我国区域优势体育产业选择与培育发展研究
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摘要
产业发展是区域发展的重要基础,体育产业日益成为区域经济新的增长点。我国体育产业处于快速发展的初级阶段,同时呈现显著的区域化特征。这就要求区域将体育产业发展置于更大的空间范围,在劳动地域分工中找准产业定位,依据区域资源条件,有层次、分阶段地发展区域优势体育产业。本文将区域优势体育产业界定为:某一区域在一定范围内具有相对竞争优势的体育产业或产业群。区域体育产业发展受哪些因素影响,优势体育产业的选择依据是什么?优势产业确定后,怎样培育与发展等一系列问题成为亟待理论分析与实践探索的新课题。
为实现研究目的,本文提出三个研究假设:H1:资源禀赋的多样性使体育产业发展呈现区域性;H2:体育产业不同行业发展的主要影响因素具有差异性;H3:区域优势体育产业的选择具有动态性。论文在区域理论、产业发展理论、比较优势与竞争优势等相关理论的指导下,通过文献资料法、专家访谈法、问卷调查法、数理统计法等研究方法,依次验证研究假设成立。
首先,我国体育产业发展呈显著的区域差异性格局。对我国体育产业发展现状进行分析,结果表明:体育产业发展规模与速度呈现显著的区域差异性,同一区域体育产业的不同行业发展不平衡,体育产业同一行业其发展在不同区域也存在明显差异。因此,区域应根据自身经济发展阶段和要素禀赋,因时、因地制宜选择优势体育产业,形成具有区域特色与专业分工优势的非均衡产业结构。
其次,相关理论成果为区域体育产业研究提供重要指导与借鉴参考。区域经济理论及区位理论表明体育产业发展应从区域实际出发,同时为体育产业布局的影响因素提供指导;比较优势理论与竞争优势理论是区域优势体育产业选择与培育的指导思想。这些理论研究为区域体育产业发展影响因素的分析提供理论依据,但体育产业有其自身特点,应对体育产业尤其是不同行业的独特性进行分析。
再次,论述区域优势体育产业选择的基本问题。提出区域体育产业发展的三种形态:优势体育产业、潜优势体育产业、弱势体育产业。对区域优势体育产业选择的重要意义、选择主体、选择原则、选择对象等问题进行论述。重点分析体育产业发展的影响因素及不同行业的主要影响因素。通过文献资料法、专家访谈法、问卷调查法、数理统计法等方法,拟定区域体育产业发展的20个影响因素,对体育产业5个行业(即竞赛表演业、健身娱乐业、体育用品业、体育旅游业及体育培训业)的重要影响因素进行问卷调查。采用因子分析法对体育产业发展影响因素的维度进行分析。结果表明,体育产业整体发展主要受4个潜在因素的影响,分别是产业环境(F1)、消费水平(F2)、区位条件(F3)与生产要素(F4),且这4个因子对体育产业5个行业发展的重要程度不同。采用帕累托分析法进一步分析20个具体因素对不同行业的影响程度。结果表明,体育产业不同行业发展的具体影响因素存在差异。这些差异成为选择区域优势体育产业的基本参照,即如果某区域在一方面或几个方面的优势正是体育产业某个行业发展应具备的主要因素,那么该行业就可以作为优势产业。区域应坚持“有所为,有所不为”的原则,以动态思维和视角定位体育产业方向,选择优势体育产业。
接着,论文进一步提出优势体育产业的培育与发展策略,主要有:依托区域要素禀赋,实现资源整合优势;推动产业集聚,实现产业集群优势;借力相关产业,推动产业融合;发挥政府职能,实现制度创新等。
最后,通过对上海市体育产业发展环境与产业定位对论文的研究结论进行验证。从理论研究、政策文件与专家访谈表明上海市体育产业发展定位较为清晰,即优先发展竞赛表演业、大力发展健身娱乐业、积极培育体育培训业、加快发展体育赛事旅游业、谨慎开发低端体育用品业。对上海市体育产业发展环境与体育产业不同行业发展条件契合度进行验证分析。结果表明,上海市体育产业不同行业的发展序列与产业发展条件基本一致,说明研究结论具有客观性与可靠性。在此基础上,分析上海市体育产业发展存在的问题与挑战,阐述提升上海市体育产业竞争力的发展策略:加大政策推动,为提高产业竞争力提供制度支撑;深度整合资源,提升产业竞争优势;培育体育产业基地,打造产业集群;推动区域联动,提升体育产业竞争力;培育体育消费,拓展体育产业市场等。为制定上海市体育产业发展规划、提升体育产业竞争优势提供一定的借鉴与参考。
论文的创新点主要体现在:1)提出区域优势体育产业的新视角;2)对体育产业主要行业的影响因素进行比较分析,以此作为区域优势体育产业选择的基本参照;3)提出区域优势体育产业的培育与发展策略。同时,体育产业其他行业发展的主要影响因素及区域优势体育产业的评价指标体系是未来需要深入研究的课题。
Industrial development is an important basis for regional development.The sports industry is increasingly becoming new growth point of regional economic and social development. Sports Industry is at its initial stage of rapid development in China and shows significant regional characteristics. It is supposed that regional sports industry should be placed in a larger spatial scale, through the guidance of industrial labor geographic division. The government should identify the location of regional advantageous sports industry, based on regional resources, as well as the developmental level and stage of industries. This article defines regional advantageous sports industry as the sports industry or industries with relative competitive advantages of an area within certain range. So, which factors will influence the development of regional sports industry and what is the dominant reference to select regional advantageous sports industry? How to cultivate and develop them after making out advantageous sports industries? It refers to a range of issues which become new topics of urgent theoretical analysis and practical exploration.
To achieve the purpose, the thesis proposes three hypotheses as follows: H1: Regional differences on resource endowments required to select regional advantageous sports industry; H2: The main factors affecting the development of different sectors of sports industry are different; H3: The selection of regional advantageous sports industry should be dymantic. The paper verified the hypothesis orderly through the theoretical guidance of region theory, industrial development theory, comparative advantage and competitive advantage theory, and using the research methods of literature, expert interviews, questionnaires, statistics etc.
Firstly, the development of sports industry in China presents significant pattern of regional differences. The main features are as follows: the scale and speed of sports industry shows significant regional differences, and different sectors of sports industry presents uneven development in the same region, and the same sector varies significantly among different regions. It shows that the development of regional sports industry has following characteristics: 1) certain area usually does not have to carry out all categories of sports industry; 2) regional factor endowment advantages and factor intensity for specific sports industry sector makes the region specialized in certain sectors of sports industry; 3) the structure of regional sports industry presents significant differences. Therefore, it is supposed that certain region should select advantageous sports industry, based on regional economic development stage and factor endowments, then form non-equilibrium structure of the sports industry with regional characteristics and advantages of specialization. Only in this way, sports industry in our country can achieve coordination and overall development.
Secondly, the paper elaborates relevant theoretical researches which provide important guidance and reference for studying regional sports industry. Regional economic theory and location theory suggests that regional sports industry should start from regional reality, as well as provides guidance on influential factors to locate sports industry location. The comparative advantage and competitive advantage theory are guiding ideology of selecting and cultivating regional advantageous sports industry. Though these theories provide theoretical basis for studying influential factors of regional sports industry, the sports industry has its own characteristics, which requires unique analysis on different sectors of sports industry.
Again, the paper illustrates some basic issues of selecting regional advantages sports industry. It proposes three types of regional sports industry as advantageous sports industry, potential advantageous sports industry and less-advantageous sports industry. It discusses the significance, subject and object, principle and other issues of selecting regional advantageous sports industry. It pays much attention to analyze influential factors of sports industry as well as the main factors affecting different sports sectors. Through doing detailed content analysis of large number of relevant literature and conducting in-depth interview with experts of theoretical researchers, practitioners of sports industry and managers in government departments, the paper makes out 20 factors which may affect the development of sports industry. Especially, the author makes questionnaire to search for influential factors of five main sectors of sports industry industries as follows: Professional sports industry, Fitness industry, Sport goods industry, Sport tourism industry and Sport training industry.
Factor analysis is used to find out the potential factors which influence the development of sports industry as a whole. The result shows that there are four dimensions as follows: industrial environment, consuming level, location condition and production endowments, while the affecting levels of these factors are different among five main sectors. Pareto analysis is used to do further statistical analysis. The results demonstrate that the main factors affecting each sector of sports industry are different. These differences have just become the fundamental basis for selecting regional advantageous sports industry. That is to say, if advantages in one or more aspects which belong to region are just the main factors for developing certain sports industry sectors, then such sector can act as regional advantageous sports industry. It is supposed that policy maker should adhere to the principle of "adopt something while give up others", and use dynamic thinking and perspectives in order to locate the direction of sports industry and select advantageous sports industry.
Furthermore, the thesis proposes cultivation and development strategy of advantageous sports industry as follows: relying on regional factor endowments to form integration advantages of resources; promoting industrial clustering to achieve advantages of industrial clusters; leveraging related industries to improve industrial integration; making good use of government functions to attain system innovation and so on.
Finally, the thesis makes experimental verification research on developmental conditions and orientation of sports industry in Shanghai. Through studying on theoretical outcomes, policy documents and experts interview, it finds out that the orientation of Shanghai sports industry is as clear as follows: giving priority to professional sports industry, developing fitness and entertainment industry extensively, cultivating sports training industry actively, accelerating the development of sports tourism and exploring sports goods industry carefully. Obviously, the environment of Shanghai sports industry is consistent with the conclusion. That is to say, the conclution of different sports sectors need different developmental conditions is objective and reliable. Furthermore, the thesis discusses strategies to enhance competitiveness of Shanghai Sports Industry as follows: promoting policies to provide system support on competitiveness of industries; integrating resources to enhance industrial competitiveness; cultivating sports industry bases to create industrial clusters; promoting regional interaction to enhance competitiveness of sports industry; cultivating consumers to expand the sports industry market etc. We look forward to providing practical reference and theoretical guidance for making sports industry development plan and enhancing competitive advantage of Shanghai sports industry.
The innovations of this thesis are as following aspects:1)proposing the perspective of regional advantageous sports industry; 2)making systematical analysis on influential factors of major sectors of sports industry and use them as fundamental basis for selecting regional advantageous sports industry; 3)illustrating strategies to select and cultivate regional advantageous sports industry. Meanwhile, the main factors affecting other sports industries and the evaluation index system of regional advantageous sports industry need to do further study in future.
为实现研究目的,本文提出三个研究假设:H1:资源禀赋的多样性使体育产业发展呈现区域性;H2:体育产业不同行业发展的主要影响因素具有差异性;H3:区域优势体育产业的选择具有动态性。论文在区域理论、产业发展理论、比较优势与竞争优势等相关理论的指导下,通过文献资料法、专家访谈法、问卷调查法、数理统计法等研究方法,依次验证研究假设成立。
首先,我国体育产业发展呈显著的区域差异性格局。对我国体育产业发展现状进行分析,结果表明:体育产业发展规模与速度呈现显著的区域差异性,同一区域体育产业的不同行业发展不平衡,体育产业同一行业其发展在不同区域也存在明显差异。因此,区域应根据自身经济发展阶段和要素禀赋,因时、因地制宜选择优势体育产业,形成具有区域特色与专业分工优势的非均衡产业结构。
其次,相关理论成果为区域体育产业研究提供重要指导与借鉴参考。区域经济理论及区位理论表明体育产业发展应从区域实际出发,同时为体育产业布局的影响因素提供指导;比较优势理论与竞争优势理论是区域优势体育产业选择与培育的指导思想。这些理论研究为区域体育产业发展影响因素的分析提供理论依据,但体育产业有其自身特点,应对体育产业尤其是不同行业的独特性进行分析。
再次,论述区域优势体育产业选择的基本问题。提出区域体育产业发展的三种形态:优势体育产业、潜优势体育产业、弱势体育产业。对区域优势体育产业选择的重要意义、选择主体、选择原则、选择对象等问题进行论述。重点分析体育产业发展的影响因素及不同行业的主要影响因素。通过文献资料法、专家访谈法、问卷调查法、数理统计法等方法,拟定区域体育产业发展的20个影响因素,对体育产业5个行业(即竞赛表演业、健身娱乐业、体育用品业、体育旅游业及体育培训业)的重要影响因素进行问卷调查。采用因子分析法对体育产业发展影响因素的维度进行分析。结果表明,体育产业整体发展主要受4个潜在因素的影响,分别是产业环境(F1)、消费水平(F2)、区位条件(F3)与生产要素(F4),且这4个因子对体育产业5个行业发展的重要程度不同。采用帕累托分析法进一步分析20个具体因素对不同行业的影响程度。结果表明,体育产业不同行业发展的具体影响因素存在差异。这些差异成为选择区域优势体育产业的基本参照,即如果某区域在一方面或几个方面的优势正是体育产业某个行业发展应具备的主要因素,那么该行业就可以作为优势产业。区域应坚持“有所为,有所不为”的原则,以动态思维和视角定位体育产业方向,选择优势体育产业。
接着,论文进一步提出优势体育产业的培育与发展策略,主要有:依托区域要素禀赋,实现资源整合优势;推动产业集聚,实现产业集群优势;借力相关产业,推动产业融合;发挥政府职能,实现制度创新等。
最后,通过对上海市体育产业发展环境与产业定位对论文的研究结论进行验证。从理论研究、政策文件与专家访谈表明上海市体育产业发展定位较为清晰,即优先发展竞赛表演业、大力发展健身娱乐业、积极培育体育培训业、加快发展体育赛事旅游业、谨慎开发低端体育用品业。对上海市体育产业发展环境与体育产业不同行业发展条件契合度进行验证分析。结果表明,上海市体育产业不同行业的发展序列与产业发展条件基本一致,说明研究结论具有客观性与可靠性。在此基础上,分析上海市体育产业发展存在的问题与挑战,阐述提升上海市体育产业竞争力的发展策略:加大政策推动,为提高产业竞争力提供制度支撑;深度整合资源,提升产业竞争优势;培育体育产业基地,打造产业集群;推动区域联动,提升体育产业竞争力;培育体育消费,拓展体育产业市场等。为制定上海市体育产业发展规划、提升体育产业竞争优势提供一定的借鉴与参考。
论文的创新点主要体现在:1)提出区域优势体育产业的新视角;2)对体育产业主要行业的影响因素进行比较分析,以此作为区域优势体育产业选择的基本参照;3)提出区域优势体育产业的培育与发展策略。同时,体育产业其他行业发展的主要影响因素及区域优势体育产业的评价指标体系是未来需要深入研究的课题。
Industrial development is an important basis for regional development.The sports industry is increasingly becoming new growth point of regional economic and social development. Sports Industry is at its initial stage of rapid development in China and shows significant regional characteristics. It is supposed that regional sports industry should be placed in a larger spatial scale, through the guidance of industrial labor geographic division. The government should identify the location of regional advantageous sports industry, based on regional resources, as well as the developmental level and stage of industries. This article defines regional advantageous sports industry as the sports industry or industries with relative competitive advantages of an area within certain range. So, which factors will influence the development of regional sports industry and what is the dominant reference to select regional advantageous sports industry? How to cultivate and develop them after making out advantageous sports industries? It refers to a range of issues which become new topics of urgent theoretical analysis and practical exploration.
To achieve the purpose, the thesis proposes three hypotheses as follows: H1: Regional differences on resource endowments required to select regional advantageous sports industry; H2: The main factors affecting the development of different sectors of sports industry are different; H3: The selection of regional advantageous sports industry should be dymantic. The paper verified the hypothesis orderly through the theoretical guidance of region theory, industrial development theory, comparative advantage and competitive advantage theory, and using the research methods of literature, expert interviews, questionnaires, statistics etc.
Firstly, the development of sports industry in China presents significant pattern of regional differences. The main features are as follows: the scale and speed of sports industry shows significant regional differences, and different sectors of sports industry presents uneven development in the same region, and the same sector varies significantly among different regions. It shows that the development of regional sports industry has following characteristics: 1) certain area usually does not have to carry out all categories of sports industry; 2) regional factor endowment advantages and factor intensity for specific sports industry sector makes the region specialized in certain sectors of sports industry; 3) the structure of regional sports industry presents significant differences. Therefore, it is supposed that certain region should select advantageous sports industry, based on regional economic development stage and factor endowments, then form non-equilibrium structure of the sports industry with regional characteristics and advantages of specialization. Only in this way, sports industry in our country can achieve coordination and overall development.
Secondly, the paper elaborates relevant theoretical researches which provide important guidance and reference for studying regional sports industry. Regional economic theory and location theory suggests that regional sports industry should start from regional reality, as well as provides guidance on influential factors to locate sports industry location. The comparative advantage and competitive advantage theory are guiding ideology of selecting and cultivating regional advantageous sports industry. Though these theories provide theoretical basis for studying influential factors of regional sports industry, the sports industry has its own characteristics, which requires unique analysis on different sectors of sports industry.
Again, the paper illustrates some basic issues of selecting regional advantages sports industry. It proposes three types of regional sports industry as advantageous sports industry, potential advantageous sports industry and less-advantageous sports industry. It discusses the significance, subject and object, principle and other issues of selecting regional advantageous sports industry. It pays much attention to analyze influential factors of sports industry as well as the main factors affecting different sports sectors. Through doing detailed content analysis of large number of relevant literature and conducting in-depth interview with experts of theoretical researchers, practitioners of sports industry and managers in government departments, the paper makes out 20 factors which may affect the development of sports industry. Especially, the author makes questionnaire to search for influential factors of five main sectors of sports industry industries as follows: Professional sports industry, Fitness industry, Sport goods industry, Sport tourism industry and Sport training industry.
Factor analysis is used to find out the potential factors which influence the development of sports industry as a whole. The result shows that there are four dimensions as follows: industrial environment, consuming level, location condition and production endowments, while the affecting levels of these factors are different among five main sectors. Pareto analysis is used to do further statistical analysis. The results demonstrate that the main factors affecting each sector of sports industry are different. These differences have just become the fundamental basis for selecting regional advantageous sports industry. That is to say, if advantages in one or more aspects which belong to region are just the main factors for developing certain sports industry sectors, then such sector can act as regional advantageous sports industry. It is supposed that policy maker should adhere to the principle of "adopt something while give up others", and use dynamic thinking and perspectives in order to locate the direction of sports industry and select advantageous sports industry.
Furthermore, the thesis proposes cultivation and development strategy of advantageous sports industry as follows: relying on regional factor endowments to form integration advantages of resources; promoting industrial clustering to achieve advantages of industrial clusters; leveraging related industries to improve industrial integration; making good use of government functions to attain system innovation and so on.
Finally, the thesis makes experimental verification research on developmental conditions and orientation of sports industry in Shanghai. Through studying on theoretical outcomes, policy documents and experts interview, it finds out that the orientation of Shanghai sports industry is as clear as follows: giving priority to professional sports industry, developing fitness and entertainment industry extensively, cultivating sports training industry actively, accelerating the development of sports tourism and exploring sports goods industry carefully. Obviously, the environment of Shanghai sports industry is consistent with the conclusion. That is to say, the conclution of different sports sectors need different developmental conditions is objective and reliable. Furthermore, the thesis discusses strategies to enhance competitiveness of Shanghai Sports Industry as follows: promoting policies to provide system support on competitiveness of industries; integrating resources to enhance industrial competitiveness; cultivating sports industry bases to create industrial clusters; promoting regional interaction to enhance competitiveness of sports industry; cultivating consumers to expand the sports industry market etc. We look forward to providing practical reference and theoretical guidance for making sports industry development plan and enhancing competitive advantage of Shanghai sports industry.
The innovations of this thesis are as following aspects:1)proposing the perspective of regional advantageous sports industry; 2)making systematical analysis on influential factors of major sectors of sports industry and use them as fundamental basis for selecting regional advantageous sports industry; 3)illustrating strategies to select and cultivate regional advantageous sports industry. Meanwhile, the main factors affecting other sports industries and the evaluation index system of regional advantageous sports industry need to do further study in future.
引文
1体育产业指导中心.“十一五”体育产业研究报告[D].2009-4-23.
1引自2003年《中共中央关于完善社会主义市场经济体制若干问题的决定》。
2引自2007年《国务院关于加快发展服务业的若干意见》。
3 2010年3月,《国务院办公厅关于加快发展体育产业的指导意见》指出,各级政府要高度重视促进体育产业的发展,把体育产业发展纳入经济与社会发展规划,制定和组织实施体育产业发展规划。加强对体育产业发展的区域布局,根据不同地区的比较优势和经济社会发展情况,合理规划,协调不同地区的体育产业发展。
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2引自2007年《国务院关于加快发展服务业的若干意见》。
3 2010年3月,《国务院办公厅关于加快发展体育产业的指导意见》指出,各级政府要高度重视促进体育产业的发展,把体育产业发展纳入经济与社会发展规划,制定和组织实施体育产业发展规划。加强对体育产业发展的区域布局,根据不同地区的比较优势和经济社会发展情况,合理规划,协调不同地区的体育产业发展。
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2 Victor A. Matheson. Mega-Events: The effect of the world’s biggest sporting events on local, regional, and national economies. COLLEGE OF THE HOLY CROSS, DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS FACULTY RESEARCH SERIES. October 2006.
3 J. A. Schofield. Production functions in the sports industry: an empirical analysis of professional cricket. Applied Economics, Volume 20, Issue 2 February 1988, pages 177– 193.
4 Cardwell, D. E. Sports facilities & urban redevelopment. Marquette Sports Law Review, 2000, Spring 10(2), 417-424.
5 Ko,Y.J.&Pastore,D.L.A. hierarchical model of service quality for the recreational sport industry[J]. Sport Marketing Quarterly,2005. Sport Management Program, Washington State University, USA.
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7 Stephen Hardy. Entrepreneurs, Organizations, and the Sport Marketplace: Journal of Sport History, Vol. 13, No. 1,1986,pp1-20.
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