乔灌草、各器官分配、地上部分与地下部分结构组成更为合理,群落稳定性高,常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林应是浙江省生态公益林的理想群落与目的群落。
Based on permanent sample plots, we investigated 498 stands community traits in ecological service forest (ESF) of Zhejiang province, covering 101 800 km2, in China's eastern subtropical zone. We estimated and analyzed population niche, plant diversity, biomass, carbon storage, community composition and interrelation at large scale, including main forest types of ESF: evergreen broadleaved forest, coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest, China fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) forest, pine (Pinus massoniana) forest, bamboo forest and shrub. Through revealing the main characteristics of community structure and dynamics rules, we can provide a theoretical basis for scientifically constructing high-performance ESF. These research results show that:
(1) Evergreen broad-leaved forest has the most species numbers at every layer in ESF of Zhejiang Province. There are 52 familys 103 genus 183 species in tree layer, 59 familys 125 genus 198 species in understory layer, and 36 familys 56 genus 59 species in herb layer respectively. Shrub forest has the lowest species numbers at tree layer, while bamboo forest has the lowest at understory layer and pine forest having the lowest at herb layer. Pine forest, Chinese fir forest, bamboo forest were cluster distribution at larger scale, main tree species of evergreen broadleaved forest and shrub were randomly distributed, many tree species of mixed forest were cluster distributed.
(2) Community diversity index increased with increasing altitude, tree species diversity index increased then decreased with altitude. Species richness, Simpson ecological dominance index, Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou evenness index have same performance (understory layer>tree layer>herb layer) for evergreen broadleaved forest and coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest, which are understory layer>herb layer>tree layer for pine forest and understory layer>herb layer>tree layer for Chinese fir forest. Evergreen broadleaved forest and coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest have higher tree layer diversity index than other forest types. Evergreen broad-leaved forest has much higher species richness, heterogeneity and evenness index than coniferous forests, while coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest having higest species richness. Number of species in tree layer increased with age, and other indices increased then decreased. Plant species diversity index of the richness, Simpson index, evenness index most closely related with Shannon-Wiener index.
(3) Biomass for evergreen broadleaved forest in ESF of Zhejiang Province grew fast early, then increased less late. Coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest has much higher biomass. Biomass for young, middle-age near-mature and mature age class of mixed forests were 65.02t/hm~2, 103.31t/hm~2, 124.89 t/hm~2 and 170.78t/hm~2, respectively. Contrastingly, Pine forest, Chinese fir forest and bamboo forest have lower biomass. Tree layer biomass increased with age, and understory layer biomass and its proportion were decreasing with age. Tree layer biomass accounted for over 70% of total biomass, 92.16% for bamboo forest, 83.94% for evergreen broadleaved forest, 82.17% for Chinese fir forest, 77.44% for pine forest and 74.15% for mixed forest. Biomass for understory is the main contributor (74.09%) to the total biomass of shrub forest, and also main contributor to young age of evergreen broadleaved forest and mixed forest. Herb layer biomass accounted for smallest proportion, less than 5%. Aboveground biomass of tree layer accounted for about 70-80% of biomass, while underground biomass for 20-30%. Bamboo has highest proportion (80.53%) for aboveground biomass and evergreen broadleaved forest has highest proportion (27.21%) for underground biomass. They both have most balance structure, and Chinese fir forest and mixed forest next. Bamboo forest has most unbalance structure.
(4) Evergreen broad-leaved forest and Chinese fir tree layer biomass composition of various organs in different age structure are stable. Evergreen broad-leaved forest has 50% biomass of composition for trunk, 10-15% for branch, 5-10% for leaf, 25-30% for roots. Chinese fir forest has 50-55% biomass of composition for trunk, 25% for roots, 20-25% branch and leaf. Coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest and pine forest showed same changes in the composition of the structure of different age class, biological organs biomass both are increased with age, but with different growth rate. Coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest has 60% biomass of composition for trunk, 20% for root, around 20% for branch and leaf. Bamboo forest has high proportion (66.62%) for trunk and low for roots (19.47%), branch (9.13%) and leaf (4.78%).
(5) Annual litter production for evergreen broadleaved forest was 4015.33 kg/hm~2·a, for coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest was 3702.21 kg/hm~2·a, for pine forest was 2441.52 kg/hm~2·a, for Chinese fir forest was 2012.82 kg/hm~2·a, for bamboo forest was 2047.73 kg/hm~2·a, and for shrub forest was 1230.76 kg/hm~2·a. Leaf litter is the most important composition (85.43%) of the total litter, which account for the highest (96.04%) of bamboo litter production. Branch litter accounted for 7.31% average, which account for the highest of evergreen broadleaved forest and Chinese fir forest. Litter of fruit, bark and debris are less than 5%. Community litter production was young
(7) There is linearity significant between total litter production and biomass of community, which are higher than relationship between litter production and biomass of tree layer. The relationship (0.9) between litter production and biomass of the evergreen broadleaved forest, mixed forest and pine forest were higher than the relationship (0.8) of Chinese fir forest and bamboo forest. Using relationship model between litter and biomass to estimates the amount of forest litter production is not only easy, but also has higher reliability.
(8) Specie composition, biodiversity, biomass, litter production and structure composition of community is an organic whole. If the specie composition rich, hierarchical structure, diversity indices, biomass, litter and carbon storage all are higher, on the contrary all are low. The study of main forest type based on specie composition, diversity, biomass and other characteristics of community structure show these results: evergreen broadleaved forest and coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest both are higher than other four forest types at specie rich, diversity indices, biomass and litter production. They also has more rational biomass structure, organ distribution and above and under ground ratio, so more stable. Evergreen broadleaved forest and coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest ecosystem should be the ideal of ESF of Zhejiang Province.
引文
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