掺Ho~(3+)氟氧化物微晶玻璃近—中红外发光特性研究
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摘要
2-3μm波段的激光在对人眼安全的激光雷达、遥感化学传感器、地形测量、空气污染控制、激光医疗手术刀等方面有着重要的应用价值,一直以来备受人们的关注。为了实现高效率、高功率的激光输出,人们从20世纪60年代起就开始了对Ho3+和Tm3+掺杂的各类固体激光器的研制,基质材料主要涉及激光晶体和玻璃。近年来,随着激光二极管泵浦技术和光纤工艺的完善,光纤激光器以其光束质量好、能量转换效率高、散热性能好、成本低、体积小、易于集成等优点在激光领域占据着重要地位。目前,2.0μm光纤激光器的基质材料多为石英玻璃和氟化物玻璃,二者各有优缺点。就石英基质而言,其较高的声子能量(1100cm-1)限制了激光器的能量转换效率,基质的本征吸收限制了2.0μm波段以后的中红外激光输出。然而,氟化物玻璃又存在着化学稳定性差,制备工艺复杂等诸多问题。合理的基质材料选择是实用、高性能2-3μm波段光纤激光器发展的基础。透明氟氧化物微晶玻璃兼具了氧化物玻璃和氟化物晶体的优点,具有较高的发光效率和环境适应能力,是一种新型的高性能光学材料。本课题旨在探索透明氟氧化物微晶玻璃的组成和晶化工艺,研究该基质材料中2.0μm波段Ho3+发光性能,为发展低成本、高效率的2.0μm光纤激光器奠定基础。
本论文共分五章。论文第一章综述了2-3μm光纤激光器和微晶玻璃的研究进展,介绍了稀土掺杂光纤激光器的结构及工作原理、稀土离子的光谱性质和跃迁特性。
论文第二章介绍了样品的制备工艺和性能测试方法,并对计算稀土离子光谱参数的相关理论进行了阐述。针对Ho3+缺少与商用半导体激光器相匹配的泵浦吸收带这一缺陷,论文第三、四章系统地研究了Tm3+/Ho3+和Yb3+/Ho3+双掺体系,分别在808nm和980nm LD泵浦下的发光特性,借助Tm3→Ho3+和Yb3+→Ho3+的能量传递,实现了对Ho3+：5I7能级的间接泵浦,从而获得了2.0μm的荧光发射。重点分为以下几个方面：
(1)首先研究了Tm3+/Ho3+共掺的60SiO2-20ZnO-20BaF2和50SiO2-26.4Al2O3-10.6Na2O-13LaF3玻璃的析晶性能。在此基础上,通过适当的晶化热处理,分别制备出了含BaF2和LaF3纳米晶的透明微晶玻璃。通过荧光探针Eu3+的荧光光谱分析及Tm3+和Ho3+的J-O强度参数计算,研究了稀土离子周围的配位场环境,对比发现,晶化后Tm3+和Ho3+对应的Ω2数值显著降低,其吸收峰有些许蓝移和Stark劈裂,表明部分Tm3+、Ho3+进入了BaF2晶体,使得稀土离子周围的配位环境发生了改变。研究了Tm3+/Ho3+共掺的玻璃和微晶玻璃样品在808nm LD泵浦下的红外发光性能,并对Tm3+→Ho3+能量传递过程进行了详细讨论,发现60SiO2-20ZnO-20BaF2微晶玻璃中Ho3+的2.0μm波段的发光较比母体玻璃获得了近6倍的增强,并且发射峰呈现明显的Stark劈裂。探讨了热处理时间和Tm3+掺杂浓度对其上转换和2.0μm波段发光性能的影响,发现热处理时间的延长有利于降低上转换发光强度,增强2.0μm波段的发光。这主要得益于氟化物晶体中相邻Tm3+离子间交叉弛豫过程(3H4,3H6→3F4,3F4)及Tm3+、Ho3+间能量传递过程(Tm3+:3F4+Ho3+:5I8→Tm3+:3H6+Ho3+:5I7)几率增加。运用Dexter理论,计算了Tm3+/Ho3+共掺体系的正向和反向能量传递的微观参数,得出Tm3+→Ho3+的能量传递系数约为反向能量传递系数的26倍,表明Tm3+→HO3+.能量传递过程占明显优势且效率较高。
(2)主要探讨了980nm LD激发下,Yb3+/Ho3+共掺60Sio2-20ZnO-20BaF2玻璃和微晶玻璃的光谱性能和能量传递机理。采用J-O理论计算了Ho3+在母体玻璃和微晶玻璃中的光谱参数,得出微晶玻璃中Ho3+:5I7→18跃迁的峰值发射截面为6.43×10-21cm2,Yb3+的吸收截面最大值为1.2×10-20cm2,结果表明敏化剂Yb3+在开发商用半导体激光器泵浦的结构紧凑型、高效激光器件方面具有较大的潜力。980nm LD泵浦Yb3+/Ho3+共掺的微晶玻璃,探测到了1.2和2.0μm波段的发光,证实了Yb3+→Ho3+能量传递的存在。上转换及能量传递机理分析得出,微晶玻璃的低声子能量环境有利于上转换和1.2μm的发光,不利于2.0μm发光的增强。运用声子边带理论估算了Yb3+→Yb3+和Yb3+-Ho3+之间能量传递的微观参数,发现Yb3+→Ho3+的正向能量传递占绝对优势,是由单声子和双声子共同协助完成。其中,单声子发射辅助的贡献率约占89.314%。
论文第五章研制出了50GeO2-22A12O3-13LaF3-15LiF体系的微晶玻璃,系统研究了Ho3+单掺体系的发光性能。研究发现,Ho3+吸收一个紫外或者可见的光子(300-560nm)后,可以通过两步近红外级联发射过程,产生1013nm和1190nm的近红外光子,其发光量子效率约为110%。对比研究了Ho3+掺杂的母体玻璃和微晶玻璃在1.37μm和1.45μm波段的发光性能,并对相应的受激发射截面、吸收截面及增益系数进行了评估,结果表明,微晶玻璃在E-波段光通信领域可作为良好的候选基质材料。
Laser operating in the2～3μm wavelength region has attracted considerable interest due to its potential applications in eye-safe laser radar, remote chemical sensing, topographic surveying, atmospheric monitoring and laser medicine surgery. Since1960s, considerable research efforts have been made to develop various solid state lasers activated by Tm3+and Ho3+. The host involves various laser crystals and glasses. Benefited from the great success in laser diodes and optical fibers, fiber laser has recently become the main direction of solid state lasers due to its outstanding merits such as excellent beam quality, high energy conversion efficiency, lower thermal effects, low cost, compactness and easy to integrate. At present, most of2.0μm fiber laser hosts are limited to silica and fluoride glass. However, there still exist some issues in the practical application. On one hand, higher phonon energy (1100cm-1) of silica glass results in low energy conversion efficiency, and suppresses laser output beyond2.0μm region. On the other hand, poor chemical stability of fluoride glass has limited its application. Besides, the manufacture process is complex and expensive. Therefore, the choice of suitable host is the key factor for developing economic and efficient2～3μm fiber laser. Nowadays, transparent oxyfluoride GC is considered as a novel excellent optical material due to the combined properties of oxide glass and precipitated fluoride nanocrystals. In this case, it exhibits both high luminescent efficiency and environmental suitability. In the present work, a series of crystallization processes and compositions were studied to fabricate transparent GC. The particular attention was given to the2.0μm emission of Ho3+in GC This work would lay a basis for the development of economic and efficient2.0μm fiber laser.
This dissertation is composed of five chapters. In chapter1, the research progress in2～3μm fiber lasers and GC was reviewed. Additionally, we briefly introduced the structure and operating principles of RE ions doped fiber laser as well as the spectroscopic properties and transition characteristics of RE ions.
In chapter2, the experiment methods and theory background are introduced, including sample preparation procedures, physical and spectroscopic properties measurements, and the spectroscopic parameters calculation using J-O theory and McCumber theory.
To circumvent the drawback of Ho3+, i. e., lack of pumping bands matched with commercial laser diode, we developed Tm3+/Ho3+and Yb3+/Ho3+-codoped systems and systematically investigated their luminescent properties upon excitation of808nm and980nm LD. Intense2.0μm fluorescence originating from Ho3+:5I7→5I8transition was achieved through ET processes from Tm3+and/or Yb3+ions to Ho3+ions. Emphasis is given to
(1) The first investigation is conducted on the crystallization properties of Tm3+/Ho3+-codoped60SiO2-20ZnO-20BaF2and50SiO2-26.4Al2O3-10.6Na2O-13LaF3glass. Based on DSC results, transparent GCs containing BaF2and LaF3nanocrystals were developed by controlled crystallization. The local environment of RE ions in PG and GC was investigated via optical spectra of Eu3+, which acts as the fluorescence probe and the calculation of J-O parameters for Tm3+and Ho3+, respectively. It is found that crystallization gives rise to the remarkable decrease in Ω2, the blue shift and Stark splits of absorption bands. These results indicate the structural change of the sites of Tm3+and Ho3+resulted from the partition of RE ions into BaF2nanocrystals. We investigated the properties of2.0μm emission along with ET process in Tm3+/Ho3+-codoped glass and GCs under808nm excitation. After excitation of808nm LD, Tm3+/Ho3+-codoped GCs give rise to intense2.0μm emission band featured by obvious Stark splits. The integrated intensity of2.0μm emission increases by a factor of about6as compared with that of PG. We discussed the influence of heat-treatment time and Tm3+content on emission intensity. It is found that the prolongation of heat treatment facilitates2.0μm emission while suppresses the upconversion luminescence. This could be attributed to more efficient CR (3H4,3H6→3F4,3F4) process of Tm3+-Tm3+pairs and ET process from Tm3+(3F4) to Ho3+(5I7), benefited from the reduced distance between RE ions. The microscopic parameters for Tm3+→Ho3+ET and backward process were evaluated using the Dexter's model. The ET constant for Tm3+→Ho3+process was determined to be26times as large as that of backward process, which indicates that Tm3+→Ho3+ET is dominant and quite efficient.
(2) We investigated the spectroscopic properties and ET process in Yb3+/Ho3+-codoped glass and GC under980nm excitation. The spectroscopic parameters of Ho3+in PG and GC were evaluated using J-O theory. In the case of GC, the peak emission cross section for Ho3+5I7→5I8transition was determined to be6.43×10-21cm2. The large absorption cross section of Yb3+(1.2×10-20cm2) would provide better potential for designing compact and efficient laser systems pumped by commercially available high-power InGaAs LD. Efficient1.2and2.0μm emissions have been achieved in Yb3+/Ho3+-codoped GCs under980nm excitation, demonstrating the occurrence of ET from Yb3+to Ho3+. Analysis on the upconversion and ET mechanism reveals that the low-phonon-energy environment in GCs facilitates the upconversion and1.2μm emissions. However, the expected enhancement of2.0μm emission is hardly observed. The microscopic parameters of ET processes between Yb3+and Ho3+ions were evaluated using phonon sideband theory. It is found that the Yb3+→Ho3+forward ET is efficient and dominant, and mainly assisted by one-phonon emission with the contribution rate of89.314%.
In chapter5, a series of RE-doped oxyfluoride germanate GCs were developed from50GeO2-22Al2O3-13LaF3-15LiF glass. It is demonstrated that Ho3+ions can generate two NIR photons at1013and1190nm via two-step sequential transitions after the absorption of one incident photon within the300-560nm region. The quantum efficiency is estimated to be about110%。The1.37μm and1.45μm luminescent properties of Ho3+-doped PG and GC were compared. Calculated excited states absorption and stimulated emission cross sections as well as estimated spectral gain coefficients have demonstrated the great potential of GC as a host for E-band optical amplification.
本论文共分五章。论文第一章综述了2-3μm光纤激光器和微晶玻璃的研究进展,介绍了稀土掺杂光纤激光器的结构及工作原理、稀土离子的光谱性质和跃迁特性。
论文第二章介绍了样品的制备工艺和性能测试方法,并对计算稀土离子光谱参数的相关理论进行了阐述。针对Ho3+缺少与商用半导体激光器相匹配的泵浦吸收带这一缺陷,论文第三、四章系统地研究了Tm3+/Ho3+和Yb3+/Ho3+双掺体系,分别在808nm和980nm LD泵浦下的发光特性,借助Tm3→Ho3+和Yb3+→Ho3+的能量传递,实现了对Ho3+：5I7能级的间接泵浦,从而获得了2.0μm的荧光发射。重点分为以下几个方面：
(1)首先研究了Tm3+/Ho3+共掺的60SiO2-20ZnO-20BaF2和50SiO2-26.4Al2O3-10.6Na2O-13LaF3玻璃的析晶性能。在此基础上,通过适当的晶化热处理,分别制备出了含BaF2和LaF3纳米晶的透明微晶玻璃。通过荧光探针Eu3+的荧光光谱分析及Tm3+和Ho3+的J-O强度参数计算,研究了稀土离子周围的配位场环境,对比发现,晶化后Tm3+和Ho3+对应的Ω2数值显著降低,其吸收峰有些许蓝移和Stark劈裂,表明部分Tm3+、Ho3+进入了BaF2晶体,使得稀土离子周围的配位环境发生了改变。研究了Tm3+/Ho3+共掺的玻璃和微晶玻璃样品在808nm LD泵浦下的红外发光性能,并对Tm3+→Ho3+能量传递过程进行了详细讨论,发现60SiO2-20ZnO-20BaF2微晶玻璃中Ho3+的2.0μm波段的发光较比母体玻璃获得了近6倍的增强,并且发射峰呈现明显的Stark劈裂。探讨了热处理时间和Tm3+掺杂浓度对其上转换和2.0μm波段发光性能的影响,发现热处理时间的延长有利于降低上转换发光强度,增强2.0μm波段的发光。这主要得益于氟化物晶体中相邻Tm3+离子间交叉弛豫过程(3H4,3H6→3F4,3F4)及Tm3+、Ho3+间能量传递过程(Tm3+:3F4+Ho3+:5I8→Tm3+:3H6+Ho3+:5I7)几率增加。运用Dexter理论,计算了Tm3+/Ho3+共掺体系的正向和反向能量传递的微观参数,得出Tm3+→Ho3+的能量传递系数约为反向能量传递系数的26倍,表明Tm3+→HO3+.能量传递过程占明显优势且效率较高。
(2)主要探讨了980nm LD激发下,Yb3+/Ho3+共掺60Sio2-20ZnO-20BaF2玻璃和微晶玻璃的光谱性能和能量传递机理。采用J-O理论计算了Ho3+在母体玻璃和微晶玻璃中的光谱参数,得出微晶玻璃中Ho3+:5I7→18跃迁的峰值发射截面为6.43×10-21cm2,Yb3+的吸收截面最大值为1.2×10-20cm2,结果表明敏化剂Yb3+在开发商用半导体激光器泵浦的结构紧凑型、高效激光器件方面具有较大的潜力。980nm LD泵浦Yb3+/Ho3+共掺的微晶玻璃,探测到了1.2和2.0μm波段的发光,证实了Yb3+→Ho3+能量传递的存在。上转换及能量传递机理分析得出,微晶玻璃的低声子能量环境有利于上转换和1.2μm的发光,不利于2.0μm发光的增强。运用声子边带理论估算了Yb3+→Yb3+和Yb3+-Ho3+之间能量传递的微观参数,发现Yb3+→Ho3+的正向能量传递占绝对优势,是由单声子和双声子共同协助完成。其中,单声子发射辅助的贡献率约占89.314%。
论文第五章研制出了50GeO2-22A12O3-13LaF3-15LiF体系的微晶玻璃,系统研究了Ho3+单掺体系的发光性能。研究发现,Ho3+吸收一个紫外或者可见的光子(300-560nm)后,可以通过两步近红外级联发射过程,产生1013nm和1190nm的近红外光子,其发光量子效率约为110%。对比研究了Ho3+掺杂的母体玻璃和微晶玻璃在1.37μm和1.45μm波段的发光性能,并对相应的受激发射截面、吸收截面及增益系数进行了评估,结果表明,微晶玻璃在E-波段光通信领域可作为良好的候选基质材料。
Laser operating in the2～3μm wavelength region has attracted considerable interest due to its potential applications in eye-safe laser radar, remote chemical sensing, topographic surveying, atmospheric monitoring and laser medicine surgery. Since1960s, considerable research efforts have been made to develop various solid state lasers activated by Tm3+and Ho3+. The host involves various laser crystals and glasses. Benefited from the great success in laser diodes and optical fibers, fiber laser has recently become the main direction of solid state lasers due to its outstanding merits such as excellent beam quality, high energy conversion efficiency, lower thermal effects, low cost, compactness and easy to integrate. At present, most of2.0μm fiber laser hosts are limited to silica and fluoride glass. However, there still exist some issues in the practical application. On one hand, higher phonon energy (1100cm-1) of silica glass results in low energy conversion efficiency, and suppresses laser output beyond2.0μm region. On the other hand, poor chemical stability of fluoride glass has limited its application. Besides, the manufacture process is complex and expensive. Therefore, the choice of suitable host is the key factor for developing economic and efficient2～3μm fiber laser. Nowadays, transparent oxyfluoride GC is considered as a novel excellent optical material due to the combined properties of oxide glass and precipitated fluoride nanocrystals. In this case, it exhibits both high luminescent efficiency and environmental suitability. In the present work, a series of crystallization processes and compositions were studied to fabricate transparent GC. The particular attention was given to the2.0μm emission of Ho3+in GC This work would lay a basis for the development of economic and efficient2.0μm fiber laser.
This dissertation is composed of five chapters. In chapter1, the research progress in2～3μm fiber lasers and GC was reviewed. Additionally, we briefly introduced the structure and operating principles of RE ions doped fiber laser as well as the spectroscopic properties and transition characteristics of RE ions.
In chapter2, the experiment methods and theory background are introduced, including sample preparation procedures, physical and spectroscopic properties measurements, and the spectroscopic parameters calculation using J-O theory and McCumber theory.
To circumvent the drawback of Ho3+, i. e., lack of pumping bands matched with commercial laser diode, we developed Tm3+/Ho3+and Yb3+/Ho3+-codoped systems and systematically investigated their luminescent properties upon excitation of808nm and980nm LD. Intense2.0μm fluorescence originating from Ho3+:5I7→5I8transition was achieved through ET processes from Tm3+and/or Yb3+ions to Ho3+ions. Emphasis is given to
(1) The first investigation is conducted on the crystallization properties of Tm3+/Ho3+-codoped60SiO2-20ZnO-20BaF2and50SiO2-26.4Al2O3-10.6Na2O-13LaF3glass. Based on DSC results, transparent GCs containing BaF2and LaF3nanocrystals were developed by controlled crystallization. The local environment of RE ions in PG and GC was investigated via optical spectra of Eu3+, which acts as the fluorescence probe and the calculation of J-O parameters for Tm3+and Ho3+, respectively. It is found that crystallization gives rise to the remarkable decrease in Ω2, the blue shift and Stark splits of absorption bands. These results indicate the structural change of the sites of Tm3+and Ho3+resulted from the partition of RE ions into BaF2nanocrystals. We investigated the properties of2.0μm emission along with ET process in Tm3+/Ho3+-codoped glass and GCs under808nm excitation. After excitation of808nm LD, Tm3+/Ho3+-codoped GCs give rise to intense2.0μm emission band featured by obvious Stark splits. The integrated intensity of2.0μm emission increases by a factor of about6as compared with that of PG. We discussed the influence of heat-treatment time and Tm3+content on emission intensity. It is found that the prolongation of heat treatment facilitates2.0μm emission while suppresses the upconversion luminescence. This could be attributed to more efficient CR (3H4,3H6→3F4,3F4) process of Tm3+-Tm3+pairs and ET process from Tm3+(3F4) to Ho3+(5I7), benefited from the reduced distance between RE ions. The microscopic parameters for Tm3+→Ho3+ET and backward process were evaluated using the Dexter's model. The ET constant for Tm3+→Ho3+process was determined to be26times as large as that of backward process, which indicates that Tm3+→Ho3+ET is dominant and quite efficient.
(2) We investigated the spectroscopic properties and ET process in Yb3+/Ho3+-codoped glass and GC under980nm excitation. The spectroscopic parameters of Ho3+in PG and GC were evaluated using J-O theory. In the case of GC, the peak emission cross section for Ho3+5I7→5I8transition was determined to be6.43×10-21cm2. The large absorption cross section of Yb3+(1.2×10-20cm2) would provide better potential for designing compact and efficient laser systems pumped by commercially available high-power InGaAs LD. Efficient1.2and2.0μm emissions have been achieved in Yb3+/Ho3+-codoped GCs under980nm excitation, demonstrating the occurrence of ET from Yb3+to Ho3+. Analysis on the upconversion and ET mechanism reveals that the low-phonon-energy environment in GCs facilitates the upconversion and1.2μm emissions. However, the expected enhancement of2.0μm emission is hardly observed. The microscopic parameters of ET processes between Yb3+and Ho3+ions were evaluated using phonon sideband theory. It is found that the Yb3+→Ho3+forward ET is efficient and dominant, and mainly assisted by one-phonon emission with the contribution rate of89.314%.
In chapter5, a series of RE-doped oxyfluoride germanate GCs were developed from50GeO2-22Al2O3-13LaF3-15LiF glass. It is demonstrated that Ho3+ions can generate two NIR photons at1013and1190nm via two-step sequential transitions after the absorption of one incident photon within the300-560nm region. The quantum efficiency is estimated to be about110%。The1.37μm and1.45μm luminescent properties of Ho3+-doped PG and GC were compared. Calculated excited states absorption and stimulated emission cross sections as well as estimated spectral gain coefficients have demonstrated the great potential of GC as a host for E-band optical amplification.
引文
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