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基于城乡迁移劳动力的养老保险制度对接研究
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摘要
中国长期处于二元经济结构,农村人口占有很大的比重,城乡发展极不均衡。这不仅表现在城乡经济发展和资源配置的差异性,而且表现在城乡收入分配和社会保障水平的较大差距。与此同时,社会保障作为现代社会一项基本的社会经济制度和民生福祉的制度保障,长期存在二元化、碎片化,不同群体之间的社会保障模式、保障水平、筹资与给付方式差距明显。正是这些原因使得城乡社会保障制度无法平滑对接和有序对接。党的十八次全国代表大会提出:要加大统筹城乡发展力度,逐步缩小城乡差距,促进城乡要素平等交换和公共资源均衡配置,形成城乡一体的新型工农、城乡关系。全面建成覆盖城乡居民的社会保障体系,整合城乡居民基本养老保险制度,建立兼顾各类人员的社会保障待遇确定机制和正常调整机制。中国正在全面建设小康社会和覆盖城乡居民的社会保障体系,其中,城乡养老保险体系覆盖面过窄、层次过低,城乡养老保险体系相互分离,尚未形成统筹与对接的协调运行机制,不仅造成城乡养老保险水平相差悬殊,而且导致农民工、失地农民等群体被基本排斥在养老保险的制度之外,导致城乡迁移劳动力的养老保险关系转移和接续以及养老保险待遇水平对接困难。因此,在科学发展观的统领下,研究基于城乡迁移劳动力的养老保险制度对接,解决覆盖城乡养老保险体系的重点和难点问题,是在中国二元经济转变、人口老龄化、人口城市化、新农村建设和覆盖城乡居民社会保障体系背景下,促进经济社会协调发展的一项重要任务。
     城乡迁移劳动力的养老保险制度对接问题是一个涉及经济、人口、社会等多因素的复杂系统工程。该领域研究具有鲜明的时代意义和经济、社会价值。首先,实现城乡迁移劳动力的养老保险制度对接有利于进一步巩固和促进中国经济的持续平稳较快发展。如果迁移劳动力的城乡养老保险待遇能够实现无障碍转移和接续,待遇水平能够实现平滑对接,将有利于整合城乡二元的劳动力市场,促进劳动力资源在城乡之问的自由流动与合理配置,从而有利于提高劳动力资本的配置和利用的效率,充分发挥第一次人口红利和第二次人口红利期的人力资本效应,实现未来经济社会可持续发展。其次,实现城乡迁移劳动力的养老保险制度对接有利于促进和维护社会公平与正义,缩小城乡收入差距,促进社会团结和社会整合。城乡迁移劳动力的主要群体是失地农民和农民工,其为中国经济改革和发展做出的贡献与享受的经济利益与权益保障不相匹配。因此,养老保险在城乡之间实现公平转移和接续,缩小城乡养老保险的待遇水平的差距,合理计算迁移人口的养老保险缴费和给付,有利于维护迁移人口的养老保障权益,维护公平与正义。最后,实现城乡迁移劳动力的养老保险制度对接,有利于扩大养老保险覆盖面,促进各类群体养老保险制度的定型与整合,实现覆盖城乡全体居民的社会保障制度。
     论文采用定量和定性分析以及系统分析三位一体、结合相容的方法,一方面借助深厚的经济理论,遵循经济学研究的内在逻辑和基本范式,对城乡迁移劳动力的养老保险制度对接进行理论分析,另一方面以人口统计学、计量经济学和保险精算学为依据,利用人口预测及宏观经济统计数据对基于城乡消费的福利差进行概念界定和测算,构建迁移劳动力养老保险制度对接基本模式,并利用精算模型对不同阶段、不同缴费年限、不同养老制度联动对接模式进行了适度性检验和实证分析,实现了多学科方法的交叉与灵活运用。
     其次,实现动态分析和静态分析相融合。城乡劳动力迁移、流动与养老保险体系衔接问题,不仅是各种因素共同影响的必然,也是社会经济发展到一定阶段的焦点所在;不仅是一定时期内的短暂均衡态势,也是需要长时期融合、完善、发展的过程。所以,本文借助动态分析和静态分析相融合的方法,不但进行了养老保险体系静态现状研究,还进行了对乡城劳动力迁移、流动数量及其和养老保险体系衔接的动态关系的趋势预测,把问题的历史、现实和未来动态结合起来。
     论文的基本思路是从全面系统地梳理城乡迁移劳动力养老保险制度对接的理论入手,对城乡迁移劳动力的养老保险制度对接进行全面系统的实证研究。主要内容包括以下几部分:
     第一部分:构建城乡迁移劳动力养老保险制度对接的理论基础。主要侧重研究城乡劳动力迁移理论,包括城乡迁移“推—拉”理论、二元经济理论、收入决定理论和前瞻理论;同时对养老保险制度对接理论进行梳理,将城乡平衡发展理论、劳动与生存公平理论以及梯度对接理论作为劳动力迁移养老保险制度对接的基本理论:利用经济学原理,创新引入养老保险的城乡迁移劳动力消费决定模型,构建两期迭代模型,并将养老保险因素引入迭代模型中,以证明消费水平在城乡迁移劳动力行为中的决定作用。同时引入养老保险城乡迁移劳动力消费决定理论,为制度对接标准—城乡福利差研究奠定理论基础。
     第二部分:阐述中国城乡劳动力迁移发展阶段和现实状态,分析劳动力迁移主要特征,根据2010年国家第六次人口普查数据,构建迁移劳动力预测模型、进行参数假设、预测未来城乡劳动力迁移发展规模和趋势,迁移人口数据预测至2050年。
     第三部分:城乡迁移劳动力养老保险制度对接现状及国际经验比较。分析城乡迁移劳动力参加养老保险制度现状,首先概括总结了迁移劳动力进入城市后参加城镇职工养老保险制度的五种模式,即扩面模式、仿城模式、综合保险模式、双低城保模式、个人账户模式。同时对目前正在实施新型农村养老保险试点和运行状况进行评价和分析。通过现有迁移劳动力养老保险制度存在碎片化、分割化的特点,按照中国养老保险体系未来发展战略,构建城乡迁移劳动力养老保险制度对接基本框架、路径,对影响制度协调对接主要因素进行深入剖析。分析典型国家养老保险制度城乡对接模式及对中国制度设计的启示。
     第四部分:城乡迁移劳动力养老保险制度对接的基本框架,包括对接的原则、目标和基本思路,从而确定制度对接基本要素。为了研究劳动力养老保险动态对接机制,本文利用统计方法,对工业化、城市化以及未来人口转变特征来作为对接阶段划分依据,设计对接时点及条件分析。利用扩展线性支出系统模型测算城乡福利差系数,并对城乡福利差系数进行阶段性调整。设计制度对接模式,构建基础养老金对接精算公式,并说明个人账户对接制度设计。
     第五部分:城乡迁移劳动力养老保险制度对接实证分析及适度性检验。分析城—乡和乡—城迁移劳动力养老保险制度对接水平,以及缴费年限扩张下的对接养老保险水平,根据迁移劳动力辅助养老联动对接水平,测算两序列(有无子女,有无土地)下乡—城和城—乡联动对接水平,最后将城乡养老保险制度现状、对接和联动对接进行适度性检验。
     第六部分:分析城乡迁移劳动力养老保险制度对接的实现机制。重点分析有利于实现城乡迁移劳动力养老保险协调对接的制度配套机制。包括城乡养老保险制度推进机制、对接中的财政和责任分担机制、养老保险城乡统筹机制、养老保险信息管理服务机制等制度建设的对策建议。
     第一,以往预测城乡迁移人口的学者多采用时间序列趋势法,缺乏人口城市化发展目标的判断标准。本文结合经济发展阶段理论采用logistic增长模型预测中国未来的城市化水平并以此为目标获得未来每年的城镇人口数,再减去不考虑城乡迁移情况下的城镇人口数最终获得每年城乡迁移人口规模,这种测算方法既符合人口迁移发展规律,也有利于促进经济增长、工业化与城市化的协调发展。
     第二,提出“城乡二元消费福利差”的概念,将其作为衡量城乡迁移劳动力在城镇和农村享受福利差异的重要核心指标。并将“扩展线性支出模型”用于研究城乡消费福利差测算,同时根据工业化、城市化以及人口转变特征,确定未来“城乡消费福利差”的阶段性调整方案。
     第三是根据城乡消费福利差系数和缴费贡献率的转换,对城乡迁移劳动力养老保险对接进行实证模拟研究和适度性检验,经检验乡城迁移和城乡迁移基础养老金对接水平均已进入微观适度区间,并且向宏观下限靠进。。突破了养老保险制度对接只做定性研究,鲜有做定量测算的研究现状。
     论文不足之处在于:第一,由于篇幅限制,本文主要从宏观上研究城乡迁移劳动力养老保险在制度对接,对于分群体对接方案没有在实证研究部分逐一提及,即将农民工、失地农民等群体对接方案进行细化研究,有待今后研究中进一步加强。第二,论文创作中,城乡社会保险制度政策会发生变化,本文只将研究时点定格在论文创作时的城乡养老保险制度运行框架下研究迁移劳动力对接机制,主要从理论和实证进行分析论证,由于缺乏迁移劳动力实际缴费数据,关于个人对接精算仿真模拟内容没有做全面研究。
China has long been in the state of dual economic structure of urban and rural areas, which involves a large proportion of rural population and imbalanced urban-rural development. Remarkable disparity of economic development, social resources, income distribution and social security level between urban and rural areas can be found. The social security system serves as a basic social and economic system as well as a basic institution of people's livelihood and well-being in modern world. However, there exists significant discrepancy in mode, level, financing and payment method of social security programs among groups, making social security system dualistic and fragmental in nature for a long period of time. All these elements have led to a failure in the efficient and methodical transition between social security systems in urban and rural areas. It was noted in the18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China that efforts shall be made in reinforcing and coordination urban and rural economic development, further narrowing the gap between urban and rural areas, and promoting the equal exchange of urban and rural elements and balanced allocation of public resources, so that new and integrated relations between workers and farmers, between urban and rural areas would be formed in the future. A national social security system covering residents in both urban and rural areas shall be established in an all-round way together with the benefits identification and adjustment mechanism for different groups. China is now in the process of establishing a well-off society and a social security system with full coverage of both urban and rural residents. But the limited coverage, low level of and the disconnection between urban and rural pension insurance systems resulted in the wide gap, exclusion of migration workers, land-requisitioned farmers and other groups from the pension insurance system, and failure in methodical transition from rural pension insurance program to its urban counterpart. Therefore, a crucial task falls upon us to research into the transition between rural and urban pension insurance systems for migration labor and solve the important issues concerning the coverage of the systems, for the purpose of boosting coordinated social and economic development, under the circumstances of transformation of dual economies, aging and urbanization of population, new strategy for rural development, and establishment of a social security system covering both urban and rural residents.
     The transition of pension insurance systems for urban and rural labor forces is considered as a complicated systematic project involving economic, demographic and social factors. Research in this field is of contemporary significance and economic and social value. To begin with, the efficient transition of pension insurance systems for urban and rural labor would contribute to consolidating and promoting the sustained, steady and rapid development of China's economy. The methodical transition especially that of insurance benefits would be to the benefit of integrating the urban and rural labor markets, facilitating the free flow and reasonable disposition of human resources between urban and rural areas, intensifying the human capital effect of the first and second demographic dividend, and continuing to boost China's economic development. Such efficient transition would also be in favor of maintaining and enhancing social justice, narrowing the income gap between urban and rural areas, and finally promoting social harmony. The major groups of migration labor are land-requisitioned farmers and migration workers, who make significant contributions to the development of China's economy and our economic structure reform but are in an unprivileged position when it comes to economic interests and social status. In such case, the efficient transition would safeguard social equality and justice by narrowing the gap in the benefits of pension system between urban and rural areas and calculating the amount of monthly payment and reward of pension insurance for migration labor. It will be of crucial importance to implement such efficient transition so as to build a well-off society in an all-round way and improve the social security system covering both urban and rural residents. The establishment of a social security system covering both urban and rural residents means improving system design and eventually forming an integrated system for all citizens. The fact that there exists an absence of or disconnection between social security systems for urban and rural migration labor forces and most of them are excluded from the system while changing identities or occupations results from the fragmentation of our current social security system and is on the opposite track against our goal of including both urban and rural residents in the system and building a well-off society.
     This thesis employs a combination of qualitative, quantitative and systematic approach, where firstly theoretical analysis is conducted on the transition of pension insurance systems for urban and rural migration labor forces by means of economic theories under the primary logic and principles of economic research, and secondly population projection theory and macroeconomic data are applied to define and evaluate the welfare differences between urban and rural areas from a consumption-oriented point of view based on the principles of demography, econometrics, and actuarial science so as to establish a transitional model of pension insurance system for urban and rural migration labor forces, and thirdly actuarial models are introduced to conduct empirical analysis and suitability test for the to-and-fro connection between urban and rural pension systems at difference phases with different payment periods, making possible the intersection of multidisciplinary approaches.
     The issues of urban and rural labor flow and migration as well as transition between pension insurance systems are not only inevitably influenced by various factors, but also considered the focus of economy and society at a certain level of development; the issues not only represent a balanced and steady trend in a short period of time, but also requires a long-term process of integration and improvement. Therefore, this thesis also combines dynamic and static analysis to research into the status quo of China's pension insurance system, and also to forecast the tendency of migration of urban and rural labor, drifting population and their dynamic relation with the transition of pension insurance system, connecting the past, the present and the future.
     This thesis mainly focuses on a comprehensive and systematic study on the transition of pension insurance systems for urban and rural migration labor based on the fundamental theories on the transition of pension insurance systems for urban and rural migration labor.
     The main body of this thesis includes the following parts:
     The first part constructs the theoretical foundation for the transition in migration laborers'pension insurance system, laying particular emphasis on the pension transition between rural and urban areas, which includes push-pull theory in rural and urban labor migration, dual-economy theory, income deciding theory, and prospect theory. Meanwhile, theories on the transition in pension insurance system are summarized and integrated; and then theories on balanced development of rural and urban areas, on equity in labor and living, and on gradient transition, are applied as the fundamental theories for the transition in pension insurance system for migration labor. Also, two-period iterative model is constructed, where factors related to pension insurance are integrated, thereby testifying the decisive effects of consumption level on migration labor in both rural and urban areas. The part also lays the foundation for the research on the standard for system transition, that is, welfare difference between rural and urban areas by innovatively integrating the theory of consumption deciding migration laborers'behavior.
     The second part demonstrates the developmental phases, status quo and characteristics of labor migration in rural and urban areas in china. Based on the sixth national census data in2010, forecast model for migration labor, together with parametric assumption, developmental pattern, tendency and data as far as the year2050for future labor migration between rural and urban areas are forecast.
     The third part compares the current situation of pension insurance transition between rural and urban areas with related international experience. Firstly, five models are briefly summarized, where laborers from rural areas are included in urban residents' pension insurance system, that is, extended coverage model, city imitation model, comprehensive insurance model, low-level and easy-access pension system, and personal account model. Meanwhile, the operation and current situation of pilots, where new rural pension mechanism is experimented now, has been analyzed and evaluated. Considering the fragmentation and segmentation of existing migration labor pension system, fundamental structure and approaches are constructed for the pension transition from rural to urban areas; major factors influencing the coordination and transition between the systems are further analyzed, according to the future development strategies of pension insurance system in China. Finally, enlightenment and revelation for Chinese system designs are obtained by analyzing the models of pension insurance transition between rural and urban areas in typical countries.
     The fourth part defines the key elements in system transition by analyzing the fundamental structure of rural-and urban pension insurance transition, as well as principles, goals and guidelines. This paper designs transition time and analysis conditions with statistical methods, on the basis of industrialization, urbanization, and characteristics of demographic transition in future. Urban and rural welfare difference coefficient is calculated by expanded linear expenditure system model and adjusted periodically. As the last step, transition model are designed for the systems, and actuarial model for basic pension is constructed, so as to demonstrate and design transition mechanism for personal accounts.
     The fifth part concentrates on the empirical analysis and suitability test for the transition of migration laborers'pension insurance from rural to urban areas. In order to carry out the suitability test for the present situation, connection and to-and-fro transition of pension insurance system between both rural and urban areas, the efficiency of transition between rural to urban laborers'pension insurance system is analyzed, as well as the pension insurance level influenced by prolonged payment period brought about by this transition; and then according to the efficiency of to-and-fro transition supplementary to pension insurance for migration laborers, efficiency of to-and-fro transition between rural and urban laborers is calculated in terms of whether they have children or land.
     The sixth part analyzes the realizable mechanism for the transition in pension system from rural to urban areas, and also highlights related supporting mechanisms and corresponding countermeasures and suggestion for them, including advance mechanism for pension insurance system, sharing mechanism for finance and responsibility in the process of transition, coordination mechanism for pension insurance in both rural and urban areas, as well as service mechanism for the information management in pension insurance.
     This paper is innovated from the following perspectives. The first of all is the innovation of research perspective. The integration process of migration laborers' pension insurance between rural and urban areas; social insurance transition system from rural to urban areas is analyzed from the perspective of promoting the rational flow of labor, thereby analytically summarizing new trend and characteristics of labor migration from rural to urban areas, which contributes to efficient transition of pension insurance from rural to urban areas. Also important is the innovation of theoretical model, which breaks through the iterative model and builds up consumption model decided by labor behavior including rural pension insurance system, so as to provide an efficient theoretical hypothesis for further research into the pension system of labor migration from rural to urban areas. Lastly, research methods are innovated. On the basis of calculation on the disparities between the rural and urban areas, actuarial model for the transition of social security fund account between rural and urban areas is to be built up. Through simulation experiment of various transition schemes, as well as appropriate inspection and analysis of pension level after the transition, transition in pension system has been quantitatively calculated, which breaks the status quo that there is only qualitative research into pension system transition.
     Admittedly, there are several limitations in this paper. Firstly, due to the word limitation, this paper focuses mainly on the transition in the pension insurance of laborers migrating from rural to urban areas, without reference to the transition scheme for individual groups, i.e. migration laborers, and landless farmers, which should be further researched. Secondly, this paper primarily analyzes and demonstrates the transition mechanism operated in the present rural-and-urban pension system in light of both theories and empirical evidences, without consideration of the changes in rural-and-urban social insurance system occuring during the paper composition. Also, there is no comprehensive simulation research on individual transition plan.
引文
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