厌氧膨胀颗粒污泥床（EGSB）反应器水力混合特性研究
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摘要
本课题通过设计和运行小试EGSB反应器，对定有机负荷正常运行的反应器在不同升流速度条件下的颗粒污泥床特征及停留时间分布进行了实验研究，并在单参数流动模型(轴向扩散推流模型和多釜串联模型)拟合分析的基础上建立了多参数组合流动模型(GDMWB模型和CPDE模型)。
研究结果表明：
1)为持留较高浓度的污泥，维持理想的处理效果，实验EGSB反应器的升流速度应控制在2～4m／h。
2)反应器内存在死区，升流速度的提高可以有效减少死区容积。
3)轴向扩散系数和多釜串联级数随升流速度的变化仅能表达系统整体在时间上的相对混合程度为先减弱后增强，无法表达出反应器内空间上的混合特征。
4)将EGSB反应器根据内部污泥床特征假设成颗粒污泥床层和澄清层的串联，从而建立组合模型是合理的；CPDE模型可以很好地拟合实验RTD曲线的拖尾。
5)GDMWB模型在升流速度较高时更适合描述实验EGSB反应器的液相流动，而CPDE模型则更适合描述升流速度较低，死区容积较大时的反应器流态。
In this study, a lab-scale EGSB reactor was established and ran with certain organic loading rate, while experiments on the characteristics of expanded granular sludge bed and residence time distribution (RTD) were conducted under different superficial liquid upfiow velocities (vup) conditions. Two flow models with multiple parameters (GDMWB and CPDE) were established and simulated based on the analysis of the simulation results and deviations of two single-parameter flow models (DPF and TIS).
Through these work, some conclusions can be drawn:
1) The optimal range of liquid upfiow velocity (vup) is 2-4 m/h for the biomass retention and stable COD removal rate of the EGSB reactor.
2) Dead zone exists in the EGSB reactor, whose volume can be reduced by increasing the
Vup.
3) The varity of axial dispersion coefficient (Dz/uL) and tank-in-series number (N) with the vup increased only has the relative meaning which imply the mixing intensity of the whole system decreased first and then increased in time domain. However, it can not interpret the mixing characteristics of the reactor in space domain.
4) It is reasonable for developing the combined models by defining the reactor is composed of sludge bed and settling section in series. Moreover, model CPDE interpret the long tail of RTD curves perfectly.
5) Model GDMWB is fit for simulation under high vup condition and model CPDE for low.
研究结果表明：
1)为持留较高浓度的污泥，维持理想的处理效果，实验EGSB反应器的升流速度应控制在2～4m／h。
2)反应器内存在死区，升流速度的提高可以有效减少死区容积。
3)轴向扩散系数和多釜串联级数随升流速度的变化仅能表达系统整体在时间上的相对混合程度为先减弱后增强，无法表达出反应器内空间上的混合特征。
4)将EGSB反应器根据内部污泥床特征假设成颗粒污泥床层和澄清层的串联，从而建立组合模型是合理的；CPDE模型可以很好地拟合实验RTD曲线的拖尾。
5)GDMWB模型在升流速度较高时更适合描述实验EGSB反应器的液相流动，而CPDE模型则更适合描述升流速度较低，死区容积较大时的反应器流态。
In this study, a lab-scale EGSB reactor was established and ran with certain organic loading rate, while experiments on the characteristics of expanded granular sludge bed and residence time distribution (RTD) were conducted under different superficial liquid upfiow velocities (vup) conditions. Two flow models with multiple parameters (GDMWB and CPDE) were established and simulated based on the analysis of the simulation results and deviations of two single-parameter flow models (DPF and TIS).
Through these work, some conclusions can be drawn:
1) The optimal range of liquid upfiow velocity (vup) is 2-4 m/h for the biomass retention and stable COD removal rate of the EGSB reactor.
2) Dead zone exists in the EGSB reactor, whose volume can be reduced by increasing the
Vup.
3) The varity of axial dispersion coefficient (Dz/uL) and tank-in-series number (N) with the vup increased only has the relative meaning which imply the mixing intensity of the whole system decreased first and then increased in time domain. However, it can not interpret the mixing characteristics of the reactor in space domain.
4) It is reasonable for developing the combined models by defining the reactor is composed of sludge bed and settling section in series. Moreover, model CPDE interpret the long tail of RTD curves perfectly.
5) Model GDMWB is fit for simulation under high vup condition and model CPDE for low.
引文
[1] 贺延龄．废水的厌氧生物处理，中国轻工业出版社，1998
[2] 高廷耀顾国维．水污染控制工程，高等教育出版社，1999
[3] 王凯军，王晓慧．，中国沼气，17(4)：14～17，1999
[4] R．E．斯皮思．工业废水的厌氧生物技术，中国建筑工业出版社，2001
[5] McCarty P L. Proc. Of the 2th Int. Symp. On Anaerobic Digestion, 1981
[6] 申立贤．高浓度有机废水处理技术，中国环境科学出版社，1992
[7] 汪洪生．现代废水厌氧处理应用技术进展，污染防治技术，15(4)：15～20，200
[8] Lucas Seghezzo, Grietje Zeeman. Bioresouce Technology, 65:175～190, 1998
[9] McCarty. P L. Environ. Sci. Technol, 20(12): 200-206, 1986
[10] Lettinga. G. Biotech. Bioeng, 22:699～734, 1980
[11] Switzeubaum M S, Water Pollut. Control Fed, 52:1953～1960,1980
[12] Boening P H, V F Lowsen. Biotech. Bioeng., 24:2539-2556, 1982
[13] Lettinga G. Proc. Of 4th Int. Syrup. On Anaerobic Digesstion, 1985
[14] Hulshoff Pol, Lettinga G. Wat. Sci. Technol., 18(12):41-53, 1986
[15] Hanqing Yu, Guowei Gu. Journal of Cleaner Production, 4(3-4): 219～223, 1996
[16] Sen S, Demirer G. N. Water Research, 37(8):1868～1878, 2003
[17] 陈坚．无锡轻工大学博士学位论文，1990
[18] Brito A G, Meio L F. Environ.Technol., 18(1):35-44, 1997
[19] Kalyuzhnyi S, Saucedo J. Appl. Biochem. Biotech.,66(3): 291～301,1997
[20] Syutsubo K, Harada H. Wat. Sci. Tech, 38(8-9):349-357, 1998
[21] Kennedy, K J Droste. Biotech.Bioeng., 27:1152-1165,1985
[22] 任洪强．陈坚．中国沼气，17(2)：10～13，1999
[23] Shapiro M, Switzenbaum M S. Biotechnol. Lett., 6:729～734, 1984
[24] Vredenbregt L H, Nielsen K, Wat. Sci.Technol.,36(1):93～100, 1997
[25] Lettinga G. Wat. Sci. Tech. 40(8):221～228, 1999
[26] Lettinga.G. Wat. Sci.Tech. 35(10):5～12, 1997
[27] George R, Zoutberg, Peter de Been. Wat. Sci. Tech, 35:183～188, 1997
[28] Mario T, Kato J. Biotech.Bioeng., 44:469-479, 1994
[29] Razo-Flores E, Smulders P. Wat. Sci. Yech., 40(8):187～194, 1999
[30] Zoutberg G R, Eker Z. Wat. Sci. Tech., 40(1):297～304, 1999
[31] Rebac S, Gerbens S, Lens P. Bioresource Technol., 69(3):241～248, 1999
[32] Pereboom J H F, Wat. Sci. Tech., 30(8):9-21, 1994
[33] van Vooren L, Lesssard P. Environ. Technol., 20(6):547～561, 1999
[34] Malaspina F. Fuel and Energy Abstracts, 37(4):315, 1996
[35] Bello-Mendoza R., Castillo-Rivera M.F. Anaerobe, 4(5):219-225, 1998
[36] Buyukkamaci Nurdan, Filibeli Ayse. Process Biochemistry, 38(1):73～79, 2002
[37] van der Last, Lettinga G. Wat. Sci. Tech., 25(7):167～178, 1992
[38] De Man, A. W. A., Rijs, Lettinga G. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium On Anaerobic Digestion,1988
[39] 王凯军，环境科学，19(1)：94～96，1998
[40] Vieira S. M., Garcia D. Wat. Sci. Tech. 25:143-157,1992
[41] George R. Zoutberg, Frankin R. Wat. Sci. Tech, 34:375～381,1996
[42] Arjen Rinzema. Process Biochem., 28:527-537,1993
[43] De Man, Vander Last. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Anaerobic Digestion, 1988
[44] Lettinga G. Wat. Sci. Tech. 33:85-98, 1996
[45] Bogte, J J., Breure, Van Andel, Lettinga G. Wat. Sci. Tech. 27:75～82, 1993
[46] Catunda, Van Haandel, A. C. Wat. Sci.Tech. 33:147～156,1996
[47] 黄晓东，张存铎，环境工程，15(2)：16～18，1997
[48] Gnanadipathy A., Polprasert C. Wat. Sci. Tech. 27:195-203,1993
[49] Sayed S. K., Fergala M. A. Wat. Sci. Tech. 32:55～63,1995
[50] Youssouf Kalogo, Willy Verstraete. Microbio. & Biotechnol. 15:523-534, 1999
[51] Jules B.van Lier, Salih Rebac, etc. Wat. Sci. Tech. 36(6-7):317～324, 1997
[52] Mario T. Kato, Jim A.Field. Wat. Sci. Tech. 36(6-7):375～382, 1997
[53] van der Last A R M., Lettinga G. Wat.Sci.Tech. 25(7):167～178, 1992
[54] Rebac S. Chemical.Tech. Biotechnol., 68:135～146, 1997
[55] L. A. Nunez, B. Martinez. Wat. Sci.Tech. 40(8):99～106, 1999
[56] D. Jeison, R. Chamy. Wat. Sci. Tech. 40(8):91～97, 1999
[57] Austermann Haun U, etc. Wat. Sci. Tech. 40(1):305～312, 1999
[58] Zouberg G. R., etc. Wat. Sci. Tech. 40(1):297-304, 1999
[59] G. Gonzalez-Gil, R. Kleerebezem, etc. Wat. Sci. Tech. 40(8):195～202, 1999
[60] Rinzema A. Process Biochemistry, 28:527～537, 1993
[61] Hwu C. S., etc. Process Biochemistry, 33(1):75～81, 1998
[62] Hwu C. S., G. Molenaar. etc. Biotechnology Letters, 19(5):447～451, 1997
[63] Richard M. Dinsdale, Freda R. Hawkes. Water Resource, 34(9):2433～2438, 2000
[64] G. Gonzalez-Gil,Lens,. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 8:3683～3692:2001
[65] Ranade V. V. Reviews in Chemical Engineering, 11(3):229～289, 1995
[66] Levenspiel O. Chemical Reaction Engineering(3~rd ed.), New York, 1999
[67] Danckwerts P. V. Chem. Engng. Sci. 2(1), 1953
[68] Chander A., Kundu A. Fuel, 80: 1043～1053, 2001
[69] R. M. Alkhaddar, P. R. Higgins. Urban Water, 3:17～24, 2001
[70] Maria Gavrilescu, Tudose. Chemical Engineering and Processing, 38:225～238, 1999
[71] A. E. R. Bruce, P. S. T. Sai. Chem. Engng. Sci. 58:3453～3463, 2003
[72] J. Shu, V. I. Lakshmanan, C. E. Dodson. Chem. Engng. & Proc. 39:499～506, 2000
[73] Siamak Najarian, B. J.Bellhouse. Chem. Engng. Journal, 75:105～111, 1999
[74] V. K. Pareek, Z. Yap. etc. Chem. Engng. Sci., 56:6063～6071, 2001
[75] L. Prat, P. Guiraud. etc. Chem.Engng. & Proc., 38:73～83, 1999
[76] 欧阳铭，徐培．环境科学，14(3)：32～35，1993
[77] 周平，钱易．环境科学，16(2)：88～90，1995
[78] 彭党聪．袁林江．中国给水排水，15(5)：16～19，1999
[79] 周琪，胡纪萃，顾夏声．环境科学学报，15(2)：170～177，1995
[80] H. Chua, J. P. C. Fung. Wat.Sci.Tech. 33(8):1～6, 1996
[81] Richard Bello-Mendoza, Paul N.Sharratt. Wat. Sci.Tech. 40(8):49～56, 1999
[82] F. Seguret, Yvan Racault. Wat.Sci.Tech. 34(5): 1551～1558, 2000
[83] Lynn C. Smith, D. J. Elliot, A.James. Wat.Res. 30(12):3061～3073, 1996
[84] 任洪强，无锡轻工大学博士学位论文，2000
[85] Laquerbe C., Laborde,etc. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 22(S347～S353), 1998
[86] Thyn J., Zitny R. Analysis and diagnostics of industrial processes by radiotraeers and adioisotope sealed sources, Praha, 2000
[87] K. R. Westerterp, van Swaaij. Chemical Reactor Design and Operation, Chichester, 1984
[88] 许保玖、龙腾锐，当代给水与废水处理原理(第二版)，高等教育出版社，2000
[89] 戚以政、汪叔雄，生化反应动力学与反应器，化学工业出版社，1999
[90] C. Y. Wen, L. T. Fan, Models for Flow Systems and Chemical Reactors, New York, 1975
[9]] 杨玉杰，侯杰，刘兴旺等，水处理技术，17(4)：239～256，1991
[92] 日本规格协会，工业废水分析方法，环境科学出版社，1987
[93] Bolle W. L, J.van Breugel,etc. Biotech.Bioeng., 28: 1615,1986
[94] I. R. de Nardi, M.Zaiat, E.Foresti. Bioprocess Engineering, 21:469～476, 1999
[95] W. P. M. van Swaaij, J. C. Charpentier, J.Villermaux. Chem. Engng. Sci., 24:1083～1095, 1969
[96] J. Villermaux, W. P. M. van Swaaij, Chem.Engng.Sci., 24:1097-1111, 1969
[2] 高廷耀顾国维．水污染控制工程，高等教育出版社，1999
[3] 王凯军，王晓慧．，中国沼气，17(4)：14～17，1999
[4] R．E．斯皮思．工业废水的厌氧生物技术，中国建筑工业出版社，2001
[5] McCarty P L. Proc. Of the 2th Int. Symp. On Anaerobic Digestion, 1981
[6] 申立贤．高浓度有机废水处理技术，中国环境科学出版社，1992
[7] 汪洪生．现代废水厌氧处理应用技术进展，污染防治技术，15(4)：15～20，200
[8] Lucas Seghezzo, Grietje Zeeman. Bioresouce Technology, 65:175～190, 1998
[9] McCarty. P L. Environ. Sci. Technol, 20(12): 200-206, 1986
[10] Lettinga. G. Biotech. Bioeng, 22:699～734, 1980
[11] Switzeubaum M S, Water Pollut. Control Fed, 52:1953～1960,1980
[12] Boening P H, V F Lowsen. Biotech. Bioeng., 24:2539-2556, 1982
[13] Lettinga G. Proc. Of 4th Int. Syrup. On Anaerobic Digesstion, 1985
[14] Hulshoff Pol, Lettinga G. Wat. Sci. Technol., 18(12):41-53, 1986
[15] Hanqing Yu, Guowei Gu. Journal of Cleaner Production, 4(3-4): 219～223, 1996
[16] Sen S, Demirer G. N. Water Research, 37(8):1868～1878, 2003
[17] 陈坚．无锡轻工大学博士学位论文，1990
[18] Brito A G, Meio L F. Environ.Technol., 18(1):35-44, 1997
[19] Kalyuzhnyi S, Saucedo J. Appl. Biochem. Biotech.,66(3): 291～301,1997
[20] Syutsubo K, Harada H. Wat. Sci. Tech, 38(8-9):349-357, 1998
[21] Kennedy, K J Droste. Biotech.Bioeng., 27:1152-1165,1985
[22] 任洪强．陈坚．中国沼气，17(2)：10～13，1999
[23] Shapiro M, Switzenbaum M S. Biotechnol. Lett., 6:729～734, 1984
[24] Vredenbregt L H, Nielsen K, Wat. Sci.Technol.,36(1):93～100, 1997
[25] Lettinga G. Wat. Sci. Tech. 40(8):221～228, 1999
[26] Lettinga.G. Wat. Sci.Tech. 35(10):5～12, 1997
[27] George R, Zoutberg, Peter de Been. Wat. Sci. Tech, 35:183～188, 1997
[28] Mario T, Kato J. Biotech.Bioeng., 44:469-479, 1994
[29] Razo-Flores E, Smulders P. Wat. Sci. Yech., 40(8):187～194, 1999
[30] Zoutberg G R, Eker Z. Wat. Sci. Tech., 40(1):297～304, 1999
[31] Rebac S, Gerbens S, Lens P. Bioresource Technol., 69(3):241～248, 1999
[32] Pereboom J H F, Wat. Sci. Tech., 30(8):9-21, 1994
[33] van Vooren L, Lesssard P. Environ. Technol., 20(6):547～561, 1999
[34] Malaspina F. Fuel and Energy Abstracts, 37(4):315, 1996
[35] Bello-Mendoza R., Castillo-Rivera M.F. Anaerobe, 4(5):219-225, 1998
[36] Buyukkamaci Nurdan, Filibeli Ayse. Process Biochemistry, 38(1):73～79, 2002
[37] van der Last, Lettinga G. Wat. Sci. Tech., 25(7):167～178, 1992
[38] De Man, A. W. A., Rijs, Lettinga G. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium On Anaerobic Digestion,1988
[39] 王凯军，环境科学，19(1)：94～96，1998
[40] Vieira S. M., Garcia D. Wat. Sci. Tech. 25:143-157,1992
[41] George R. Zoutberg, Frankin R. Wat. Sci. Tech, 34:375～381,1996
[42] Arjen Rinzema. Process Biochem., 28:527-537,1993
[43] De Man, Vander Last. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Anaerobic Digestion, 1988
[44] Lettinga G. Wat. Sci. Tech. 33:85-98, 1996
[45] Bogte, J J., Breure, Van Andel, Lettinga G. Wat. Sci. Tech. 27:75～82, 1993
[46] Catunda, Van Haandel, A. C. Wat. Sci.Tech. 33:147～156,1996
[47] 黄晓东，张存铎，环境工程，15(2)：16～18，1997
[48] Gnanadipathy A., Polprasert C. Wat. Sci. Tech. 27:195-203,1993
[49] Sayed S. K., Fergala M. A. Wat. Sci. Tech. 32:55～63,1995
[50] Youssouf Kalogo, Willy Verstraete. Microbio. & Biotechnol. 15:523-534, 1999
[51] Jules B.van Lier, Salih Rebac, etc. Wat. Sci. Tech. 36(6-7):317～324, 1997
[52] Mario T. Kato, Jim A.Field. Wat. Sci. Tech. 36(6-7):375～382, 1997
[53] van der Last A R M., Lettinga G. Wat.Sci.Tech. 25(7):167～178, 1992
[54] Rebac S. Chemical.Tech. Biotechnol., 68:135～146, 1997
[55] L. A. Nunez, B. Martinez. Wat. Sci.Tech. 40(8):99～106, 1999
[56] D. Jeison, R. Chamy. Wat. Sci. Tech. 40(8):91～97, 1999
[57] Austermann Haun U, etc. Wat. Sci. Tech. 40(1):305～312, 1999
[58] Zouberg G. R., etc. Wat. Sci. Tech. 40(1):297-304, 1999
[59] G. Gonzalez-Gil, R. Kleerebezem, etc. Wat. Sci. Tech. 40(8):195～202, 1999
[60] Rinzema A. Process Biochemistry, 28:527～537, 1993
[61] Hwu C. S., etc. Process Biochemistry, 33(1):75～81, 1998
[62] Hwu C. S., G. Molenaar. etc. Biotechnology Letters, 19(5):447～451, 1997
[63] Richard M. Dinsdale, Freda R. Hawkes. Water Resource, 34(9):2433～2438, 2000
[64] G. Gonzalez-Gil,Lens,. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 8:3683～3692:2001
[65] Ranade V. V. Reviews in Chemical Engineering, 11(3):229～289, 1995
[66] Levenspiel O. Chemical Reaction Engineering(3~rd ed.), New York, 1999
[67] Danckwerts P. V. Chem. Engng. Sci. 2(1), 1953
[68] Chander A., Kundu A. Fuel, 80: 1043～1053, 2001
[69] R. M. Alkhaddar, P. R. Higgins. Urban Water, 3:17～24, 2001
[70] Maria Gavrilescu, Tudose. Chemical Engineering and Processing, 38:225～238, 1999
[71] A. E. R. Bruce, P. S. T. Sai. Chem. Engng. Sci. 58:3453～3463, 2003
[72] J. Shu, V. I. Lakshmanan, C. E. Dodson. Chem. Engng. & Proc. 39:499～506, 2000
[73] Siamak Najarian, B. J.Bellhouse. Chem. Engng. Journal, 75:105～111, 1999
[74] V. K. Pareek, Z. Yap. etc. Chem. Engng. Sci., 56:6063～6071, 2001
[75] L. Prat, P. Guiraud. etc. Chem.Engng. & Proc., 38:73～83, 1999
[76] 欧阳铭，徐培．环境科学，14(3)：32～35，1993
[77] 周平，钱易．环境科学，16(2)：88～90，1995
[78] 彭党聪．袁林江．中国给水排水，15(5)：16～19，1999
[79] 周琪，胡纪萃，顾夏声．环境科学学报，15(2)：170～177，1995
[80] H. Chua, J. P. C. Fung. Wat.Sci.Tech. 33(8):1～6, 1996
[81] Richard Bello-Mendoza, Paul N.Sharratt. Wat. Sci.Tech. 40(8):49～56, 1999
[82] F. Seguret, Yvan Racault. Wat.Sci.Tech. 34(5): 1551～1558, 2000
[83] Lynn C. Smith, D. J. Elliot, A.James. Wat.Res. 30(12):3061～3073, 1996
[84] 任洪强，无锡轻工大学博士学位论文，2000
[85] Laquerbe C., Laborde,etc. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 22(S347～S353), 1998
[86] Thyn J., Zitny R. Analysis and diagnostics of industrial processes by radiotraeers and adioisotope sealed sources, Praha, 2000
[87] K. R. Westerterp, van Swaaij. Chemical Reactor Design and Operation, Chichester, 1984
[88] 许保玖、龙腾锐，当代给水与废水处理原理(第二版)，高等教育出版社，2000
[89] 戚以政、汪叔雄，生化反应动力学与反应器，化学工业出版社，1999
[90] C. Y. Wen, L. T. Fan, Models for Flow Systems and Chemical Reactors, New York, 1975
[9]] 杨玉杰，侯杰，刘兴旺等，水处理技术，17(4)：239～256，1991
[92] 日本规格协会，工业废水分析方法，环境科学出版社，1987
[93] Bolle W. L, J.van Breugel,etc. Biotech.Bioeng., 28: 1615,1986
[94] I. R. de Nardi, M.Zaiat, E.Foresti. Bioprocess Engineering, 21:469～476, 1999
[95] W. P. M. van Swaaij, J. C. Charpentier, J.Villermaux. Chem. Engng. Sci., 24:1083～1095, 1969
[96] J. Villermaux, W. P. M. van Swaaij, Chem.Engng.Sci., 24:1097-1111, 1969