生态条件和栽培密度对水稻群体特征、产量和品质的影响
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摘要
水稻产量和品质的形成是水稻遗传特性、生态条件和栽培措施综合作用所决定,而栽培密度是调控水稻生长发育与群体结构的一项重要栽培措施,研究不同生态条件下栽培密度对水稻产量与稻米品质的影响,对于促进水稻优质、高产、高效的生产具有重要的现实意义。本研究以10种不同类型水稻为材料,于2008年至2009年通过大田试验,在西昌和雅安两种不同生态条件下研究了不同类型水稻株型特征和群体质量特点,探索了两种不同生态条件下栽培密度对水稻产量和品质的影响,主要研究结果如下：1、两种生态条件下,水稻产量及其构成因素与产量主攻方向不同
高海拔、强光照、大温差地区西昌与中低海拔、多雨阴湿地区雅安相比,除徐稻3号和冕粳147这两个粳稻品种表现不适而低产外,西昌水稻的产量均高于雅安；不同的品种类型在两地的表现有一定差异,西昌点两年均以常规粳稻合系39增产幅度最大,其次为杂交粳稻9优418；杂交籼稻金优527无论是在西昌还是在雅安,均表现出一定的杂种优势,较常规籼稻昌米011显著增产,杂交粳稻9优418在低海拔的雅安表现出较强的杂种优势,较常规粳稻合系39显著增产,但2009年在高海拔的西昌则优势不明显,与合系39产量差异不显著。相关和通径分析表明,西昌因分蘖期长,有效穗多,但穗着数较少,穗粒数和粒重对产量的贡献最大,应在保证足够穗数基础上主攻粒重和穗粒数；雅安则相反,有效穗数不足是影响产量提高的最大因素,有效穗对产量的贡献最大,生产上应主攻穗数。
2、两种生态条件下水稻株型特征与群体结构特点有明显差异
西昌与雅安相比,由于海拔高,光照足,紫外线强,在一定程度上抑制了水稻植株的生长,导致了两地水稻在形态上形成了较大差异,并产生了更优的生长发育特性。西昌点水稻的株高和穗长均显著低于雅安,分别低16.1%和6.3%(2009年)；在叶片上,西昌较雅安的短、窄、厚而直立、挺拔叶型更紧凑,且田间通风条件更好,光合效率更高,为密植和大穗容奠定了基础；在茎秆上,西昌较雅安基部节间变短,抗倒能力显著增强,基Ⅰ、基Ⅱ和基Ⅲ节间弯曲力矩分别较雅安低41.8%、42.8%和48.4%,折断弯矩分别高17.5%、11.2%和4.4%,倒伏指数低54.0%、53.1%和53.6%；在根系上,西昌与雅安相比,根系更发达,群体总根数平均多18.3%,群体总根长平均大13.8%,单茎根干重平均高91.4%,发达的根系为营养吸收打下了良好基础。
3、研明了两种生态条件下栽培密度对水稻群体特征和产量形成的影响规律
栽培密度的改变导致个体生长的空间发生改变,首先影响到植株的形态特征及其相应的特性。随着密度增大,个体营养空间变小,植株生长受到抑制,叶片变短变窄,特别是上部叶片,虽然群体叶面积和LAI增加,但田间透光率降低,叶片变薄,比叶重降低；增密使两点的剑叶基角均变小,使西昌剑叶和倒二叶弯曲度呈增加趋势,使雅安剑叶、倒二叶和倒三叶弯曲度呈变小趋势,其中对雅安叶片弯曲的影响程度大于西昌,这可能与两地的光照条件不同有关。
栽培密度对雅安水稻基部节间长度和株高有显著影响,但对西昌点水稻的影响则不显著；高密度与低密度相比,雅安基Ⅰ、基Ⅱ、基Ⅲ节间长度和株高分别增加16.5%、7.4%、12.0%和5.3%；随着种植密度的增加,两地的基部节间变细,弯曲力矩、折断弯矩和抗倒能力降低,倒伏指数增加,但密度对折断弯矩和倒伏指数的影响程度雅安远远大于西昌。随着种植密度增加,单茎的根数、根长和根重均降低,但群体的根数、根长和根重则增加,相应的氮、磷和钾的吸收量增加,不过利用效率降低,西昌和雅安表现基本一致。
两地水稻产量均随种植密度增加而提高,特别是粳稻和常规籼稻。4个水稻品种在西昌适宜的选择顺序为杂交籼稻金优527>杂交粳稻9优418>常规粳稻合系39>常规籼稻昌米011,其中金优527、昌米011、9优418适合中、高密度种植,合系39适合高密度种植；在雅安适宜的选择顺序为杂交籼稻金优527>杂交粳稻9优418>常规籼稻昌米011>常规粳稻合系39,其中金优527、合系39适合中、高密度种植,适合昌米011、9优418高密度种植。
4、明确了两种生态条件下栽培密度对水稻品质的影响规律
两种生态条件下,西昌点水稻的综合米质要优于雅安；除个别品种外,水稻垩白粒率、垩白度两个水稻外观品质西昌和雅安差异不大；除9优418、合系39、冕粳147三个粳稻品种的碱消值表现为西昌显著大于雅安外,其他7个品种碱消值均表现为西昌与雅安无显著性差异：粳稻品种的胶稠度表现为西昌显著大于雅安：水稻粗蛋白含量西昌平均值大于雅安。
在西昌栽培密度主要影响水稻糙米率、整精米率、垩白粒率、碱消值、胶稠度,稀植时糙米率、整精米率显著低于中密和高密,对水稻碾米品质不利,高密时垩白粒率显著高于稀植和中密,对水稻外观品质不利,因此西昌栽培密度选择中密,水稻品质最佳。在雅安栽培密度主要影响水稻糙米率、垩白粒率、碱消值、胶稠度、粗蛋白,稀植和中密时糙米率低于高密,对水稻碾米品质不利,垩白粒率高于高密,对水稻外观品质不利,粗蛋白高于高密,有利于营养品质,综合判断,雅安栽培密度选择中密对确保水稻品质较合适。
5、明确了两种生态条件下不同栽培密度对水稻干物质积累和营养特性的影响
水稻分蘖盛期、拔节期、孕穗期、齐穗期、成熟期干物质量以及收获指数西昌均显著高于雅安；随着栽培密度增加,两试验点水稻分蘖盛期、拔节期、孕穗期、齐穗期、成熟期干物质重均增加,且在稀植、中密、高密间均存在显著性差异。对于成熟期干物质量,金优527和9优418是由生态条件、栽培密度共同决定,而昌米011和合系39主要受栽培密度影响。
除成熟期氮积累总量外,氮收获指数、氮转运率、氮转运贡献率、氮素稻谷生产效率、氮素干物质生产效率均表现为西昌显著高于雅安；西昌水稻成熟期磷总积累量小于雅安,但磷素稻谷生产效率明显高于雅安；西昌水稻成熟期钾总积累量略高于雅安,但钾素利用效率明显好于雅安。总体上,西昌水稻氮磷钾营养元素利用效率明显好于雅安。
随栽培密度增加,成熟期氮磷钾总积累量增加。稀植条件下,氮总积累量显著低于中密和高密,氮收获指数、氮转运率、氮转运贡献率、氮素稻谷生产效率随密度增加而减小,不同栽培密度水平下氮素干物质生产效率无显著差异；栽培密度对成熟期磷积累总量有显著性影响,磷收获指数、磷素稻谷生产效率及磷素干物质生产效率随密度增加而减小；高密条件下,成熟期钾积累总量显著高于且稀植、中密,钾收获指数、钾转运率、钾转运贡献率、钾素稻谷生产效率及钾素干物质生产效率随密度增加而减小。
The formation of rice yield and quality was determined by the combined effects of rice genetic characteristics, ecological conditions and cultivation practices; transplanting density was an important cultivation practices which regulate the growth and population structure of rice; it had important practical significance for the promotion of rice quality, high yield, efficient production to study effect of transplanting density on rice yield and quality under different ecological conditions. In this study, ten different types of rice was used as material to carry on field experiment in Xichang and Ya'an from2008to2009in order to discover rice quality and yield formation rule of the different types and effect of transplanting density on rice yield and quality under the two different ecological conditions. The results were as follows:
1. Rice yield, yield components and the main direction of yield in both ecological conditions was different.
The rice yield in Xichang which was an area of high altitude, strong light, the large temperature difference were higher than in Ya'an which located in the mid-to-low elevation, rainy and humid regions except that yield of two Japonica rice varieties including Xudao3and Mianjing147was low because suited to ecological conditions of Xichang. Performance of different varieties in the two places had some differences; increase of Hexi39yield in Xichang in2008and2009was the highest, followed by the Japonica hybrid rice Jiuyou418; either in Xichang of in Ya'an, hybrid Indica rice Jinyou527showed a certain degree of heterosis and its yield increased significantly compared with inbred Indica rice Changmi011. The yield of hybrid Japonica rice Jiuyou418showed strong heterosis significantly increased compared with inbred Japonica rice Hexi39in Ya'an, but the advantage was not obvious in Xichang in2009, and the yield difference between Jiuyou418and Hexi39was not significant. Correlation and path analysis showed that it had a longer tillering stage and more effective panicles but a small number of grains per ear and lower1000-grain weight in Xichang;1000-grain weight and grains per ear had the greatest contribution to yield; it should be to improve1000-grain weight and grains per ear on the basis of sufficient panicles in Xichang. The lack of effective panicles was the biggest factor restricting the yield increase which had the greatest contribution to yield; it should be to improve the number of panicles in production in Ya'an.
2. There were significant differences in the characteristics of rice plant type and population structure features in the two ecological conditions.
Rice plant growth was suppressed to a certain extent in Xichang, due to its high altitude, adequate light and strong ultraviolet radiation; a large difference in morphology between the two ecological conditions was formed and better growth and development characteristics was produced in Xichang. The plant height and ear length in Xichang were significantly lower than in Ya'an, respectively,16.1%and6.3%(2009); the leaves of rice in Xichang compared with Ya'an was short, narrow, thick and erect, and the leaf patterns was upright more compact which laid the foundation for the close planting and larger tassel capacity with the better field ventilation and higher photosynthetic efficiency. On the stem, the basal internodes in Xichang was shorter than in Ya'an, but its lodging capacity was significantly enhanced; the bending moment of the base Ⅰ, base Ⅱ and Ⅲ section in Xichang was lower than Ya'an,41.8%42.8%and48.4respectively; the break variable torque of the base Ⅰ, base Ⅱ and Ⅲ section were higher17.5%,11.2%and4.4%and the lodging index was than Ya'an54.0%,53.1%and53.6%, respectively. The rice roots in Xichang was more developed than Ya'an, the average group total root number in Xichang was more than18.3%in Ya'an, the average group total root length was13.8%larger, the average root dry weight of the single-stem was91.4%larger, and well-developed root system had laid a good foundation for the absorption of nutrients.
3. Effect of planting density on the rice population characteristics and yield formation in the two ecological conditions was demonstrated.
The change of planting density changed the space of individual growth and affected the morphological characteristics of the plants and their corresponding properties firstly. As the density increased, the reduction of individual nutrition space inhibited plant growth, and the leaves especially in the upper was short and narrow; Leaf area and LAI increased, but the field light transmittance decreased, the blade thickness and specific leaf weight reduced. With the increase of planting density, the base angle of flag leaf in the two experimental places was smaller, the curvature of the flag leaf and the second leaf in Xichang showed an increase trend but the flag leaf, the second leaf and three-leafs curvature in Ya'an showed an decrease trend. Effect of planting density on the leaf curvature in Ya'an was greater than in Xichang, which may be related to the different light conditions of the two places.
Planting density had a significant effect on the basal internodes length and plant height in Ya'an, but there was not significant effect in Xichang; there were an increase of16.5%,7.4%,12.0%and5.3%respectively on the base I, base II and III section length and plant height under the high-density conditions contrasted the rare-planting density; with the increase of planting density, the basal internodes width decreased, the bending moment, the break variable torque and the resistance to lodging reduced and the lodging index increased, but the degree of influence of the density on the breaking moment and lodging index in Ya'an was far greater than in Xichang. With the increase in planting density, the root number, root length and root weight of single-stem reduced, but the root number root length and root weight of the group increased, uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium increased accordingly, but the use efficiency of nutrition decreased both in Xichang and Ya'an.
The rice yield improved with increase in planting density in Xichang and Ya'an, especially Japonica rice and inbred Indica rice. The suitable selection order of four rice varieties in Xichang as follows:the hybrid Indica rice Jinyou527>the hybrid Japonica rice Jiuyou418>the inbred Japonica rice Hexi39>the inbred Indica rice Changmi011; Jinyou527, Changmi011and Jiuyou418was suitable for the medium-density and high-density planting, and Hexi39was suitable for the high-density planting. The suitable selection order of four rice varieties in Ya'an as follows:the hybrid Indica rice Jinyou527> the hybrid Japonica rice Jiuyou418>the inbred Indica rice ChangmiOll>the inbred Japonica rice Hexi39; Jinyou527and Hexi39was suitable for the medium-density and high-density planting, Jiuyou418and Changmi011was suitable for the high-density planting.
4. Effect of planting density on the rice qualities in the two ecological conditions was demonstrated.
Rice integrated quality in Xichang was better than Ya'an. Percentage of chalky grain and chalkiness had little difference in the two ecological conditions except for the individual species. Except that alkali digestion value of Jiuyou418, Hexi39and Mianjing147in Xichang was significantly greater than for Ya'an, seven other varieties' alkali spreading value in the two ecological conditions showed no significant difference. Gel consistency of Japonica rice varieties in Xichang was significantly greater than Ya'an; the average content of crude protein of rice in Xichang was greater than Ya'an too.
Planting density had great effect on brown rice rate, milled rice rate, chalky grain rate, alkali spreading value and gel consistency in Xichang; brown rice rate, milled rice rate in the rare-density planting was significantly lower than the medium-density and high-density which adversely affected the rice milling quality; chalky grain in the high-density planting was significantly higher than the rare-density and medium-density, which adversely affected the rice appearance quality; the rice qualities was best when in the medium-density planting.
Planting density had great effect on brown rice rate, chalky grain rate, alkali spreading value, gel consistency and crude protein; brown rice rate in the rare-density and medium-density was significantly lower than the high-density which adversely affected the rice milling quality; chalky grain rate was higher than the high-density, which adversely affected the rice appearance quality; by comprehensive judgment, the cultivation density in Ya'an was suitable to the medium to ensure the quality of rice.
5. Effect of planting density on dry matter accumulation and nutrient characteristics in the two ecological conditions was demonstrated.
The dry matter accumulation and harvest index at tillering stage, jointing stage, booting stage, full heading stage and maturity stage in Xichang were significantly higher than Ya'an; With the increase in planting density, dry matter accumulation at tillering stage, jointing stage, booting stage, full heading stage and maturity stage in two test points increased too, and there are significant differences in the rare-density, medium-density, high-density. For dry matter at maturity stage, Jingyou527and Jiuyou418were decided by ecological conditions and planting density, and Changmi011and Hexi39was mainly affected by planting density.
Except for the total nitrogen accumulation at maturity (TNA), nitrogen harvest index (NHI), nitrogen transport rate (NTR), contribution rate of translocated nitrogen to grain (CRN), nitrogen use efficiency for grain production (NGPE), nitrogen use efficiency for biomass production (NDMPE) of Xichang was significantly higher than the performance of Ya'an. The total phosphorus accumulation at maturity (TPA) in Xichang was less than Ya'an, but the phosphorus use efficiency for grain production (PGPE) was significantly higher than Ya'an. The total potassium accumulation at maturity (TKA) in Xichang was slightly higher than Ya'an, but the potassium use efficiency for grain production (KGPE) was significantly higher than Ya'an. Overall, the use efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in Xichang was better than Ya'an.
With the planting density increased, the total accumulation of NPK increased at mature stage. TNA in the rare-planting density was significantly lower than medium-density and high-density, but NHI, NTR, CRN and NGPE decreased with the increase of planting density; NDMPE had no significant difference in different densities. Planting density had a significant impact on TPA, and phosphorus harvest index (PHI), phosphorus use efficiency for grain production (PGPE) and phosphorus use efficiency for biomass production (PDMPE) decreased with the increase of planting density; TKA in the high-density was significantly higher than in the rare-planting density and medium-density; potassium harvest index (KHI), potassium use efficiency for grain production (KGPE) and potassium use efficiency for biomass production (KDMPE) decreased with the increase of planting density.
高海拔、强光照、大温差地区西昌与中低海拔、多雨阴湿地区雅安相比,除徐稻3号和冕粳147这两个粳稻品种表现不适而低产外,西昌水稻的产量均高于雅安；不同的品种类型在两地的表现有一定差异,西昌点两年均以常规粳稻合系39增产幅度最大,其次为杂交粳稻9优418；杂交籼稻金优527无论是在西昌还是在雅安,均表现出一定的杂种优势,较常规籼稻昌米011显著增产,杂交粳稻9优418在低海拔的雅安表现出较强的杂种优势,较常规粳稻合系39显著增产,但2009年在高海拔的西昌则优势不明显,与合系39产量差异不显著。相关和通径分析表明,西昌因分蘖期长,有效穗多,但穗着数较少,穗粒数和粒重对产量的贡献最大,应在保证足够穗数基础上主攻粒重和穗粒数；雅安则相反,有效穗数不足是影响产量提高的最大因素,有效穗对产量的贡献最大,生产上应主攻穗数。
2、两种生态条件下水稻株型特征与群体结构特点有明显差异
西昌与雅安相比,由于海拔高,光照足,紫外线强,在一定程度上抑制了水稻植株的生长,导致了两地水稻在形态上形成了较大差异,并产生了更优的生长发育特性。西昌点水稻的株高和穗长均显著低于雅安,分别低16.1%和6.3%(2009年)；在叶片上,西昌较雅安的短、窄、厚而直立、挺拔叶型更紧凑,且田间通风条件更好,光合效率更高,为密植和大穗容奠定了基础；在茎秆上,西昌较雅安基部节间变短,抗倒能力显著增强,基Ⅰ、基Ⅱ和基Ⅲ节间弯曲力矩分别较雅安低41.8%、42.8%和48.4%,折断弯矩分别高17.5%、11.2%和4.4%,倒伏指数低54.0%、53.1%和53.6%；在根系上,西昌与雅安相比,根系更发达,群体总根数平均多18.3%,群体总根长平均大13.8%,单茎根干重平均高91.4%,发达的根系为营养吸收打下了良好基础。
3、研明了两种生态条件下栽培密度对水稻群体特征和产量形成的影响规律
栽培密度的改变导致个体生长的空间发生改变,首先影响到植株的形态特征及其相应的特性。随着密度增大,个体营养空间变小,植株生长受到抑制,叶片变短变窄,特别是上部叶片,虽然群体叶面积和LAI增加,但田间透光率降低,叶片变薄,比叶重降低；增密使两点的剑叶基角均变小,使西昌剑叶和倒二叶弯曲度呈增加趋势,使雅安剑叶、倒二叶和倒三叶弯曲度呈变小趋势,其中对雅安叶片弯曲的影响程度大于西昌,这可能与两地的光照条件不同有关。
栽培密度对雅安水稻基部节间长度和株高有显著影响,但对西昌点水稻的影响则不显著；高密度与低密度相比,雅安基Ⅰ、基Ⅱ、基Ⅲ节间长度和株高分别增加16.5%、7.4%、12.0%和5.3%；随着种植密度的增加,两地的基部节间变细,弯曲力矩、折断弯矩和抗倒能力降低,倒伏指数增加,但密度对折断弯矩和倒伏指数的影响程度雅安远远大于西昌。随着种植密度增加,单茎的根数、根长和根重均降低,但群体的根数、根长和根重则增加,相应的氮、磷和钾的吸收量增加,不过利用效率降低,西昌和雅安表现基本一致。
两地水稻产量均随种植密度增加而提高,特别是粳稻和常规籼稻。4个水稻品种在西昌适宜的选择顺序为杂交籼稻金优527>杂交粳稻9优418>常规粳稻合系39>常规籼稻昌米011,其中金优527、昌米011、9优418适合中、高密度种植,合系39适合高密度种植；在雅安适宜的选择顺序为杂交籼稻金优527>杂交粳稻9优418>常规籼稻昌米011>常规粳稻合系39,其中金优527、合系39适合中、高密度种植,适合昌米011、9优418高密度种植。
4、明确了两种生态条件下栽培密度对水稻品质的影响规律
两种生态条件下,西昌点水稻的综合米质要优于雅安；除个别品种外,水稻垩白粒率、垩白度两个水稻外观品质西昌和雅安差异不大；除9优418、合系39、冕粳147三个粳稻品种的碱消值表现为西昌显著大于雅安外,其他7个品种碱消值均表现为西昌与雅安无显著性差异：粳稻品种的胶稠度表现为西昌显著大于雅安：水稻粗蛋白含量西昌平均值大于雅安。
在西昌栽培密度主要影响水稻糙米率、整精米率、垩白粒率、碱消值、胶稠度,稀植时糙米率、整精米率显著低于中密和高密,对水稻碾米品质不利,高密时垩白粒率显著高于稀植和中密,对水稻外观品质不利,因此西昌栽培密度选择中密,水稻品质最佳。在雅安栽培密度主要影响水稻糙米率、垩白粒率、碱消值、胶稠度、粗蛋白,稀植和中密时糙米率低于高密,对水稻碾米品质不利,垩白粒率高于高密,对水稻外观品质不利,粗蛋白高于高密,有利于营养品质,综合判断,雅安栽培密度选择中密对确保水稻品质较合适。
5、明确了两种生态条件下不同栽培密度对水稻干物质积累和营养特性的影响
水稻分蘖盛期、拔节期、孕穗期、齐穗期、成熟期干物质量以及收获指数西昌均显著高于雅安；随着栽培密度增加,两试验点水稻分蘖盛期、拔节期、孕穗期、齐穗期、成熟期干物质重均增加,且在稀植、中密、高密间均存在显著性差异。对于成熟期干物质量,金优527和9优418是由生态条件、栽培密度共同决定,而昌米011和合系39主要受栽培密度影响。
除成熟期氮积累总量外,氮收获指数、氮转运率、氮转运贡献率、氮素稻谷生产效率、氮素干物质生产效率均表现为西昌显著高于雅安；西昌水稻成熟期磷总积累量小于雅安,但磷素稻谷生产效率明显高于雅安；西昌水稻成熟期钾总积累量略高于雅安,但钾素利用效率明显好于雅安。总体上,西昌水稻氮磷钾营养元素利用效率明显好于雅安。
随栽培密度增加,成熟期氮磷钾总积累量增加。稀植条件下,氮总积累量显著低于中密和高密,氮收获指数、氮转运率、氮转运贡献率、氮素稻谷生产效率随密度增加而减小,不同栽培密度水平下氮素干物质生产效率无显著差异；栽培密度对成熟期磷积累总量有显著性影响,磷收获指数、磷素稻谷生产效率及磷素干物质生产效率随密度增加而减小；高密条件下,成熟期钾积累总量显著高于且稀植、中密,钾收获指数、钾转运率、钾转运贡献率、钾素稻谷生产效率及钾素干物质生产效率随密度增加而减小。
The formation of rice yield and quality was determined by the combined effects of rice genetic characteristics, ecological conditions and cultivation practices; transplanting density was an important cultivation practices which regulate the growth and population structure of rice; it had important practical significance for the promotion of rice quality, high yield, efficient production to study effect of transplanting density on rice yield and quality under different ecological conditions. In this study, ten different types of rice was used as material to carry on field experiment in Xichang and Ya'an from2008to2009in order to discover rice quality and yield formation rule of the different types and effect of transplanting density on rice yield and quality under the two different ecological conditions. The results were as follows:
1. Rice yield, yield components and the main direction of yield in both ecological conditions was different.
The rice yield in Xichang which was an area of high altitude, strong light, the large temperature difference were higher than in Ya'an which located in the mid-to-low elevation, rainy and humid regions except that yield of two Japonica rice varieties including Xudao3and Mianjing147was low because suited to ecological conditions of Xichang. Performance of different varieties in the two places had some differences; increase of Hexi39yield in Xichang in2008and2009was the highest, followed by the Japonica hybrid rice Jiuyou418; either in Xichang of in Ya'an, hybrid Indica rice Jinyou527showed a certain degree of heterosis and its yield increased significantly compared with inbred Indica rice Changmi011. The yield of hybrid Japonica rice Jiuyou418showed strong heterosis significantly increased compared with inbred Japonica rice Hexi39in Ya'an, but the advantage was not obvious in Xichang in2009, and the yield difference between Jiuyou418and Hexi39was not significant. Correlation and path analysis showed that it had a longer tillering stage and more effective panicles but a small number of grains per ear and lower1000-grain weight in Xichang;1000-grain weight and grains per ear had the greatest contribution to yield; it should be to improve1000-grain weight and grains per ear on the basis of sufficient panicles in Xichang. The lack of effective panicles was the biggest factor restricting the yield increase which had the greatest contribution to yield; it should be to improve the number of panicles in production in Ya'an.
2. There were significant differences in the characteristics of rice plant type and population structure features in the two ecological conditions.
Rice plant growth was suppressed to a certain extent in Xichang, due to its high altitude, adequate light and strong ultraviolet radiation; a large difference in morphology between the two ecological conditions was formed and better growth and development characteristics was produced in Xichang. The plant height and ear length in Xichang were significantly lower than in Ya'an, respectively,16.1%and6.3%(2009); the leaves of rice in Xichang compared with Ya'an was short, narrow, thick and erect, and the leaf patterns was upright more compact which laid the foundation for the close planting and larger tassel capacity with the better field ventilation and higher photosynthetic efficiency. On the stem, the basal internodes in Xichang was shorter than in Ya'an, but its lodging capacity was significantly enhanced; the bending moment of the base Ⅰ, base Ⅱ and Ⅲ section in Xichang was lower than Ya'an,41.8%42.8%and48.4respectively; the break variable torque of the base Ⅰ, base Ⅱ and Ⅲ section were higher17.5%,11.2%and4.4%and the lodging index was than Ya'an54.0%,53.1%and53.6%, respectively. The rice roots in Xichang was more developed than Ya'an, the average group total root number in Xichang was more than18.3%in Ya'an, the average group total root length was13.8%larger, the average root dry weight of the single-stem was91.4%larger, and well-developed root system had laid a good foundation for the absorption of nutrients.
3. Effect of planting density on the rice population characteristics and yield formation in the two ecological conditions was demonstrated.
The change of planting density changed the space of individual growth and affected the morphological characteristics of the plants and their corresponding properties firstly. As the density increased, the reduction of individual nutrition space inhibited plant growth, and the leaves especially in the upper was short and narrow; Leaf area and LAI increased, but the field light transmittance decreased, the blade thickness and specific leaf weight reduced. With the increase of planting density, the base angle of flag leaf in the two experimental places was smaller, the curvature of the flag leaf and the second leaf in Xichang showed an increase trend but the flag leaf, the second leaf and three-leafs curvature in Ya'an showed an decrease trend. Effect of planting density on the leaf curvature in Ya'an was greater than in Xichang, which may be related to the different light conditions of the two places.
Planting density had a significant effect on the basal internodes length and plant height in Ya'an, but there was not significant effect in Xichang; there were an increase of16.5%,7.4%,12.0%and5.3%respectively on the base I, base II and III section length and plant height under the high-density conditions contrasted the rare-planting density; with the increase of planting density, the basal internodes width decreased, the bending moment, the break variable torque and the resistance to lodging reduced and the lodging index increased, but the degree of influence of the density on the breaking moment and lodging index in Ya'an was far greater than in Xichang. With the increase in planting density, the root number, root length and root weight of single-stem reduced, but the root number root length and root weight of the group increased, uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium increased accordingly, but the use efficiency of nutrition decreased both in Xichang and Ya'an.
The rice yield improved with increase in planting density in Xichang and Ya'an, especially Japonica rice and inbred Indica rice. The suitable selection order of four rice varieties in Xichang as follows:the hybrid Indica rice Jinyou527>the hybrid Japonica rice Jiuyou418>the inbred Japonica rice Hexi39>the inbred Indica rice Changmi011; Jinyou527, Changmi011and Jiuyou418was suitable for the medium-density and high-density planting, and Hexi39was suitable for the high-density planting. The suitable selection order of four rice varieties in Ya'an as follows:the hybrid Indica rice Jinyou527> the hybrid Japonica rice Jiuyou418>the inbred Indica rice ChangmiOll>the inbred Japonica rice Hexi39; Jinyou527and Hexi39was suitable for the medium-density and high-density planting, Jiuyou418and Changmi011was suitable for the high-density planting.
4. Effect of planting density on the rice qualities in the two ecological conditions was demonstrated.
Rice integrated quality in Xichang was better than Ya'an. Percentage of chalky grain and chalkiness had little difference in the two ecological conditions except for the individual species. Except that alkali digestion value of Jiuyou418, Hexi39and Mianjing147in Xichang was significantly greater than for Ya'an, seven other varieties' alkali spreading value in the two ecological conditions showed no significant difference. Gel consistency of Japonica rice varieties in Xichang was significantly greater than Ya'an; the average content of crude protein of rice in Xichang was greater than Ya'an too.
Planting density had great effect on brown rice rate, milled rice rate, chalky grain rate, alkali spreading value and gel consistency in Xichang; brown rice rate, milled rice rate in the rare-density planting was significantly lower than the medium-density and high-density which adversely affected the rice milling quality; chalky grain in the high-density planting was significantly higher than the rare-density and medium-density, which adversely affected the rice appearance quality; the rice qualities was best when in the medium-density planting.
Planting density had great effect on brown rice rate, chalky grain rate, alkali spreading value, gel consistency and crude protein; brown rice rate in the rare-density and medium-density was significantly lower than the high-density which adversely affected the rice milling quality; chalky grain rate was higher than the high-density, which adversely affected the rice appearance quality; by comprehensive judgment, the cultivation density in Ya'an was suitable to the medium to ensure the quality of rice.
5. Effect of planting density on dry matter accumulation and nutrient characteristics in the two ecological conditions was demonstrated.
The dry matter accumulation and harvest index at tillering stage, jointing stage, booting stage, full heading stage and maturity stage in Xichang were significantly higher than Ya'an; With the increase in planting density, dry matter accumulation at tillering stage, jointing stage, booting stage, full heading stage and maturity stage in two test points increased too, and there are significant differences in the rare-density, medium-density, high-density. For dry matter at maturity stage, Jingyou527and Jiuyou418were decided by ecological conditions and planting density, and Changmi011and Hexi39was mainly affected by planting density.
Except for the total nitrogen accumulation at maturity (TNA), nitrogen harvest index (NHI), nitrogen transport rate (NTR), contribution rate of translocated nitrogen to grain (CRN), nitrogen use efficiency for grain production (NGPE), nitrogen use efficiency for biomass production (NDMPE) of Xichang was significantly higher than the performance of Ya'an. The total phosphorus accumulation at maturity (TPA) in Xichang was less than Ya'an, but the phosphorus use efficiency for grain production (PGPE) was significantly higher than Ya'an. The total potassium accumulation at maturity (TKA) in Xichang was slightly higher than Ya'an, but the potassium use efficiency for grain production (KGPE) was significantly higher than Ya'an. Overall, the use efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in Xichang was better than Ya'an.
With the planting density increased, the total accumulation of NPK increased at mature stage. TNA in the rare-planting density was significantly lower than medium-density and high-density, but NHI, NTR, CRN and NGPE decreased with the increase of planting density; NDMPE had no significant difference in different densities. Planting density had a significant impact on TPA, and phosphorus harvest index (PHI), phosphorus use efficiency for grain production (PGPE) and phosphorus use efficiency for biomass production (PDMPE) decreased with the increase of planting density; TKA in the high-density was significantly higher than in the rare-planting density and medium-density; potassium harvest index (KHI), potassium use efficiency for grain production (KGPE) and potassium use efficiency for biomass production (KDMPE) decreased with the increase of planting density.
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