宗教文化生态中的政府责任
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摘要
近些年,宗教管理已提上中央乃至地方各级政府的议事日程。但宗教文化尚处于恢复和重建之中,支撑其恢复和重建的其他文化生态诸如政治理念、文化认同、法律法规等尚在明确,宗教到底怎么管的问题引起了人们的关注。宗教学专家期望从理论层面发现适应当今中国宗教管理的规律性认识,高层宗教管理部门希望从理论与实践结合的层面上总结一些典型用于指导实践,基层管理宗教的人们也盼望有一种自己可以借鉴的模式指导工作。有鉴于此,作者将宁夏回族自治区吴忠市“人本化”管理模式进行总结,提出了宗教生态文化视野下政府的责任。
吴忠位于宁夏中部,历史上是农耕文明的发祥地之一,是多宗教文化交融之地。全市126万人口,有50.2%是回族。占人口总数50%的回族信仰伊斯兰教；有12万人信仰佛教,近2万人信仰道教,还有少量基督教和天主教信徒。这样,有60.7%的群众是信教群众,因而是全国信教人数比例较高的城市之一,宗教资源丰富。这里有清真寺1300多座,3000多名教职人员,成为全国伊斯兰教最为活跃的地区之一。有佛教场所70多座,最为盛名的是牛首山寺庙群,东西两个寺庙群共有大小庙宇45座,每年农历的三月十五,陕、甘、蒙、宁周边地区前来参加庙会活动群众的达十万以上,是西北地区最大的寺庙群之一。境内同心县的莲花山,现有道观楼阁30余座,每年农历四月十五日的青苗水会,陕甘宁三省十余县的信众七、八万人前来参加,凑成道教盛事。吴忠是国内民族关系、宗教关系比较和谐的地区之一,也是宗教管理比较好的地区之一,2005年,吴忠市统战部被评为“全国民族团结集体”,受到了国务院的表彰。选择吴忠这样一个地方,主要是它在西部具有典型性。
本论文运用文化生态学的理论,把吴忠地区以伊斯兰教为主、多种宗教并存的宗教文化生态当作是一个动态的整体,总结吴忠地区的伊斯兰教与当代社会政治、经济、教育、民族等因素之间的相互作用,整体理解和把握吴忠地区的宗教文化生态系统的特点,分析其在历史和今天与社会环境的互动关系,总结吴忠成功的的管理模式,使之更有益于吴忠地区的和谐与发展。基于这一目标,作者以吴忠作“场”,对宗教内部活动和外在环境极其互动关系进行观察,在二者的矛盾运动中发现规律,取得经验,找到差距,提出建议。在研究内容上,以涉及社会的主要元素,即政治、经济、教育、民族等方面为观察的纵坐标,以宗教观念、宗教行为、宗教运动、宗教组织为横坐标,研究纵横坐标中各元素交互作用情况。在研究的方法上,采取历史和逻辑相统一、理论与实践相结合的原则,充分运用社会学、民族学、民俗学的方法开展调查研究和实证分析。在概念界定上,作者运用生态学、宗教文化学、文化生态学理论,特别是牟钟鉴先生提出的宗教文化生态学理论作为依据。
从论文的构架来讲,作者在分析了吴忠宗教文化生态土壤后,对建国以来宗教与社会适应情况进行了考量,认为吴忠宗教与社会适应的状况是：从关系来讲,经历了适应→裂痕→走向适应；从情感来讲,经历了融洽→疏离→逐步融洽；从生态来讲,出现了协调→恶劣→正在协调。接着,作者考察了吴忠宗教文化生态中宗教与政治、经济、教育、民族以及诸宗教之间的关系,提出了从文化生态的视角看在宗教管理中应该坚持的原则和“人本化”管理的理念、内涵,在此基础上分析了人本化管理模式所禀赋的“尊重、引导、保护、服务”八字方针和实践效果,得出了“人本化”管理理顺了信教群众的情绪,坚持了正确的管理方向,维护了宗教秩序的稳定,发展了多元文化的结论,进而提出宗教文化生态中的政府责任,即在观念上,与时俱进,不断创新；法制上,尊重法律,健全法规；体制上,统筹兼顾,沟通协调；方法上,调查研究,稳健灵活；作风上,依靠群众,求真务实；人才上,加强队伍,提高素质。
In recent years, the management of religion has been put on the agenda of the central government and local governments at all levels. But the religious culture is still in the rehabilitation and reconstruction being, supporting their recovery and reconstruction of other cultural ecology, such as political ideas, cultural identity, laws and regulations,and so on is still not clear, it attracted people's attention that how to treat the issue,namely management of religion.Religious experts expect to found the management of religion to adapt today's understanding of the laws of religion in China from the theoretical level, the senior department of management of religion hopes to summarize some types to guide the practice from integrating theory with practice level, people that is busy with the management of religious in Grass-roots are also looking forward to have a model that they can learn to guide the work. In view of this, author puts forward the government's responsibilities under the field of view in the Ecology of Religion and Culture,by summing up many experiences about the model of'people-oriented"on management of religious to Wuzhong city in Ningxia Hui people's Autonomous Region.
Wuzhong City is located in central Ningxia, it is one of the cradles of civilization farming in history, and is also a variety of religious and cultural blending land.There are 1.26 million population in the city. there are 50.2% are Muslim that believes in islam among of the city's population; there are 12 million people are Buddhist, Taoist beliefs almost 2 million people, there is a small Protestant and Catholic believers.As a resolt, there are 60.7% of the masses are the masses of believers, therefore a higher proportion of the national religion one of the cities, and rich with resources of religions.There are 1,300 mosques seat, more than 3,000 teaching staff, becoming the nation of Islam, one of the most active regions.There are more than 70 Buddhist sites, the most famous monastery complex is the Niu-shou-shan, that a total size of the monastery complex of two temples 45. Every year,on March 15 in the lunar calendar, many people that come from Shaanxi, Gansu, Mongolia, Ningxia surrounding areas to attend the temple festivals masses of up to hundreds of thousands more, is one of the largest monastery complex in the Northwest.
There are existing Taoist temples more than in30 on the Lotus Hill in Tongxin County. Every year,on April 15 in the calendar is a festivals of "Qingmiaoshuihui",there are more than ten counties believers 7,80000 people came to participate, make up Taoism event of Shanxi-Gansu and Ningxia provinces.Wuzhong sity are more harmonious one of the regions domestic in nation relationships and religion relationships, but also good management of one of the areas of religion.In 2005, the United Front Work Department ofWuzhong City was named "National Collective of national unity,"after recognition by the State Council. Select Wuzhong such a place, mainly in the west it is typical.
In this paper, we regard the Wuzhong region in Muslim-majority, multi-religious co-existence of religious and cultural ecology as a dynamic whole under the field of view of the theory of cultural ecology,By examining the interaction between Islam and the contemporary socio-political, economic, educational, ethnic and other factors in the Wuzhong region, to understand and grasp the cultural and ecological characteristics of the religious of the Wuzhong region in a whole,and analysis of its history and today with the interaction between social environment, and summary Wuzhong successful experience in the management model to make it more conducive to harmony and development of the Wuzhong region.
Based on this goal, the author make the Wuzhong as a "chang"(field), by observing extremely internal religious activities and the interaction between the external environment and the contradictions between the two, to find some laws and experiences,and the gaps and making recommendations. In research on content, the author inspects the major elements of society, namely political, economic, educational, ethnic, etc. and the major elements of religious,include religious ideas, religious behavior, religious movements, religious organizations etc.and interactions of them each other. In the study methods, the author follows the principles of unity in history and logic and the principles of combining in theories and practices, make full use of sociology, ethnology, folklore in carrying out their research and empirical analysis. On defining the concept, the authors use of ecology, religion, culture, science, culture and ecology, in particular, Mr. Mou Zhongjian's religious cultural ecology theory as a basis.
From speaking the framework of this paper, the author considers and discuss the religion and social adjustment was carried out to consider instances of Religion and social adaptation since the founding of new Chia,after analysing Wu Zhongzong's religious and cultural ecology.we consider it is that situations of religion and social adjustment in Wu Zhong:It had experienced such a histrical process,namely to adapt→rift→readaptation from the relationship between terms; It had experienced such a histrical process,namely harmonious→alienation→reharmonious from the emotional terms; It had experienced such a histrical process,namely to coordinate→inharmonious→recoordinate from an ecological terms.Then, the author points out that the government should adhere to the principles on management of religion and the"people-oriented"management's concept and connotation after investigating of religion and politics, economy, education, national as well as the relationship between the various religions among the ecology of religious and cultural. On this basis, the author analysises of people-oriented management's mode that it endowments of "respect, guidance, protection, service"four principles and the practical effects.we consider that this mode is streamlining of the religious feelings of the masses, uphold the right of management direction,to maintain a religious order's stability, and to development of multi-cultural.And then, the author raises the government's responsibilities in ecology of religious and cultural.Namely it must advance with the times and innovate continuously for excellence on the concept, it must respect for the law and improve the regulations on the rule of law, it must be overall consideration and communication on the systems, it must research and investigation and robust and flexible on the methods, it must rely on the masses and seeking truth and pragmatism on the style, it must strengthen the team and improve the quality of people on a person of ability.
吴忠位于宁夏中部,历史上是农耕文明的发祥地之一,是多宗教文化交融之地。全市126万人口,有50.2%是回族。占人口总数50%的回族信仰伊斯兰教；有12万人信仰佛教,近2万人信仰道教,还有少量基督教和天主教信徒。这样,有60.7%的群众是信教群众,因而是全国信教人数比例较高的城市之一,宗教资源丰富。这里有清真寺1300多座,3000多名教职人员,成为全国伊斯兰教最为活跃的地区之一。有佛教场所70多座,最为盛名的是牛首山寺庙群,东西两个寺庙群共有大小庙宇45座,每年农历的三月十五,陕、甘、蒙、宁周边地区前来参加庙会活动群众的达十万以上,是西北地区最大的寺庙群之一。境内同心县的莲花山,现有道观楼阁30余座,每年农历四月十五日的青苗水会,陕甘宁三省十余县的信众七、八万人前来参加,凑成道教盛事。吴忠是国内民族关系、宗教关系比较和谐的地区之一,也是宗教管理比较好的地区之一,2005年,吴忠市统战部被评为“全国民族团结集体”,受到了国务院的表彰。选择吴忠这样一个地方,主要是它在西部具有典型性。
本论文运用文化生态学的理论,把吴忠地区以伊斯兰教为主、多种宗教并存的宗教文化生态当作是一个动态的整体,总结吴忠地区的伊斯兰教与当代社会政治、经济、教育、民族等因素之间的相互作用,整体理解和把握吴忠地区的宗教文化生态系统的特点,分析其在历史和今天与社会环境的互动关系,总结吴忠成功的的管理模式,使之更有益于吴忠地区的和谐与发展。基于这一目标,作者以吴忠作“场”,对宗教内部活动和外在环境极其互动关系进行观察,在二者的矛盾运动中发现规律,取得经验,找到差距,提出建议。在研究内容上,以涉及社会的主要元素,即政治、经济、教育、民族等方面为观察的纵坐标,以宗教观念、宗教行为、宗教运动、宗教组织为横坐标,研究纵横坐标中各元素交互作用情况。在研究的方法上,采取历史和逻辑相统一、理论与实践相结合的原则,充分运用社会学、民族学、民俗学的方法开展调查研究和实证分析。在概念界定上,作者运用生态学、宗教文化学、文化生态学理论,特别是牟钟鉴先生提出的宗教文化生态学理论作为依据。
从论文的构架来讲,作者在分析了吴忠宗教文化生态土壤后,对建国以来宗教与社会适应情况进行了考量,认为吴忠宗教与社会适应的状况是：从关系来讲,经历了适应→裂痕→走向适应；从情感来讲,经历了融洽→疏离→逐步融洽；从生态来讲,出现了协调→恶劣→正在协调。接着,作者考察了吴忠宗教文化生态中宗教与政治、经济、教育、民族以及诸宗教之间的关系,提出了从文化生态的视角看在宗教管理中应该坚持的原则和“人本化”管理的理念、内涵,在此基础上分析了人本化管理模式所禀赋的“尊重、引导、保护、服务”八字方针和实践效果,得出了“人本化”管理理顺了信教群众的情绪,坚持了正确的管理方向,维护了宗教秩序的稳定,发展了多元文化的结论,进而提出宗教文化生态中的政府责任,即在观念上,与时俱进,不断创新；法制上,尊重法律,健全法规；体制上,统筹兼顾,沟通协调；方法上,调查研究,稳健灵活；作风上,依靠群众,求真务实；人才上,加强队伍,提高素质。
In recent years, the management of religion has been put on the agenda of the central government and local governments at all levels. But the religious culture is still in the rehabilitation and reconstruction being, supporting their recovery and reconstruction of other cultural ecology, such as political ideas, cultural identity, laws and regulations,and so on is still not clear, it attracted people's attention that how to treat the issue,namely management of religion.Religious experts expect to found the management of religion to adapt today's understanding of the laws of religion in China from the theoretical level, the senior department of management of religion hopes to summarize some types to guide the practice from integrating theory with practice level, people that is busy with the management of religious in Grass-roots are also looking forward to have a model that they can learn to guide the work. In view of this, author puts forward the government's responsibilities under the field of view in the Ecology of Religion and Culture,by summing up many experiences about the model of'people-oriented"on management of religious to Wuzhong city in Ningxia Hui people's Autonomous Region.
Wuzhong City is located in central Ningxia, it is one of the cradles of civilization farming in history, and is also a variety of religious and cultural blending land.There are 1.26 million population in the city. there are 50.2% are Muslim that believes in islam among of the city's population; there are 12 million people are Buddhist, Taoist beliefs almost 2 million people, there is a small Protestant and Catholic believers.As a resolt, there are 60.7% of the masses are the masses of believers, therefore a higher proportion of the national religion one of the cities, and rich with resources of religions.There are 1,300 mosques seat, more than 3,000 teaching staff, becoming the nation of Islam, one of the most active regions.There are more than 70 Buddhist sites, the most famous monastery complex is the Niu-shou-shan, that a total size of the monastery complex of two temples 45. Every year,on March 15 in the lunar calendar, many people that come from Shaanxi, Gansu, Mongolia, Ningxia surrounding areas to attend the temple festivals masses of up to hundreds of thousands more, is one of the largest monastery complex in the Northwest.
There are existing Taoist temples more than in30 on the Lotus Hill in Tongxin County. Every year,on April 15 in the calendar is a festivals of "Qingmiaoshuihui",there are more than ten counties believers 7,80000 people came to participate, make up Taoism event of Shanxi-Gansu and Ningxia provinces.Wuzhong sity are more harmonious one of the regions domestic in nation relationships and religion relationships, but also good management of one of the areas of religion.In 2005, the United Front Work Department ofWuzhong City was named "National Collective of national unity,"after recognition by the State Council. Select Wuzhong such a place, mainly in the west it is typical.
In this paper, we regard the Wuzhong region in Muslim-majority, multi-religious co-existence of religious and cultural ecology as a dynamic whole under the field of view of the theory of cultural ecology,By examining the interaction between Islam and the contemporary socio-political, economic, educational, ethnic and other factors in the Wuzhong region, to understand and grasp the cultural and ecological characteristics of the religious of the Wuzhong region in a whole,and analysis of its history and today with the interaction between social environment, and summary Wuzhong successful experience in the management model to make it more conducive to harmony and development of the Wuzhong region.
Based on this goal, the author make the Wuzhong as a "chang"(field), by observing extremely internal religious activities and the interaction between the external environment and the contradictions between the two, to find some laws and experiences,and the gaps and making recommendations. In research on content, the author inspects the major elements of society, namely political, economic, educational, ethnic, etc. and the major elements of religious,include religious ideas, religious behavior, religious movements, religious organizations etc.and interactions of them each other. In the study methods, the author follows the principles of unity in history and logic and the principles of combining in theories and practices, make full use of sociology, ethnology, folklore in carrying out their research and empirical analysis. On defining the concept, the authors use of ecology, religion, culture, science, culture and ecology, in particular, Mr. Mou Zhongjian's religious cultural ecology theory as a basis.
From speaking the framework of this paper, the author considers and discuss the religion and social adjustment was carried out to consider instances of Religion and social adaptation since the founding of new Chia,after analysing Wu Zhongzong's religious and cultural ecology.we consider it is that situations of religion and social adjustment in Wu Zhong:It had experienced such a histrical process,namely to adapt→rift→readaptation from the relationship between terms; It had experienced such a histrical process,namely harmonious→alienation→reharmonious from the emotional terms; It had experienced such a histrical process,namely to coordinate→inharmonious→recoordinate from an ecological terms.Then, the author points out that the government should adhere to the principles on management of religion and the"people-oriented"management's concept and connotation after investigating of religion and politics, economy, education, national as well as the relationship between the various religions among the ecology of religious and cultural. On this basis, the author analysises of people-oriented management's mode that it endowments of "respect, guidance, protection, service"four principles and the practical effects.we consider that this mode is streamlining of the religious feelings of the masses, uphold the right of management direction,to maintain a religious order's stability, and to development of multi-cultural.And then, the author raises the government's responsibilities in ecology of religious and cultural.Namely it must advance with the times and innovate continuously for excellence on the concept, it must respect for the law and improve the regulations on the rule of law, it must be overall consideration and communication on the systems, it must research and investigation and robust and flexible on the methods, it must rely on the masses and seeking truth and pragmatism on the style, it must strengthen the team and improve the quality of people on a person of ability.
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