上海生产性服务业集聚区发展模式研究
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摘要
从上世纪70年代起国外学者开始研究生产性服务业及其集聚问题。伴随国际服务业进入壁垒的不断降低,基于提升价值链地位和降低成本的考虑,以跨国公司为主体的发达国家优势服务业不断向新兴国家转移,在全球范围内开展产业结构调整和布局。上海目前已经具备从“工业经济”向“服务经济”产业结构过渡的条件,《上海经济与社会发展“十一五”规划》中也明确提出要发展以生产性服务业为核心的现代服务业,并采用集聚区方式承接国际转移。
但是传统的制造业和服务业集聚理论目前还不能够适应生产性服务业集聚区发展,应该找寻新的集聚动因、影响因素和模式。上海发展生产性服务业有利于增加就业和服务业竞争能力,加快产业结构调整,缓解资源、能源瓶颈,降低商务成本,形成新型产业体系,转变城市功能,加快转变经济增长方式,加速从区域中心城市向全球城市的迈进。
文章研究的内容包括:
(1)上海生产性服务业集聚区发展的内外部条件分析。外部条件主要基于国际产业转移浪潮的兴起,内部条件主要分析上海生产性服务业发展的现状:
(2)从生产要素供给、市场需求、制度设计、通讯技术基础设施、外部环境和区位特征等方面分析上海生产性服务业集聚区发展的影响因素;
(3)上海生产性服务业集聚区发展模式。利用产业集聚的相关理论分析上海生产性集聚的典型模式和创新模式;
(4)上海生产性服务业集聚区发展的实证分析。分析上海发展生产性服务业集聚区的产业关联效应和区域竞争优势,并利用区位商模型计算上海生产性服务业在不同区域集聚优势;
(5)上海生产性服务业集聚区布局研究。借鉴国际大都市发展经验和经济地理学派的中心外围理论,分析上海中心城区和郊区生产性服务业集聚区合理布局研究。
(6)从承接服务业国际转移、开发区转型为生产性服务业功能区、集聚模式选择、政府适度管理、提高中介机构作用、发展主导产业和培育集聚区市场化导向和根植性等方面提出了促进上海生产性服务业集聚区发展相应的对策建议。
文章主要有以下结论:
首先,发展生产性服务业集聚区对于上海加快经济结构转型意义重大。生产性服务业作为向其他企业或者组织提供中间投入品的产业,贯穿在整个价值链的上游、中游和下游各个环节,并满足产品生产差异化和不断增值的源泉。上海应该把发展生产性服务业集聚区作为提高竞争能力和城市辐射功能,进行产业结构调整和转变经济增长方式,积极承接服务业国际转移的主要途径。
其次,基础、企业和市场条件等因素是制约生产性服务业集聚模式选择的重要因素。上海在进行生产性服务业集聚模式选择时,应该充分考虑生产要素、基础设施、供应商和相关辅助企业、围绕价值链展开的企业间竞争合作关系、内部和外部市场需求等因素,并采用合适的制度安排;
再次,上海现阶段应该重点发展嵌入式政府主导型集聚模式。上海传统集聚模式中自发形成的内生型比较少,更多的是依靠政策优惠形成的空间集聚,属于嵌入式集聚模式。政府应该引导培育集聚区的根植性和市场化导向。同时要分阶段、分区域发展具有巨大潜力的创新集聚模式。
最后,上海生产性服务业发展对生产性服务业与第二产业和服务业自身存在显著的前向和后向产业关联性,极大地促进了GDP增长。上海知识技术密集型生产性服务业均集聚在中心城区,而在中心城区和郊区间对集聚区要进行合理布局和适当的产业梯度转移。
文章在生产性服务业集聚动因、集聚度计量模型选择、中心外围理论在上海生产性服务业集聚区布局研究、承接服务业国际转移方式的比较方面还有很多不足,需要以后进一步研究。
From the 1970s foreign scholars began to study the producer services and their agglomeration . With the decrease of the services' trade barriers and to seek more benefit, MNCs adjusted the industrial structure in the way of international transfer. In the mean time, Shanghai had the condition to transfer the economic structure from the "industrial economy "to "economy of services", decided to develop the producer services energetically in the near future, and set up many agglomeration areas to carry on the international transfer of services.
But the traditional theory of manufacture and service had the difficulty in explaining the producer services' agglomeration areas, we should seek new reasons, new patterns and new influencing factors. With the development of producer services, Shanghai could transit the economic structure and the increasing code, further the steps from the regional city to global city.
This paper studied the following contents:
(1)The internal and external conditions for Shanghai to develop the producer services. The external conditions were the international industrial transfer, whereas the internal conditions were the economic actualities in Shanghai;
(2)To discuss the influencing factors to choose the model of producer services' agglomeration from the supply of production factors, market demand, design the system, the telecommunication and IT infrastructures , external circumstances and location;
(3) Use the theory of industrial agglomeration to explain the representative and innovational models of Shanghai's producer services;
(4) This part was the empirical analysis of Shanghai's producer services, which analyzed the industrial relevant domino offect and regional competitive advantages, and used the LQ index to measure the agglomeration degree.
(5) Use the C-P model and the experience of developed countries to analyze the overall arrangement of the producer services' agglomeration areas.
(6) Giving some suggestions of the ways to carry on the services' international transfer, the governments' proper management, increase the role of agency organization etc.
This paper drew some following conclusions:
Firtly, to develop the producer services was vital for Shanghai to further the transform the economic increasing methods, and Shanghai also should set up all kinds of agglomeration areas to advance the competitiveness and radiating ability.
Secondly, groundings, enterprises and market were the important factors to affect Shanghai's agglomeration area. The government should consider these factors completely to constitute the relevant policies.
Thirdly, in the near stage Shanghai should emphasize the embedded model of producer services' agglomeration area, at the same time develop the innovational model in the different period and region.
Lastly, there were distinct relevancy effect beween producer services and other industries. It was necessary to have the overall arrangement in the central city and suburbs.
This paper had the weakness in the choice of empirical model, the use of the C-P model in the overall arrangements in Shanghai, the comparation among the BPO, FDI and offshoring.
但是传统的制造业和服务业集聚理论目前还不能够适应生产性服务业集聚区发展,应该找寻新的集聚动因、影响因素和模式。上海发展生产性服务业有利于增加就业和服务业竞争能力,加快产业结构调整,缓解资源、能源瓶颈,降低商务成本,形成新型产业体系,转变城市功能,加快转变经济增长方式,加速从区域中心城市向全球城市的迈进。
文章研究的内容包括:
(1)上海生产性服务业集聚区发展的内外部条件分析。外部条件主要基于国际产业转移浪潮的兴起,内部条件主要分析上海生产性服务业发展的现状:
(2)从生产要素供给、市场需求、制度设计、通讯技术基础设施、外部环境和区位特征等方面分析上海生产性服务业集聚区发展的影响因素;
(3)上海生产性服务业集聚区发展模式。利用产业集聚的相关理论分析上海生产性集聚的典型模式和创新模式;
(4)上海生产性服务业集聚区发展的实证分析。分析上海发展生产性服务业集聚区的产业关联效应和区域竞争优势,并利用区位商模型计算上海生产性服务业在不同区域集聚优势;
(5)上海生产性服务业集聚区布局研究。借鉴国际大都市发展经验和经济地理学派的中心外围理论,分析上海中心城区和郊区生产性服务业集聚区合理布局研究。
(6)从承接服务业国际转移、开发区转型为生产性服务业功能区、集聚模式选择、政府适度管理、提高中介机构作用、发展主导产业和培育集聚区市场化导向和根植性等方面提出了促进上海生产性服务业集聚区发展相应的对策建议。
文章主要有以下结论:
首先,发展生产性服务业集聚区对于上海加快经济结构转型意义重大。生产性服务业作为向其他企业或者组织提供中间投入品的产业,贯穿在整个价值链的上游、中游和下游各个环节,并满足产品生产差异化和不断增值的源泉。上海应该把发展生产性服务业集聚区作为提高竞争能力和城市辐射功能,进行产业结构调整和转变经济增长方式,积极承接服务业国际转移的主要途径。
其次,基础、企业和市场条件等因素是制约生产性服务业集聚模式选择的重要因素。上海在进行生产性服务业集聚模式选择时,应该充分考虑生产要素、基础设施、供应商和相关辅助企业、围绕价值链展开的企业间竞争合作关系、内部和外部市场需求等因素,并采用合适的制度安排;
再次,上海现阶段应该重点发展嵌入式政府主导型集聚模式。上海传统集聚模式中自发形成的内生型比较少,更多的是依靠政策优惠形成的空间集聚,属于嵌入式集聚模式。政府应该引导培育集聚区的根植性和市场化导向。同时要分阶段、分区域发展具有巨大潜力的创新集聚模式。
最后,上海生产性服务业发展对生产性服务业与第二产业和服务业自身存在显著的前向和后向产业关联性,极大地促进了GDP增长。上海知识技术密集型生产性服务业均集聚在中心城区,而在中心城区和郊区间对集聚区要进行合理布局和适当的产业梯度转移。
文章在生产性服务业集聚动因、集聚度计量模型选择、中心外围理论在上海生产性服务业集聚区布局研究、承接服务业国际转移方式的比较方面还有很多不足,需要以后进一步研究。
From the 1970s foreign scholars began to study the producer services and their agglomeration . With the decrease of the services' trade barriers and to seek more benefit, MNCs adjusted the industrial structure in the way of international transfer. In the mean time, Shanghai had the condition to transfer the economic structure from the "industrial economy "to "economy of services",
But the traditional theory of manufacture and service had the difficulty in explaining the producer services' agglomeration areas, we should seek new reasons, new patterns and new influencing factors. With the development of producer services, Shanghai could transit the economic structure and the increasing code, further the steps from the regional city to global city.
This paper studied the following contents:
(1)The internal and external conditions for Shanghai to develop the producer services. The external conditions were the international industrial transfer, whereas the internal conditions were the economic actualities in Shanghai;
(2)To discuss the influencing factors to choose the model of producer services' agglomeration from the supply of production factors, market demand, design the system, the telecommunication and IT infrastructures , external circumstances and location;
(3) Use the theory of industrial agglomeration to explain the representative and innovational models of Shanghai's producer services;
(4) This part was the empirical analysis of Shanghai's producer services, which analyzed the industrial relevant domino offect and regional competitive advantages, and used the LQ index to measure the agglomeration degree.
(5) Use the C-P model and the experience of developed countries to analyze the overall arrangement of the producer services' agglomeration areas.
(6) Giving some suggestions of the ways to carry on the services' international transfer, the governments' proper management, increase the role of agency organization etc.
This paper drew some following conclusions:
Firtly, to develop the producer services was vital for Shanghai to further the transform the economic increasing methods, and Shanghai also should set up all kinds of agglomeration areas to advance the competitiveness and radiating ability.
Secondly, groundings, enterprises and market were the important factors to affect Shanghai's agglomeration area. The government should consider these factors completely to constitute the relevant policies.
Thirdly, in the near stage Shanghai should emphasize the embedded model of producer services' agglomeration area, at the same time develop the innovational model in the different period and region.
Lastly, there were distinct relevancy effect beween producer services and other industries. It was necessary to have the overall arrangement in the central city and suburbs.
This paper had the weakness in the choice of empirical model, the use of the C-P model in the overall arrangements in Shanghai, the comparation among the BPO, FDI and offshoring.
引文
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