我国矿产勘查企业“走出去”战略研究
摘要
实施“走出去”战略是我国对外开放政策的重要组成部分。在经济全球化条件下,为了保障国家资源安全和经济安全,就必须实施矿产资源全球战略,将矿业“走出去”纳入国家战略体系。这意味着,以地质勘查和矿产勘查为主要业务的地勘单位,以及从事矿产勘查业务的其他矿业企业,必须承担起“走出去”这一国家性的战略任务。矿产勘查企业“走出去”战略也是国家“走出去”战略的重要组成部分,推进矿产勘查企业“走出去”战略实施,也就是推进国家“走出去”战略的实施进程和水平。目前,我国对外矿产勘查业务已开始形成独立市场,但行业内企业普遍存在整体规模偏小、单打独斗、急功近利等制约因素。而且,由于历史的和体制的等方面原因,与其他企业相比,我国矿产勘查企业有着自身的特点,这类企业在“走出去”的过程中比其他企业面临着更多的挑战。这些挑战的成功应对,既依赖于政府的战略规划和全方位的政策支持,以及完善的服务保障体系,也依赖于企业自身战略管理能力的提升和行业互助合作机制的完善。当前我国矿产勘查企业“走出去”战略的理论研究总体上落后于实践,因此,系统而深入地对我国矿产勘查企业“走出去”战略进行研究,具有紧迫性和现实意义。
本文结合国家“走出去”战略实施的背景和国家资源安全战略目标,主要围绕矿产勘查企业“走出去”的战略机遇、“走出去”的重点区域及目标国选择、“走出去”现状及问题、“走出去”的国家战略规划、政策支持、服务保障和行业协作、企业发展等内容展开研究,以形成关于矿产勘查企业“走出去”战略比较系统化的认识。
包括绪论和研究总结,全文结构分为七个部分。所开展的研究工作和得到的基本结论如下：
(1)从理论上论述了经济全球化、资源跨国配置与企业战略调整之间的关联机制和耦合原理。经济全球化已成为当今世界潮流和时代特征,如何在全球产业分工链条中找准位置,发挥比较优势,走技术创新、产业集群化和国际化之路,是国内企业包括资源勘查企业必须适应和努力攻克的重要课题。矿产勘查企业在“走出去”和国际化经营过程中,必须充分重视战略导向和企业定位,进行科学的战略分析,选择适合自身实际情况的发展战略和国际市场进入模式。
(2)考察和分析了矿产勘查企业“走出去”面临的外部环境与战略机遇。作为经济全球化过程中的一种关键要素,矿产资源跨国配置是经济全球化的必然结果。随着工业化的不断深化,世界工业中心也在不断转移,新兴大国不断崛起,未来矿产资源配置预计将向亚洲倾斜,亚洲将成为继欧洲、美洲之后的另一个全球矿产资源配置与消费中心。受2008年世界经济危机的影响,当前全球矿业正处于深度调整之中,这对矿产资源勘查与开发产生了巨大的影响和冲击,形势将对中国等发展中矿业大国有利。由于国内巨大的资源需求市场和国家“走出去”战略的强势推动,预计未来十多年是我国矿产勘查等矿业企业“走出去”的重要战略机遇期。
(3)对目标国矿业投资环境评价及分类展开了研究。对外矿产勘查投资需要在全面深入掌握国外矿业投资环境的基础上,对目标国投资环境进行评价、比较和分类,科学确定“走出去”的重点区域和投资目标国,并需要做出极其复杂和多层次、精细的量化决策。就全球而言,矿业投资环境水平处于第一层次的国家依次包括加拿大、澳大利亚和美国；处于第二层次的主要是欧洲国家；处于第三层次的则是亚、非、拉等发展中国家。作为发展中国家,我国矿产勘查开发企业“走出去”的目标区域选择,应该重视我国周边国家以及与中国保持良好关系的非洲国家,这些国家具有较大的矿业投资潜力。
(4)考察了矿产勘查、矿产勘查企业的特点,以及我国矿产勘查企业“走出去”现状及面临的困境。矿产勘查具有投入大、风险高等特点,而矿产勘查又是矿业开发的先行和必要阶段。自国家实施“走出去”战略以来,以中国有色金属矿产地质调查中心、中国铝业和内蒙古地矿局等为代表的我国矿产勘查企业积极开展境外矿业投资业务,取得了突出成效,矿业“走出去”格局初步形成。然而,不可忽视的是,当前我国矿产勘查企业在“走出去”发展过程中还面临着一系列困境,尤其是企业急功近利、服务保障体系欠缺、政策支持体系不完善等突出问题亟待解决。这些问题已经影响或者制约着我国矿产勘查企业“走出去”战略的深入实施,不利于国家矿产资源全球化战略的实施,也不利于国家资源安全战略体系的保障建设。
(5)研究了推进我国矿产勘查企业“走出去”战略的基本对策。我国矿产勘查等矿业企业“走出去”战略也是国家“走出去”战略的组成部分。在当前,为了突破国内企业境外矿业投资和国际化战略面临的困境,进一步推进我国矿产勘查企业“走出去”战略的深入实施,需要在借鉴国外企业“走出去”经验的基础上,从三个方面采取对策措施：一是要从国家战略的高度完善“走出去”政策、资金和服务保障体系；二是要从行业协作的角度加强企业之间的联系,组建矿产勘查企业“走出去”战略联盟,建立健全行业协会组织；三是要从企业自身的角度,加强内功修炼,明确战略导向,增强战略管理能力。
论文的创新之处主要体现在以下几个方面：
(1)研究视角的新意。虽然企业“走出去”不是一个新问题,但矿产勘查企业“走出去”却是一个新的研究主题。矿产勘查企业有其特殊的体制背景和现实困境,在其国际化战略实践中还需要不断学习和探索。因此,选题与立意本身具有一定的独特和创新之处。
(2)研究框架、研究思路的新意。论文结合矿产勘查企业特殊的体制背景和现实困境,从外部环境、目标区域选择和企业战略管理层面,综合论述我国矿产勘查企业“走出去”战略。整体而言,该研究框架与思路具有一定的新颖之处。
(3)在成果的应用性方面,该研究成果既可以为政府制定有效的资源型企业“走出去”战略及政策提供积极的启示,也可以为矿产勘查企业的“走出去”路径提供参考和借鉴,因而具有较强的应用性。
当然,本文的研究还有待于进一步深化,对我国矿产勘查等矿业企业“走出去”的动因进行实证调查、理论重构和验证,将是作者今后继续研究的方向。
The implementation of "going global" strategy is an important part of China's opening up policy. Under conditions of economic globalization, it is necessary for a country to take the global strategy of mineral resources and bring the "going global" of mining industry into the national strategic system. This means that mineral exploration enterprises such as Geological Prospecting Bureau and other mining companies engaged in mineral exploration business have to undertake the mission of national strategy of "going global".In fact, the international development strategy of mining industry is part of the national strategy of "going global". At present, Chinese enterprises have made great progress on overseas mining investment. However, Chinese enterprises face many challenges such as lack of strength, collaboration and Strong policy support in the process of going global. Moreover, compared with other enterprises in China, mineral exploration companies have its own characteristics due to the historical and institutional aspects, thus facing more challenges than others. The success of these enterprises depends not only on the government's strategic planning and comprehensive policy support, but also on the mutual cooperation mechanisms among them and its own strategic management capability. To be honest, the present theory of global strategy of mineral resources has lagged behind the practice; therefore, it is of urgency and significance for us to explore the "go global" strategy of mineral exploration enterprises in China systematically.
This paper can be divided into seven parts. First, the theory of "go global" strategy of mineral exploration enterprise is explored, which is the correlation mechanism of economic globalization, global resource allocation and corporate strategy adjustment. Then the strategic opportunities, key areas and target country selection of "go global" for Chinese enterprises are examined. Next, the status quo, and the difficulties of Chinese enterprises "going global" are investigated. Finally, from the three levels of government functions, industry collaboration and enterprise development, some countermeasures on promoting mineral exploration in China enterprises "going global" strategy are proposed.
The main conclusions are listed as follows:
(1)Economic globalization has become a world trend and characteristics of the times. So the Chinese enterprises have to learn to how to find the correct position in the global division of labor, and how to go global to explore overseas mineral resources. Mineral exploration enterprises must pay full attention to the strategic direction and corporate positioning, thus choosing the right strategy of "going global".
(2)As a key element, mineral resources allocation globally is the inevitable result of economic globalization. With the deepening of industrialization, the world's industrial center has also been transferred. Asia will be the next global mineral resource consumption center after Europe and America. Affected by the global economic crisis in2008, Chinese enterprises will gain more advantages than foreign enterprises on the exploration of global mineral resources. The next ten years are expected as important strategic opportunities of "going global" for Chinese enterprises due to the huge domestic demand of minerals and national resource security.
(3)Overseas investment decisions requires a thorough grasp of foreign mining investment environment, thus it is necessary to make careful evaluation, comparison and classification on potential target countries. Globally, countries in the first level of mining investment environment include Canada, Australia and the United States. The second level countries are European countries while developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin lies in the third level. As a developing country, China should focus on neighboring countries as well as African countries which are the potential target countries of mineral investment.
(4)Since the implementation of national strategy of "going global", Chinese mineral exploration enterprises has managed to go abroad to invest overseas minerals and made great achievements. However, it is worth noting that they are facing a series of predicament, especially lack of service support system which have affected or restricted the full implementation of the strategy of "going global" of Chinese enterprises.
(5)At present, we should take measures to break through the predicament and promote the national strategy of "going global". First, the funding and service support system should be improved from the perspective of national strategy. Second, collaboration between enterprises should be valued and strategic allies and the industry association should be established. Third, domestic enterprises should have a clear strategic orientation and enhance strategic management capabilities.
本文结合国家“走出去”战略实施的背景和国家资源安全战略目标,主要围绕矿产勘查企业“走出去”的战略机遇、“走出去”的重点区域及目标国选择、“走出去”现状及问题、“走出去”的国家战略规划、政策支持、服务保障和行业协作、企业发展等内容展开研究,以形成关于矿产勘查企业“走出去”战略比较系统化的认识。
包括绪论和研究总结,全文结构分为七个部分。所开展的研究工作和得到的基本结论如下：
(1)从理论上论述了经济全球化、资源跨国配置与企业战略调整之间的关联机制和耦合原理。经济全球化已成为当今世界潮流和时代特征,如何在全球产业分工链条中找准位置,发挥比较优势,走技术创新、产业集群化和国际化之路,是国内企业包括资源勘查企业必须适应和努力攻克的重要课题。矿产勘查企业在“走出去”和国际化经营过程中,必须充分重视战略导向和企业定位,进行科学的战略分析,选择适合自身实际情况的发展战略和国际市场进入模式。
(2)考察和分析了矿产勘查企业“走出去”面临的外部环境与战略机遇。作为经济全球化过程中的一种关键要素,矿产资源跨国配置是经济全球化的必然结果。随着工业化的不断深化,世界工业中心也在不断转移,新兴大国不断崛起,未来矿产资源配置预计将向亚洲倾斜,亚洲将成为继欧洲、美洲之后的另一个全球矿产资源配置与消费中心。受2008年世界经济危机的影响,当前全球矿业正处于深度调整之中,这对矿产资源勘查与开发产生了巨大的影响和冲击,形势将对中国等发展中矿业大国有利。由于国内巨大的资源需求市场和国家“走出去”战略的强势推动,预计未来十多年是我国矿产勘查等矿业企业“走出去”的重要战略机遇期。
(3)对目标国矿业投资环境评价及分类展开了研究。对外矿产勘查投资需要在全面深入掌握国外矿业投资环境的基础上,对目标国投资环境进行评价、比较和分类,科学确定“走出去”的重点区域和投资目标国,并需要做出极其复杂和多层次、精细的量化决策。就全球而言,矿业投资环境水平处于第一层次的国家依次包括加拿大、澳大利亚和美国；处于第二层次的主要是欧洲国家；处于第三层次的则是亚、非、拉等发展中国家。作为发展中国家,我国矿产勘查开发企业“走出去”的目标区域选择,应该重视我国周边国家以及与中国保持良好关系的非洲国家,这些国家具有较大的矿业投资潜力。
(4)考察了矿产勘查、矿产勘查企业的特点,以及我国矿产勘查企业“走出去”现状及面临的困境。矿产勘查具有投入大、风险高等特点,而矿产勘查又是矿业开发的先行和必要阶段。自国家实施“走出去”战略以来,以中国有色金属矿产地质调查中心、中国铝业和内蒙古地矿局等为代表的我国矿产勘查企业积极开展境外矿业投资业务,取得了突出成效,矿业“走出去”格局初步形成。然而,不可忽视的是,当前我国矿产勘查企业在“走出去”发展过程中还面临着一系列困境,尤其是企业急功近利、服务保障体系欠缺、政策支持体系不完善等突出问题亟待解决。这些问题已经影响或者制约着我国矿产勘查企业“走出去”战略的深入实施,不利于国家矿产资源全球化战略的实施,也不利于国家资源安全战略体系的保障建设。
(5)研究了推进我国矿产勘查企业“走出去”战略的基本对策。我国矿产勘查等矿业企业“走出去”战略也是国家“走出去”战略的组成部分。在当前,为了突破国内企业境外矿业投资和国际化战略面临的困境,进一步推进我国矿产勘查企业“走出去”战略的深入实施,需要在借鉴国外企业“走出去”经验的基础上,从三个方面采取对策措施：一是要从国家战略的高度完善“走出去”政策、资金和服务保障体系；二是要从行业协作的角度加强企业之间的联系,组建矿产勘查企业“走出去”战略联盟,建立健全行业协会组织；三是要从企业自身的角度,加强内功修炼,明确战略导向,增强战略管理能力。
论文的创新之处主要体现在以下几个方面：
(1)研究视角的新意。虽然企业“走出去”不是一个新问题,但矿产勘查企业“走出去”却是一个新的研究主题。矿产勘查企业有其特殊的体制背景和现实困境,在其国际化战略实践中还需要不断学习和探索。因此,选题与立意本身具有一定的独特和创新之处。
(2)研究框架、研究思路的新意。论文结合矿产勘查企业特殊的体制背景和现实困境,从外部环境、目标区域选择和企业战略管理层面,综合论述我国矿产勘查企业“走出去”战略。整体而言,该研究框架与思路具有一定的新颖之处。
(3)在成果的应用性方面,该研究成果既可以为政府制定有效的资源型企业“走出去”战略及政策提供积极的启示,也可以为矿产勘查企业的“走出去”路径提供参考和借鉴,因而具有较强的应用性。
当然,本文的研究还有待于进一步深化,对我国矿产勘查等矿业企业“走出去”的动因进行实证调查、理论重构和验证,将是作者今后继续研究的方向。
The implementation of "going global" strategy is an important part of China's opening up policy. Under conditions of economic globalization, it is necessary for a country to take the global strategy of mineral resources and bring the "going global" of mining industry into the national strategic system. This means that mineral exploration enterprises such as Geological Prospecting Bureau and other mining companies engaged in mineral exploration business have to undertake the mission of national strategy of "going global".In fact, the international development strategy of mining industry is part of the national strategy of "going global". At present, Chinese enterprises have made great progress on overseas mining investment. However, Chinese enterprises face many challenges such as lack of strength, collaboration and Strong policy support in the process of going global. Moreover, compared with other enterprises in China, mineral exploration companies have its own characteristics due to the historical and institutional aspects, thus facing more challenges than others. The success of these enterprises depends not only on the government's strategic planning and comprehensive policy support, but also on the mutual cooperation mechanisms among them and its own strategic management capability. To be honest, the present theory of global strategy of mineral resources has lagged behind the practice; therefore, it is of urgency and significance for us to explore the "go global" strategy of mineral exploration enterprises in China systematically.
This paper can be divided into seven parts. First, the theory of "go global" strategy of mineral exploration enterprise is explored, which is the correlation mechanism of economic globalization, global resource allocation and corporate strategy adjustment. Then the strategic opportunities, key areas and target country selection of "go global" for Chinese enterprises are examined. Next, the status quo, and the difficulties of Chinese enterprises "going global" are investigated. Finally, from the three levels of government functions, industry collaboration and enterprise development, some countermeasures on promoting mineral exploration in China enterprises "going global" strategy are proposed.
The main conclusions are listed as follows:
(1)Economic globalization has become a world trend and characteristics of the times. So the Chinese enterprises have to learn to how to find the correct position in the global division of labor, and how to go global to explore overseas mineral resources. Mineral exploration enterprises must pay full attention to the strategic direction and corporate positioning, thus choosing the right strategy of "going global".
(2)As a key element, mineral resources allocation globally is the inevitable result of economic globalization. With the deepening of industrialization, the world's industrial center has also been transferred. Asia will be the next global mineral resource consumption center after Europe and America. Affected by the global economic crisis in2008, Chinese enterprises will gain more advantages than foreign enterprises on the exploration of global mineral resources. The next ten years are expected as important strategic opportunities of "going global" for Chinese enterprises due to the huge domestic demand of minerals and national resource security.
(3)Overseas investment decisions requires a thorough grasp of foreign mining investment environment, thus it is necessary to make careful evaluation, comparison and classification on potential target countries. Globally, countries in the first level of mining investment environment include Canada, Australia and the United States. The second level countries are European countries while developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin lies in the third level. As a developing country, China should focus on neighboring countries as well as African countries which are the potential target countries of mineral investment.
(4)Since the implementation of national strategy of "going global", Chinese mineral exploration enterprises has managed to go abroad to invest overseas minerals and made great achievements. However, it is worth noting that they are facing a series of predicament, especially lack of service support system which have affected or restricted the full implementation of the strategy of "going global" of Chinese enterprises.
(5)At present, we should take measures to break through the predicament and promote the national strategy of "going global". First, the funding and service support system should be improved from the perspective of national strategy. Second, collaboration between enterprises should be valued and strategic allies and the industry association should be established. Third, domestic enterprises should have a clear strategic orientation and enhance strategic management capabilities.
引文
① 澳大利亚投资署投资指南(1),《世界有色金属》,2005-10-15。
① 美媒：蒙古民族主义抬头,担心中国影响力过大,环球时报,2013-01-30.
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① 美媒：蒙古民族主义抬头,担心中国影响力过大,环球时报,2013-01-30.
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