20世纪80年代以来美国基础教育教师质量保障体系研究
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摘要
大量研究表明,教师是影响学生学业成绩的关键因素,因此教师质量直接关系到一个国家的教育质量。在过去的20世纪,世界各国为了能在未来综合国力的激烈竞争中取胜,都把希望寄托于基础教育上,寄托于基础教育的主力军——教师身上。美国是近年来率先实施教师队伍质量保障体系的国家之一,其教师队伍质量保障体系已较为成熟和完善。“它山之石,可以攻玉”。总结世界发达国家师资队伍建设的经验,对于我国师资队伍建设无疑会有十分有益的启示。本文主要采用文献法、历史法以及比较法等研究方法,拟就职前教师教育机构与课程的认定、新教师入职与录用质量保障、在职教师的专业成长与发展、提高教师待遇,改变教师付酬方式、学校创建良好的环境氛围、教师聘任制度的保障等方面对美国实施的教师队伍质量保障体系从宏观上进行介绍,以期对我国师资队伍建设有所借鉴和启示。
本文共分为六个部分。第一部分是界定教师质量保障体系的概念。第二部分是在掌握大量文献的基础上,使用了历史的研究方法,探讨了美国基础教育教师质量保障体系历史沿革。第三部分介绍了20世纪80年代以来美国基础教育教师质量的内部保障体系。80年代以来,美国教师教育进行了一系列改革,教师教育一体化的观念已深入人心。美国制定出了严格的高标准,分别对教师教育的职前、入职和在职阶段实施质量保障。第四部分是20世纪80年代以来对外部保障体系的概述,提出了主要包括提高教师待遇,改变教师付酬方式、学校创建良好的环境氛围、教师聘任制度的保障等等。第五部分则对美国基础教育教师质量保障体系的实践作出了整体的评价。其中我们看到了基础教育教师质量保障对美国乃至世界作出的贡献。与此同时,我们还发现了局限性。因此,在论文的第六部分启示中,不仅在教师职前培养机制、建立新教师入职培训制度、加强在职教师的专业发展等方面对我国基础教育教师质量保障方面提出建设性意见,而且针对我国教师薪酬和聘任制度不完善提出了改革建议。
A considerable amount of research shows that teachers are the key factor in academic performance of students, so teachers are directly related to the quality of a country's education. In the past centuries, all countries have depended on fundamental education and the main power of fundamental education-the teachers, in order to win the competition in comprehensive national power. The United States is the first countries which have carried out the assurance system of teacher quality in the recent years. The American assurance system of teacher quality is more mature and perfect. "It's Stone Mountain, you can attack jade." To sum up the developed countries experience will undoubtedly be very useful to build teacher contingent in China. The main methods of this paper are the ways of literature, history, comparison, and so on. This paper is about to introduce the assurance system of American teacher quality, such as pre-teacher education institutions and courses, the quality assurance of new teachers’entry and recruitment, the professional growth and development of the in-service teachers, the improvement of the teachers’treatment, changing the way of paying teachers, creating good environmental atmosphere in the school, the assurance system of the teachers’appointment.
This paper is divided into six parts. The first part defines the concept of the assurance system of teacher quality. The second part briefly introduces the historical development about the assurance system of teacher quality. The third part is to introduce the internal assurance system of teacher quality of American fundamental education since 1980s. Since 1980s, America has conducted a series of reforms of teacher education. Teacher education has been the concept of integration enjoying popular support. America has developed rigorous high standards to support the pre-service education, the entry education, the in-service education. The fourth part is about an overview of the external assurance system since 1980s, including the treatment of teachers, changing the way of paying teachers, creating good environmental atmosphere in the school, the system of teachers’appointment and so on. The fifth part is to make the overall evaluation. We can see the contributions which have been made by the assurance system of teacher quality in fundamental education not only to America but also to the world. Meanwhile, we also find its limitations. Part VI is the inspiration. On the base of inheritance, reference and reform we can establish better and instructive system of teacher quality with China’s own characteristics while bringing our own advantages into full play.
本文共分为六个部分。第一部分是界定教师质量保障体系的概念。第二部分是在掌握大量文献的基础上,使用了历史的研究方法,探讨了美国基础教育教师质量保障体系历史沿革。第三部分介绍了20世纪80年代以来美国基础教育教师质量的内部保障体系。80年代以来,美国教师教育进行了一系列改革,教师教育一体化的观念已深入人心。美国制定出了严格的高标准,分别对教师教育的职前、入职和在职阶段实施质量保障。第四部分是20世纪80年代以来对外部保障体系的概述,提出了主要包括提高教师待遇,改变教师付酬方式、学校创建良好的环境氛围、教师聘任制度的保障等等。第五部分则对美国基础教育教师质量保障体系的实践作出了整体的评价。其中我们看到了基础教育教师质量保障对美国乃至世界作出的贡献。与此同时,我们还发现了局限性。因此,在论文的第六部分启示中,不仅在教师职前培养机制、建立新教师入职培训制度、加强在职教师的专业发展等方面对我国基础教育教师质量保障方面提出建设性意见,而且针对我国教师薪酬和聘任制度不完善提出了改革建议。
A considerable amount of research shows that teachers are the key factor in academic performance of students, so teachers are directly related to the quality of a country's education. In the past centuries, all countries have depended on fundamental education and the main power of fundamental education-the teachers, in order to win the competition in comprehensive national power. The United States is the first countries which have carried out the assurance system of teacher quality in the recent years. The American assurance system of teacher quality is more mature and perfect. "It's Stone Mountain, you can attack jade." To sum up the developed countries experience will undoubtedly be very useful to build teacher contingent in China. The main methods of this paper are the ways of literature, history, comparison, and so on. This paper is about to introduce the assurance system of American teacher quality, such as pre-teacher education institutions and courses, the quality assurance of new teachers’entry and recruitment, the professional growth and development of the in-service teachers, the improvement of the teachers’treatment, changing the way of paying teachers, creating good environmental atmosphere in the school, the assurance system of the teachers’appointment.
This paper is divided into six parts. The first part defines the concept of the assurance system of teacher quality. The second part briefly introduces the historical development about the assurance system of teacher quality. The third part is to introduce the internal assurance system of teacher quality of American fundamental education since 1980s. Since 1980s, America has conducted a series of reforms of teacher education. Teacher education has been the concept of integration enjoying popular support. America has developed rigorous high standards to support the pre-service education, the entry education, the in-service education. The fourth part is about an overview of the external assurance system since 1980s, including the treatment of teachers, changing the way of paying teachers, creating good environmental atmosphere in the school, the system of teachers’appointment and so on. The fifth part is to make the overall evaluation. We can see the contributions which have been made by the assurance system of teacher quality in fundamental education not only to America but also to the world. Meanwhile, we also find its limitations. Part VI is the inspiration. On the base of inheritance, reference and reform we can establish better and instructive system of teacher quality with China’s own characteristics while bringing our own advantages into full play.
引文
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