中国制造业跨国企业母子公司双向知识转移机制研究
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摘要
知识经济时代背景下,全球制造网络为我国制造业跨国企业如何更快地在国际分工体系中进行知识学习与积累,形成自身知识优势,提供了重要的战略机遇。当前,以利用型知识学习向相对低端国际市场进行跨国扩张,与以探索型知识学习向更高端国际市场进行跨国运营为基本知识流向动机的我国制造业跨国企业,如何整合和利用这些跨国知识转移来提升自己的知识创造力,从而实现在全球范围的知识竞争优势,成为我国制造业企业在国际化发展中,面临的一个重大现实问题。由于创新范式日益向知识平台化发展,知识跨国转移的程度对企业创新绩效的重要性已得到学界的广泛认同,更新现有知识以及对新知识的吸收应用,成为我国企业在全球知识网络中实现产业竞争突围和战略角色提升的关键途径。纵观以往的研究,相关的理论或实证探究已经勾勒了知识特性给知识转移的结果带来的影响,但对于知识的一般特性和嵌入跨国公司情境的知识属性怎样作用于新兴经济体跨国企业内部知识转移过程,其机理及和应用的研究仍然不足,且相关的研究结论还存在一定的分歧性。
本文以我国制造业跨国企业为研究样本,围绕“跨国企业内部母子公司间知识距离怎样作用于知识转移程度,进而再影响创新绩效”这一基本问题,借鉴知识转移相关研究成果的基础上,构建了“知识距离—知识转移—转移效果”的跨国企业母子公司间双向知识转移分析架构,遵循“结构—行为—绩效”的分析逻辑,逐级研究了以下三个逻辑紧密的问题：(1)跨国企业基于母子公司关系情境的知识距离如何影响两者之间双向的知识转移深度和广度?(2)不同的知识特性对上一问题的作用机制产生怎样的影响?(3)基于知识转移能力与知识创新能力的跨国母子公司战略角色如何在识别了知识性质的基础上动态提升?为了解答上述研究问题,本文通过下述研究循序渐进地进行了论述。
首先,采用探索性案例分析,厘清基于母子公司关系情境的知识属性,即母子公司间知识距离中知识的兼容程度和知识的适应程度,怎样分别影响知识转移的广度和深度,而这种知识转移的程度又如何作用于母子公司的创新绩效。第二在案例研究的基础上,进一步整理分析文献资料,引入了知识的一般属性,即知识的缄默性、复杂性和专用性作为调节变量,完善了研究模型,提出了研究假设。通过对188家我国制造业跨国公司的问卷调查,运用了探索性因子分析、验证性因子分析、多元线性回归方程等方法进行了实证研究,最终形成了跨国企业内部双向知识转移机制模型。第三,在机制模型的基础上,通过对比母公司到子公司正向知识转移与子公司到母公司逆向知识转移的异同之处,进一步探究了基于知识转移与创新能力框架下,我国跨国企业母子公司所处的位置,以及怎样通过知识学习与应用来创造知识竞争优势,提升战略角色。
通过上述研究论证工作,本研究得出以下主要观点和结论：
(1)跨国企业母子公司之间的知识距离影响它们之间正向和逆向的知识转移程度,后者进而分别作用于各自的创新绩效。
研究的模型实证结果发现,我国跨国企业母子公司间知识的兼容性对它们之间双向的知识转移范围具有显著影响,而两者间知识的适应性对其双向的知识转移频率和速度具有显著影响。母公司到子公司知识转移的频率对子公司创新绩效的影响不显著,而逆向知识转移过程的深度和广度都对母公司创新绩效影响显著；子公司的创新绩效只反映了新产品的市场绩效,母公司的创新绩效反映了新产品开发强度和市场绩效。
(2)知识特性在跨国企业母子公司间的知识距离与知识转移中发挥了调节作用,且这种调节作用在正向和逆向知识转移过程中具有差异性。
本文引入了知识的三种特性作为调节变量,实证结果表明：知识的缄默性对母子公司间知识的适应和兼容程度上分别与逆向知识转移的频率和范围起调节作用；知识的复杂性对母子公司间知识的兼容程度与正向知识转移的范围起调节作用；知识的专用性对母子公司间知识的适应程度与正向知识转移的速度起调节作用。其中,知识的专用性对于母子公司间知识的兼容性和正向知识转移中起负向的调节作用,而在逆向的知识转移中起正向的调节作用。
(3)基于知识转移能力和知识创新能力的差异,我国跨国企业的研发能力主要集中在母公司,子公司主要肩负着知识转移的任务,跨国企业母子公司之间存在着知识管理二元性问题。
现阶段我国跨国制造企业的母公司,相比起子公司来说,处于一个拥有较强创新能力但知识传播能力偏弱的角色,即嵌入了母国情境的优势型知识仍然难以有效转移到海外分支机构,所以母公司知识管理中的二元性问题主要体现在知识的包容性与排他性、知识学习与忘却学习。现阶段我国制造业跨国企业的子公司,相比其母公司来说,主要处于知识转移能力相对较强而知识创新能力弱的战略位置,其中所转移的知识主要源自嵌入了东道国情境的知识,所以在子公司知识管理中的二元性问题体现在知识的本地化和全球化、探索性学习与利用性学习。
纵观整个研究,本文主要在以下几个方面进行了拓展和深化：
(1)将知识的特性按照其一般属性和嵌入于跨国公司内部的情境属性加以区分,详细阐释了在知识特性调节作用下,母子公司间知识距离如何影响知识转移过程中的深度和广度问题,为企业内部如何更有效的进行知识分享提供了参考依据。
(2)深入剖析了跨国企业母子公司间正向和逆向知识转移的异同,及其对创新绩效影响的本质过程,为新兴跨国企业母子公司知识管理中的二元性问题提供了建议和策略分析。
(3)充分揭示了跨国企业母子公司间知识转移能力与创新能力的协同演化规律,及其对跨国知识管理战略的启示作用,为新兴经济体国家的跨国企业实现产业转移升级提供了一个崭新的研究视角。
Global manufacturing network provides an important strategic opportunity for China's multinationals who could integrate into the international division of labor system, learning and accumulation of knowledge, and to form their advantage of knowledge in the ear of knowledge economy. Currently, based on the two direction of international expansion, namely, exploitative leaning to cross-border operation in the low-end market and explorative learning to seek knowledge in the high-end market by the China's manufacturing multinationals in the international environment. How to take advantage of knowledge transfer among the different countries to improve the innovation capability and achieve a competitive position in the global network, become a reality problem to the China's manufacturing industry in the internationalization. In the process of innovation paradigm develop to the knowledge platform, the performance of innovation affected by the extent of cross-border knowledge transfer has been widely recognized by the academia. Besides, update existing knowledge, absorb capacity and application of knowledge, has also be a critical path for the industrial transformation and upgrading by the China's enterprises in the global knowledge network. Throughout the previous studies, theoretical or empirical inquiry has outlined the impact of the knowledge transfer by its characteristics, however, there are the limits and differences of distinguish the natural characteristics of knowledge and knowledge embedded multinationals context in the emerging economies.
In the study, China's multinationals in the manufacturing industry as the research sample, based on the topic " the knowledge distance between the parent company and subsidiaries in multinationals how to effect on knowledge transfer extent and their innovation performance", construct the analysis framework of "knowledge distance-knowledge transfer-performance" to study the mechanism of knowledge transfer in multinational enterprise, follow the "structure-behavior performance" to logic analysis theoretical structure, progressively to research the following three problems:(1) How the embedded knowledge in the relationship between parent and subsidiary companies influence the depth and wide of bidirectional knowledge transfer?(2) The different knowledge characteristics how to effect on the above mechanism?(3) Based on the knowledge transferability and knowledge innovation capability, the strategic role of multinational parent-subsidiary company how to dynamical improvement? In order to explain the research question, the research through the following steps to discussion.
First, exploratory case studies to clarifying the knowledge attributes of parent-subsidiary relationship in the multinationals, namely the compatibility and adaptation degree in the knowledge distance, how to influence the breadth and depth of knowledge transfer, and the extent of knowledge transfer how to influence their innovation performance. Second, based on the case study and the analysis of the literature, we introduce a general character of knowledge, namely knowledge tacit, complexity and specificity as a moderating variable, to improve the research model and propose the research hypothesis. Through a questionnaire survey of188of China's manufacturing industry multinational corporation, using exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, multiple linear regression equation for the empirical study, and formed a transnational enterprise internal bidirectional knowledge transfer mechanism model. Third, based on the model, by comparing the parent company to subsidiaries positive knowledge transfer and subsidiary to the parent company of reverse knowledge transfer to find out the similarities and differences, according to the knowledge transferability and innovation capability under the above framework, we point the strategic role of China's multinationals in the knowledge learning and application for the competitive advantage position.
After the above research and demonstration, following conclusions could be reached:
(1)The knowledge distance influence the forward and reverse knowledge transfer between parent and subsidiary companies in MNCs, and the extent of knowledge transfer affects on their innovation performance.
The result of model points out the compatibility of knowledge between the parent and subsidiary company has significant effect the scope of their knowledge transfer, and the knowledge of adaptation on the frequency and speed of knowledge transfer have significant effects. The frequency of forward knowledge transfer to influence the subsidiary's innovation performance is not significant, otherwise, the process of depth and breadth of reverse knowledge transfer significantly. The subsidiary innovation performance only reflects the new product market performance; however, the parent company's innovation performance reflects the new product development R&D and market sale.
(2)The characteristics of knowledge play a regulatory role between knowledge distance and knowledge transfer in MNCs.
This study introduces three kinds of characteristics of knowledge as regulatory variables. The empirical results show that:the tacit knowledge has a regulation on the knowledge adaptation and compatible to the frequency and scope of reverse knowledge process; complexity of knowledge has a regulation on knowledge compatibility to the scope of forward knowledge transfer; knowledge specification has a regulation on the knowledge adaptation to the forward knowledge transfer speed regulation. Especially, knowledge specification for the parent-subsidiary company knowledge compatibility and forward knowledge transfer plays a negative moderating effect and the positive impact on reverse knowledge transfer.
(3) Based on the difference of knowledge transferability and knowledge innovation ability in the knowledge management, there is duality in MNCs.
China's multinational manufacturing company's parent company play a role with stronger innovation ability and weaker transferability, that is embedded in the home market of dominant knowledge is still difficult to be transferred to overseas branches, so the dualistic phenomenon in knowledge management is reflected in the inclusion and exclusive in the parent company, knowledge learning and unlearning. China's MNC subsidiaries play a role with stronger transferability and weaker innovation capability, where the transferred knowledge mainly comes from the embedded host countries'knowledge, so there is still another dualistic phenomenon in knowledge management is reflected in the knowledge localization and globalization, exploratory learning and exploitative learning.
Throughout the study, the paper mainly expands and deepens the several aspects as follows:
(1)The knowledge characteristics according to its natural attribute and embedding context attributes on a MNCs within the distinction, to play a detailed interpretation of knowledge characteristics as regulating role in the relationship between knowledge distance and the extent of knowledge transfer, which offer an evidence for how to improvement of efficiency in knowledge sharing.
(2)The study analyzes the similarities and differences between the forward and reverse knowledge transfer process in MNCs, and its influence on innocation performance, what could provides some suggestions and actions to solve the duality in emerging MNCs' knowledge management.
(3)The research reveals the knowledge transferability and innovative ability of collaborative evolution in MNCs, and it's significant on the knowledge management strategy in MNCs, which could afford an angle of view for emerging MNCs achieve industry upgrade.
本文以我国制造业跨国企业为研究样本,围绕“跨国企业内部母子公司间知识距离怎样作用于知识转移程度,进而再影响创新绩效”这一基本问题,借鉴知识转移相关研究成果的基础上,构建了“知识距离—知识转移—转移效果”的跨国企业母子公司间双向知识转移分析架构,遵循“结构—行为—绩效”的分析逻辑,逐级研究了以下三个逻辑紧密的问题：(1)跨国企业基于母子公司关系情境的知识距离如何影响两者之间双向的知识转移深度和广度?(2)不同的知识特性对上一问题的作用机制产生怎样的影响?(3)基于知识转移能力与知识创新能力的跨国母子公司战略角色如何在识别了知识性质的基础上动态提升?为了解答上述研究问题,本文通过下述研究循序渐进地进行了论述。
首先,采用探索性案例分析,厘清基于母子公司关系情境的知识属性,即母子公司间知识距离中知识的兼容程度和知识的适应程度,怎样分别影响知识转移的广度和深度,而这种知识转移的程度又如何作用于母子公司的创新绩效。第二在案例研究的基础上,进一步整理分析文献资料,引入了知识的一般属性,即知识的缄默性、复杂性和专用性作为调节变量,完善了研究模型,提出了研究假设。通过对188家我国制造业跨国公司的问卷调查,运用了探索性因子分析、验证性因子分析、多元线性回归方程等方法进行了实证研究,最终形成了跨国企业内部双向知识转移机制模型。第三,在机制模型的基础上,通过对比母公司到子公司正向知识转移与子公司到母公司逆向知识转移的异同之处,进一步探究了基于知识转移与创新能力框架下,我国跨国企业母子公司所处的位置,以及怎样通过知识学习与应用来创造知识竞争优势,提升战略角色。
通过上述研究论证工作,本研究得出以下主要观点和结论：
(1)跨国企业母子公司之间的知识距离影响它们之间正向和逆向的知识转移程度,后者进而分别作用于各自的创新绩效。
研究的模型实证结果发现,我国跨国企业母子公司间知识的兼容性对它们之间双向的知识转移范围具有显著影响,而两者间知识的适应性对其双向的知识转移频率和速度具有显著影响。母公司到子公司知识转移的频率对子公司创新绩效的影响不显著,而逆向知识转移过程的深度和广度都对母公司创新绩效影响显著；子公司的创新绩效只反映了新产品的市场绩效,母公司的创新绩效反映了新产品开发强度和市场绩效。
(2)知识特性在跨国企业母子公司间的知识距离与知识转移中发挥了调节作用,且这种调节作用在正向和逆向知识转移过程中具有差异性。
本文引入了知识的三种特性作为调节变量,实证结果表明：知识的缄默性对母子公司间知识的适应和兼容程度上分别与逆向知识转移的频率和范围起调节作用；知识的复杂性对母子公司间知识的兼容程度与正向知识转移的范围起调节作用；知识的专用性对母子公司间知识的适应程度与正向知识转移的速度起调节作用。其中,知识的专用性对于母子公司间知识的兼容性和正向知识转移中起负向的调节作用,而在逆向的知识转移中起正向的调节作用。
(3)基于知识转移能力和知识创新能力的差异,我国跨国企业的研发能力主要集中在母公司,子公司主要肩负着知识转移的任务,跨国企业母子公司之间存在着知识管理二元性问题。
现阶段我国跨国制造企业的母公司,相比起子公司来说,处于一个拥有较强创新能力但知识传播能力偏弱的角色,即嵌入了母国情境的优势型知识仍然难以有效转移到海外分支机构,所以母公司知识管理中的二元性问题主要体现在知识的包容性与排他性、知识学习与忘却学习。现阶段我国制造业跨国企业的子公司,相比其母公司来说,主要处于知识转移能力相对较强而知识创新能力弱的战略位置,其中所转移的知识主要源自嵌入了东道国情境的知识,所以在子公司知识管理中的二元性问题体现在知识的本地化和全球化、探索性学习与利用性学习。
纵观整个研究,本文主要在以下几个方面进行了拓展和深化：
(1)将知识的特性按照其一般属性和嵌入于跨国公司内部的情境属性加以区分,详细阐释了在知识特性调节作用下,母子公司间知识距离如何影响知识转移过程中的深度和广度问题,为企业内部如何更有效的进行知识分享提供了参考依据。
(2)深入剖析了跨国企业母子公司间正向和逆向知识转移的异同,及其对创新绩效影响的本质过程,为新兴跨国企业母子公司知识管理中的二元性问题提供了建议和策略分析。
(3)充分揭示了跨国企业母子公司间知识转移能力与创新能力的协同演化规律,及其对跨国知识管理战略的启示作用,为新兴经济体国家的跨国企业实现产业转移升级提供了一个崭新的研究视角。
Global manufacturing network provides an important strategic opportunity for China's multinationals who could integrate into the international division of labor system, learning and accumulation of knowledge, and to form their advantage of knowledge in the ear of knowledge economy. Currently, based on the two direction of international expansion, namely, exploitative leaning to cross-border operation in the low-end market and explorative learning to seek knowledge in the high-end market by the China's manufacturing multinationals in the international environment. How to take advantage of knowledge transfer among the different countries to improve the innovation capability and achieve a competitive position in the global network, become a reality problem to the China's manufacturing industry in the internationalization. In the process of innovation paradigm develop to the knowledge platform, the performance of innovation affected by the extent of cross-border knowledge transfer has been widely recognized by the academia. Besides, update existing knowledge, absorb capacity and application of knowledge, has also be a critical path for the industrial transformation and upgrading by the China's enterprises in the global knowledge network. Throughout the previous studies, theoretical or empirical inquiry has outlined the impact of the knowledge transfer by its characteristics, however, there are the limits and differences of distinguish the natural characteristics of knowledge and knowledge embedded multinationals context in the emerging economies.
In the study, China's multinationals in the manufacturing industry as the research sample, based on the topic " the knowledge distance between the parent company and subsidiaries in multinationals how to effect on knowledge transfer extent and their innovation performance", construct the analysis framework of "knowledge distance-knowledge transfer-performance" to study the mechanism of knowledge transfer in multinational enterprise, follow the "structure-behavior performance" to logic analysis theoretical structure, progressively to research the following three problems:(1) How the embedded knowledge in the relationship between parent and subsidiary companies influence the depth and wide of bidirectional knowledge transfer?(2) The different knowledge characteristics how to effect on the above mechanism?(3) Based on the knowledge transferability and knowledge innovation capability, the strategic role of multinational parent-subsidiary company how to dynamical improvement? In order to explain the research question, the research through the following steps to discussion.
First, exploratory case studies to clarifying the knowledge attributes of parent-subsidiary relationship in the multinationals, namely the compatibility and adaptation degree in the knowledge distance, how to influence the breadth and depth of knowledge transfer, and the extent of knowledge transfer how to influence their innovation performance. Second, based on the case study and the analysis of the literature, we introduce a general character of knowledge, namely knowledge tacit, complexity and specificity as a moderating variable, to improve the research model and propose the research hypothesis. Through a questionnaire survey of188of China's manufacturing industry multinational corporation, using exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, multiple linear regression equation for the empirical study, and formed a transnational enterprise internal bidirectional knowledge transfer mechanism model. Third, based on the model, by comparing the parent company to subsidiaries positive knowledge transfer and subsidiary to the parent company of reverse knowledge transfer to find out the similarities and differences, according to the knowledge transferability and innovation capability under the above framework, we point the strategic role of China's multinationals in the knowledge learning and application for the competitive advantage position.
After the above research and demonstration, following conclusions could be reached:
(1)The knowledge distance influence the forward and reverse knowledge transfer between parent and subsidiary companies in MNCs, and the extent of knowledge transfer affects on their innovation performance.
The result of model points out the compatibility of knowledge between the parent and subsidiary company has significant effect the scope of their knowledge transfer, and the knowledge of adaptation on the frequency and speed of knowledge transfer have significant effects. The frequency of forward knowledge transfer to influence the subsidiary's innovation performance is not significant, otherwise, the process of depth and breadth of reverse knowledge transfer significantly. The subsidiary innovation performance only reflects the new product market performance; however, the parent company's innovation performance reflects the new product development R&D and market sale.
(2)The characteristics of knowledge play a regulatory role between knowledge distance and knowledge transfer in MNCs.
This study introduces three kinds of characteristics of knowledge as regulatory variables. The empirical results show that:the tacit knowledge has a regulation on the knowledge adaptation and compatible to the frequency and scope of reverse knowledge process; complexity of knowledge has a regulation on knowledge compatibility to the scope of forward knowledge transfer; knowledge specification has a regulation on the knowledge adaptation to the forward knowledge transfer speed regulation. Especially, knowledge specification for the parent-subsidiary company knowledge compatibility and forward knowledge transfer plays a negative moderating effect and the positive impact on reverse knowledge transfer.
(3) Based on the difference of knowledge transferability and knowledge innovation ability in the knowledge management, there is duality in MNCs.
China's multinational manufacturing company's parent company play a role with stronger innovation ability and weaker transferability, that is embedded in the home market of dominant knowledge is still difficult to be transferred to overseas branches, so the dualistic phenomenon in knowledge management is reflected in the inclusion and exclusive in the parent company, knowledge learning and unlearning. China's MNC subsidiaries play a role with stronger transferability and weaker innovation capability, where the transferred knowledge mainly comes from the embedded host countries'knowledge, so there is still another dualistic phenomenon in knowledge management is reflected in the knowledge localization and globalization, exploratory learning and exploitative learning.
Throughout the study, the paper mainly expands and deepens the several aspects as follows:
(1)The knowledge characteristics according to its natural attribute and embedding context attributes on a MNCs within the distinction, to play a detailed interpretation of knowledge characteristics as regulating role in the relationship between knowledge distance and the extent of knowledge transfer, which offer an evidence for how to improvement of efficiency in knowledge sharing.
(2)The study analyzes the similarities and differences between the forward and reverse knowledge transfer process in MNCs, and its influence on innocation performance, what could provides some suggestions and actions to solve the duality in emerging MNCs' knowledge management.
(3)The research reveals the knowledge transferability and innovative ability of collaborative evolution in MNCs, and it's significant on the knowledge management strategy in MNCs, which could afford an angle of view for emerging MNCs achieve industry upgrade.
引文
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