云南省铜资源经济与铜产业价值链结构研究
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摘要
矿业经济全球化是当今和未来的主流,世界主要经济体的经济周期转换处于加速成长或繁荣期,为铜消费的增长展现了光明前景。云南是我国主要铜生产基地之一,近年来随着国家对铜行业采取的宏观措施见效,云南铜产业发展迅速,产业区位与市场竞争优势明显,应抓住时机坚定不移地做大做强铜产业。因此,深入研究云南铜资源经济与产业价值链结构,为进一步优化云南铜产业格局,不断提升国际竞争力,加速云南铜产业发展具有十分重要的现实意义。
论文研究是在先后参加了国家发展和改革委员会产业政策司主持、有色金属矿产地质调查中心等单位负责实施的“我国危机矿山体制、机制与管理模式的研究”(专题编号:200511044—2)与国家科技支撑项目“东川—易门铜矿山深部及外围勘查技术及示范研究”(课题编号:2006BAB01B09)等多个项目基础上开展的。在国际矿业经济与铜业发展趋势研究,及典型铜业大国(智利)与我国铜产业结构分析与对比研究的基础上,通过对云南省典型铜矿山企业和铜矿业集团公司的实证研究,探索研究云南省铜资源经济学与铜产业价值链结构范式。取得的主要成果和创新是:
(1)通过对产业组织学在我国铜业发展的应用研究和实证分析,总结了宏观调控与市场调节功能相结合的“二元产业组织结构”的创新实践与内在经济规律,提出产业组织学新政策导向。矿产品市场价格与市场需求对矿产勘探和开发具有直接调节和导向作用,但市场价格过高或过低都会出现市场失灵问题,上世纪80年代矿产品市场价格过低和现今价位过高都出现了市场失灵现象。在市场失灵下,政府适度干预和宏观调控是对矿业企业内部-外部运行环境的协调过程,我国政府建立宏观调控与市场调节功能相结合的“二元产业组织结构”对建立符合WTO规则的新矿业经济运行机制,具有十分重要的意义。云南省“二元产业组织结构”的创新实践符合产业经济学规律,对全国矿业产业改革具有产业组织学示范价值。
(2)从铜产业价值链角度,新构建铜产业价值链结构研究范式:铜产业价值链以铜产业链(铜资源勘查/铜矿山探矿→铜矿采矿/选矿→铜冶炼→铜加工→铜产品贸易)为基础,其在每一个节点都有相应的产品产出(铜矿业权(采矿权/勘探权)→铜矿石/铜精矿→阴极铜→铜盘条、铜板材等深加工产品),而前一个生产环节的产品又是后一个生产环节的原料,并且在每一环节都会产生价值增值。特别需要指出的是,作为贯穿整条产业价值链的资本市场运作,各节点的投融资活动亦能为该环节带来相应的价值增值。在铜产业价值链中,矿业权和铜精矿是产生最大交易成本(费用)的关键节点,它们直接影响和制约了铜产业价值链整体效益最大化过程。云南铜业(集团)有限公司是云南省具有核心竞争力的铜业公司,其产业价值链结构完整,借力中铝延伸其产业价值链至海外市场,挤入国际竞争平台。
(3)基于对铜产业价值链涵义、节点划分与可交易产品的界定,对于铜资源经济范式理解为:铜资源经济(铜产业价值链的链式传递效应+倍增效益)=(铜矿地质勘查业+铜生产矿山+铜冶炼厂+铜深加工业)×资本市场中的高效金融工具×难以复制的专利技术×二元产业组织结构。云南铜业(集团)有限公司在产业价值链上已经进入矿业经济全球化平台,产业价值链的技术/资本传播与扩散模式为其产业价值链整体效益带来了“倍增效应”。
(4)在铜产业价值链中设以铜金属储量为平衡单位,铜产业价值链的平衡关系式为:铜产业价值链平衡系数(CIVBS)=矿山探矿新增铜地质储量:开采矿量:铜矿石选矿量:铜冶炼量:铜产品深加工量。云南铜业(集团)有限公司铜产业价值链平衡系数CIVBS=0.92:1:1.74:1.51:0.012,这种产业价值链不平衡的矛盾,一方面揭示了云南铜业总产值的增长和经济效益的提高,主要靠投入要素的增加,即主要靠提高冶炼产品的产量获得,经济增长的质量不高:另一方面,也限制了云南省铜产业的整体效益最大化和发展。
(5)应用动态SCP和RSOMP等新方法进行实证分析,研究总结了云南省铜产业的发展现状,探索建立了云南铜资源经济与铜产业价值链结构范式,并提出相关建议,具有很强的针对性和重大的现实意义。
Mining economic globalization is the present and future mainstream of mining development.Conversion of economic cycle in the world main economies is in accelerated growth or period of prosperity.It shows bright prospects for growth of copper consumer.Yunnan province is one of the main copper production base in China.Recently,as the government takes effectively macroscopic measures for copper production,copper production industry of Yunnan province has developed rapidly,industrial district and market competition have obvious advantages.It should be seized opportunity that copper production is unswervingly developed and expanded. Therefore,it has important practical significances to in-depth study resources economic and structure of industry value chain for copper in Yunnan province in order to further optimize industry pattern,and continuously upgrade international competitiveness and accelerate development for Yunnan copper production,.
Dissertation research has joined and laid on the base of these projects: "Research on institution,mechanism and management model of national crisis mine"(thematic number:200511044-2)and national scientific and technological support project "Studying on exploration methods and demonstration in the depth and external of the Dongchuan-Yimen Copper District"(Project number:2006BAB01B09),which are chaired by industrial policy division of national development and reform commission,and non-ferrous minerals geological survey are responsible for these projects. On the base of studying on development trends of international mining economic and copper mining,analysis and comparison of copper industry structure between typical mining copper great power status(Chile)and China,and through empirical research on typical copper mining enterprises and mining gourp companies,paradigm of copper resources economic and copper industry value chain structure is explored and studied.Major achievements and innovations are manifested as follow:
(1)Through empirical research on development and application of industrial organization in China,we summarize innovation and internal economic laws of "dual industrial organization structure" which is the combination of the function of macro-control and market regulation,and propose new policy guide of industrial organization.Prospecting and exploitation are directly regulated by demand in the market and market price,yet too high or too low of a market price may result in a market failure,the prices in the 1980s and now and the market effects they have being very good examples.It is in a market failure that the government adopts proper interference and macro-regulation,which is in line with China's efforts toward a "dual industrial organization structure" and in turn a new operation mechanism in the mining economy that complies with the WTO rules.As China is not a perfect contestable market yet,there are and will be such market failures in the industrial structure upgrading as low concentration of mining enterprises,scattering industrial organization, disorder in some parts of China and high safety risks.Thus proper interference from the government is necessary,which is also highly conductive to the country's system innovation.In Yunnan,the practical innovations of "dual industrial organization structure" comply with the raw of industrial economic.It is significant value model for reform of mining industry in China.
(2)From the viewpoint of copper industry value chain,the research structure paradigm of copper industry value chain has been newly established:based on the chain(copper resources exploration/copper mine exploration→copper prospecting→ore dressing→copper smelting→copper processing→copper products trade),there will be corresponding product output at every node[copper mining rights(mining rights/ exploration rights)→copper ore→copper concentrate→cathode copper→ copper wire rod,copper sheet material,and other deeply processed products),and the products at the former production node will be the raw materials for the latter production node,value addition will occur at each every production node.What should be pointed out specially is that the capital market operations throughout the entire value chain,and investment and financing activities at each every node can also bring about the corresponding value addition to this node.In copper industrial value chain, mining right and copper concentrate is the key node of producing highest transaction costs(expense),they directly affect and restrict process of maximum overall efficiency in copper industrial value chain.Yunnan Copper Industry(Group)Company Ltd.is the core copper enterprise group in Yunnan province,and has complete structure of copper industry value chain.It takes advantage of Aluminum Corporation of China Ltd.(CHALCO) force extending its industry value chain to abroad market,and pile into international competition.
(3)Based on the definition of copper industry value chain,the division of nodes and the determination of tradable products,copper resource economics,which can be comprehended as the combination of transferring effect of copper industry value chain and multiplier effect means(copper geological prospecting industry,copper producing-mines, copper smeltery and copper further-processing industry)×efficient financial instruments in capital market×patent technology×dual industrial organization structure.Yunnan Copper Industry(Group)Company Ltd.has already entered the global platform of mining economy.And the model of spread and proliferation on technology and capital brings multiplier effect to whole benefit of its copper industry value chain.
(4)With copper metal reserve as the balance unit,the balance relationship for the copper industry value chain lies among newly incremented copper geological reserves in ore prospecting,mining volume, copper ore addressing quantity,copper smelting capacity and deep-processing volume of copper products.And the copper industry value chain balance coefficient(CIVBS)of Yunnan Copper Industry(Group) Company Ltd.=0.92:1:1.74:1.51:0.012.The contradiction of imbalance in the copper industry value chain shows that the quality of economic growth is not high.Yunnan Copper Industry GDP growth and the improvement of economic efficiency mainly depend on the increase of input elements,that is,relying mainly on improving access to the output of refined products.On the other hand,the imbalance also limits the whole industry max-benefit and developing Yunnan copper industry.
(5)New dynamic SCP and RSOMP analysis methods to study the demonstration analysis about the development status of Yunnan copper industry have applied,woking on the structure model of Yunnan copper resources economics and copper industry value chain.And the guiding suggestions related Structure Paradigm in Yunnan was given.So the research has significances.
论文研究是在先后参加了国家发展和改革委员会产业政策司主持、有色金属矿产地质调查中心等单位负责实施的“我国危机矿山体制、机制与管理模式的研究”(专题编号:200511044—2)与国家科技支撑项目“东川—易门铜矿山深部及外围勘查技术及示范研究”(课题编号:2006BAB01B09)等多个项目基础上开展的。在国际矿业经济与铜业发展趋势研究,及典型铜业大国(智利)与我国铜产业结构分析与对比研究的基础上,通过对云南省典型铜矿山企业和铜矿业集团公司的实证研究,探索研究云南省铜资源经济学与铜产业价值链结构范式。取得的主要成果和创新是:
(1)通过对产业组织学在我国铜业发展的应用研究和实证分析,总结了宏观调控与市场调节功能相结合的“二元产业组织结构”的创新实践与内在经济规律,提出产业组织学新政策导向。矿产品市场价格与市场需求对矿产勘探和开发具有直接调节和导向作用,但市场价格过高或过低都会出现市场失灵问题,上世纪80年代矿产品市场价格过低和现今价位过高都出现了市场失灵现象。在市场失灵下,政府适度干预和宏观调控是对矿业企业内部-外部运行环境的协调过程,我国政府建立宏观调控与市场调节功能相结合的“二元产业组织结构”对建立符合WTO规则的新矿业经济运行机制,具有十分重要的意义。云南省“二元产业组织结构”的创新实践符合产业经济学规律,对全国矿业产业改革具有产业组织学示范价值。
(2)从铜产业价值链角度,新构建铜产业价值链结构研究范式:铜产业价值链以铜产业链(铜资源勘查/铜矿山探矿→铜矿采矿/选矿→铜冶炼→铜加工→铜产品贸易)为基础,其在每一个节点都有相应的产品产出(铜矿业权(采矿权/勘探权)→铜矿石/铜精矿→阴极铜→铜盘条、铜板材等深加工产品),而前一个生产环节的产品又是后一个生产环节的原料,并且在每一环节都会产生价值增值。特别需要指出的是,作为贯穿整条产业价值链的资本市场运作,各节点的投融资活动亦能为该环节带来相应的价值增值。在铜产业价值链中,矿业权和铜精矿是产生最大交易成本(费用)的关键节点,它们直接影响和制约了铜产业价值链整体效益最大化过程。云南铜业(集团)有限公司是云南省具有核心竞争力的铜业公司,其产业价值链结构完整,借力中铝延伸其产业价值链至海外市场,挤入国际竞争平台。
(3)基于对铜产业价值链涵义、节点划分与可交易产品的界定,对于铜资源经济范式理解为:铜资源经济(铜产业价值链的链式传递效应+倍增效益)=(铜矿地质勘查业+铜生产矿山+铜冶炼厂+铜深加工业)×资本市场中的高效金融工具×难以复制的专利技术×二元产业组织结构。云南铜业(集团)有限公司在产业价值链上已经进入矿业经济全球化平台,产业价值链的技术/资本传播与扩散模式为其产业价值链整体效益带来了“倍增效应”。
(4)在铜产业价值链中设以铜金属储量为平衡单位,铜产业价值链的平衡关系式为:铜产业价值链平衡系数(CIVBS)=矿山探矿新增铜地质储量:开采矿量:铜矿石选矿量:铜冶炼量:铜产品深加工量。云南铜业(集团)有限公司铜产业价值链平衡系数CIVBS=0.92:1:1.74:1.51:0.012,这种产业价值链不平衡的矛盾,一方面揭示了云南铜业总产值的增长和经济效益的提高,主要靠投入要素的增加,即主要靠提高冶炼产品的产量获得,经济增长的质量不高:另一方面,也限制了云南省铜产业的整体效益最大化和发展。
(5)应用动态SCP和RSOMP等新方法进行实证分析,研究总结了云南省铜产业的发展现状,探索建立了云南铜资源经济与铜产业价值链结构范式,并提出相关建议,具有很强的针对性和重大的现实意义。
Mining economic globalization is the present and future mainstream of mining development.Conversion of economic cycle in the world main economies is in accelerated growth or period of prosperity.It shows bright prospects for growth of copper consumer.Yunnan province is one of the main copper production base in China.Recently,as the government takes effectively macroscopic measures for copper production,copper production industry of Yunnan province has developed rapidly,industrial district and market competition have obvious advantages.It should be seized opportunity that copper production is unswervingly developed and expanded. Therefore,it has important practical significances to in-depth study resources economic and structure of industry value chain for copper in Yunnan province in order to further optimize industry pattern,and continuously upgrade international competitiveness and accelerate development for Yunnan copper production,.
Dissertation research has joined and laid on the base of these projects: "Research on institution,mechanism and management model of national crisis mine"(thematic number:200511044-2)and national scientific and technological support project "Studying on exploration methods and demonstration in the depth and external of the Dongchuan-Yimen Copper District"(Project number:2006BAB01B09),which are chaired by industrial policy division of national development and reform commission,and non-ferrous minerals geological survey are responsible for these projects. On the base of studying on development trends of international mining economic and copper mining,analysis and comparison of copper industry structure between typical mining copper great power status(Chile)and China,and through empirical research on typical copper mining enterprises and mining gourp companies,paradigm of copper resources economic and copper industry value chain structure is explored and studied.Major achievements and innovations are manifested as follow:
(1)Through empirical research on development and application of industrial organization in China,we summarize innovation and internal economic laws of "dual industrial organization structure" which is the combination of the function of macro-control and market regulation,and propose new policy guide of industrial organization.Prospecting and exploitation are directly regulated by demand in the market and market price,yet too high or too low of a market price may result in a market failure,the prices in the 1980s and now and the market effects they have being very good examples.It is in a market failure that the government adopts proper interference and macro-regulation,which is in line with China's efforts toward a "dual industrial organization structure" and in turn a new operation mechanism in the mining economy that complies with the WTO rules.As China is not a perfect contestable market yet,there are and will be such market failures in the industrial structure upgrading as low concentration of mining enterprises,scattering industrial organization, disorder in some parts of China and high safety risks.Thus proper interference from the government is necessary,which is also highly conductive to the country's system innovation.In Yunnan,the practical innovations of "dual industrial organization structure" comply with the raw of industrial economic.It is significant value model for reform of mining industry in China.
(2)From the viewpoint of copper industry value chain,the research structure paradigm of copper industry value chain has been newly established:based on the chain(copper resources exploration/copper mine exploration→copper prospecting→ore dressing→copper smelting→copper processing→copper products trade),there will be corresponding product output at every node[copper mining rights(mining rights/ exploration rights)→copper ore→copper concentrate→cathode copper→ copper wire rod,copper sheet material,and other deeply processed products),and the products at the former production node will be the raw materials for the latter production node,value addition will occur at each every production node.What should be pointed out specially is that the capital market operations throughout the entire value chain,and investment and financing activities at each every node can also bring about the corresponding value addition to this node.In copper industrial value chain, mining right and copper concentrate is the key node of producing highest transaction costs(expense),they directly affect and restrict process of maximum overall efficiency in copper industrial value chain.Yunnan Copper Industry(Group)Company Ltd.is the core copper enterprise group in Yunnan province,and has complete structure of copper industry value chain.It takes advantage of Aluminum Corporation of China Ltd.(CHALCO) force extending its industry value chain to abroad market,and pile into international competition.
(3)Based on the definition of copper industry value chain,the division of nodes and the determination of tradable products,copper resource economics,which can be comprehended as the combination of transferring effect of copper industry value chain and multiplier effect means(copper geological prospecting industry,copper producing-mines, copper smeltery and copper further-processing industry)×efficient financial instruments in capital market×patent technology×dual industrial organization structure.Yunnan Copper Industry(Group)Company Ltd.has already entered the global platform of mining economy.And the model of spread and proliferation on technology and capital brings multiplier effect to whole benefit of its copper industry value chain.
(4)With copper metal reserve as the balance unit,the balance relationship for the copper industry value chain lies among newly incremented copper geological reserves in ore prospecting,mining volume, copper ore addressing quantity,copper smelting capacity and deep-processing volume of copper products.And the copper industry value chain balance coefficient(CIVBS)of Yunnan Copper Industry(Group) Company Ltd.=0.92:1:1.74:1.51:0.012.The contradiction of imbalance in the copper industry value chain shows that the quality of economic growth is not high.Yunnan Copper Industry GDP growth and the improvement of economic efficiency mainly depend on the increase of input elements,that is,relying mainly on improving access to the output of refined products.On the other hand,the imbalance also limits the whole industry max-benefit and developing Yunnan copper industry.
(5)New dynamic SCP and RSOMP analysis methods to study the demonstration analysis about the development status of Yunnan copper industry have applied,woking on the structure model of Yunnan copper resources economics and copper industry value chain.And the guiding suggestions related Structure Paradigm in Yunnan was given.So the research has significances.
引文
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