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纳米结构材料的制备与表征
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摘要
模板合成法是合成纳米材料的常用方法。由于,它能合成一些有序结构的纳米材料(主要为纳米管、线),所以倍受关注。其中,多孔阳极氧化铝模板(AAO)具有制备简单,成本较低,耐高温,绝缘性好,孔洞分布均匀有序且大小可控等优点,被广泛应用。尤其用模板合成的导电聚合物,其电导率比常规粒子的有大幅度提高,所以研究较多。但是,用模板合成的物质量相对较少,且需要去除模板后使用。因此,需要发展一种方法不仅能合成特殊形貌的物质,义能提高其实用性能,成为关键。
     本文以阳极氧化铝膜为模板合成了导电苯胺与邻甲苯胺共聚物纳米管、Ni(OH)2纳米管。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、红外(IR)和紫外可见(UV-Vis)光谱等对它们的形貌进行了表征,并初步探讨了其可能的应用。在此基础上,本文进一步改进方法,用界面聚合法制备了一系列导电聚合物纳米管,并对其形貌、结构和性能进行了表征。主要研究结果如下:
     (1)利用模板法制备的导电共聚物纳米管阵列,其电导率比常规纳米粒子的电导率提高了几个数量级,而且这种共聚物的溶解度大幅提高,.解决了聚苯胺难溶的问题。
     (2)采用一种新的电化学方法在模板上合成了NiHCNF纳米管阵列,然后利用其与NaOH的反应成功制备了Ni(OH)2纳米管,通过XRD、TEM、IR等对其进行了表征。
     (3)尝试采用一种界面聚合法,合成了具有特殊形貌的不同掺杂体导电聚合物纳米材料(包括樟脑磺酸掺杂和 -萘磺酸掺杂聚苯胺、邻氨基苯磺酸分子内掺杂聚苯胺),并研究了浓度,掺杂体与苯胺浓度配比以及不同反应时间对聚苯胺形貌的影响,进一步探讨了其在电化学电容器电极材料中的应用。
    
    (4)用这种方法合成了一种水溶性的导电共聚物一聚[吡-2.5-(对二甲胺基苯甲烷)],通过扫描电子显微镜、红外和紫外可见光谱等对它的形貌进行了表征,进一步将这种共聚物制成膜,研究其导电性质。
There has been considerable interest in preparing nano—structures materials such as nano。tubes,nano。wires,etc.Among various nano—material fabrication strategies,template synthesis as an important method has successfully played a crucial role in nano—areas.Among the different kinds of templates,the AAO template compared with other templates has proved to be a versatile approach and an inexpensive technique,and the used AAO template controlled the size shapes and structural properties of the synthesized material.Especially the electronic conductivity of the polymer prepared by template-synthesized method has over an order of magnitude compared to bulk samples(e.g.powders,or thin films)of the same polymer.However,the quanti~of yield is less by the AAO template than other methods,and the template-synthesized method needs the template—removi ng steps.So,it is the key to develop a method,which can fabricate not only the nano—tubes or nano.wires but alsO nO template-removing steps needed.
     In this paper,we prepared the aniline/o-toluidine conducting copolymer and Ni(OH)2 nano-tube using the AAO template—synthesis method.These materials were characterized bv scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),Fourier transfer infrared(FT-IR)and UV-VIS/NIR spectra,etc.Furthermore,different doping polyaniline(PANI-CSA,PANI-NSA,poly(AN!一C0一OABSA))nano—tubes or nano—wires have been fabricated by interfaciaI polylllerization(1P)witlloul t11e need for tempiates.Experiments on their mOrphology,strLlcture and characterization Were carrled out.The main resuits may be liSted as below:
     1.The aniline and O-toluidine copolymer nano-tubes were fabricated by using AAO template,and the conductiVily is Iower than of the PANI,but the solubility
    
    
    greatlymproVement.HoweVer,the obtained copolYmers nano-tubes in AAO can sharply improve theconductivity tO l7.4 S cm-1.which has two order of magnitude compared to copolymer particle(only to 9.62×10-2S cm-1)in the same ratio.So,it can make up for the flaw caused by the-CH3 group.
     2.The Ni(OH)2 nano-tubes were fabricated in AAO template by a electrochemical method. Firstly,the nickel electrode was oxidized to Ni2+.which turned into the NiHCNFe with the K3Fe(CN)6 in the AAO template.Secondly,the NiHCNFe/AAO Was immersed into NaOH solution to dissolved the template,at same time the NiHCNFe take the reaction with the NaOH to Ni(OH)2,which was characterized by SEM,TEM,IR and XRD spectra.
     3.On the base of template-synthesized method,we fabricated different doping PANI
     nano-tubes(including the PANI-CSA,PANI-NSA,poly(ANl-CO-OABSA))using the IP method,
     and discussed the formation mechanism of the tubular morphology.It is found that the lower monomer concentration is liable to the formation of nano-tube.Furthermore,the nano.tubular materials have better electrochemical capacitance performance compared tO the granular materials.
     4.Furthermore,we fabricated a water-soluble conductive copolymer(poly(pyrrolyl methane)),which characterized by SEM,IR and UV-Vis spectra,and the conductivity of copolymer was measured.It is found the copolymer has the conductive characterization.Although conductivity of the copolymer is lower than that of PANI,the copolymer solved the insolubility of some conductive polymers.
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