小麦重要基因的分子标记实用性评价
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摘要
近年来,在小麦基因组上定位了涉及抗病、品质、发育等性状的大最基因/QTL。随着分子标记在小麦育种中应用日益广泛,有两个关键问题亟待解决：(1)现有分子标记用于标记辅助选择(MAS)是否有效。(2)如何提高分子标记在育种上的利用效率。据此,作者从以下几方面开展了研究：(1)评价了101个小麦抗病、品质和发育性状相关的分子标记用于MAS的有效性,为科学地利用分子标记提供依据。(2)分析了我国136个小麦品种的基因和表型特征,比较了部分基因与表型的相关性,为合理地配制亲本组合提供参考。(3)研究了不同类型分子标记在基因转育和聚合上的选择效率,为开展MAS育种提供借鉴。主要结论如下：
1、不同分子标记用于MAS的有效性存在明显差异从实用性上,供试的101个标记可分为三类：(1)可用于MAS的标记51个,占供试标记的50.5%,如(?)Pm21D/Pm21E、WE173F/WE173R等。此类标记可直接用于分子标记辅助选择育种。(2)可做为MAS参考的标记22个,占供试标记的27.7%,如Xcfd81-5DF/Xcfd81-5DR, Pm4a/bF/Pm4a/bR等。对于该类标记可用不同遗传背景的亲本与对照品种杂交,观察不同遗传背景下携带标记多态性的后代表现型,来进一步验证标记的有效性。(3)不能用于MAS的标记28个,占供试标记的21.8%,如Whs3501F/Whs350R、Whs3501F/Whs350S等。需要继续寻找与目标基因/QTL更加紧密连锁的标记。
2、应尽快提高优异基因在推广品种中的利用率在品质性状上,1B/1R在我国主推品种中仍然占很大比例,约占供试品种的73.5%。一些对品质改良有积极作用的优异基因和QTL尚未得到充分利用,如Bxl4+By15、Bx17+Byl8, QPhs.ocs.3A-1、Wx-A1b、Wx-D1b等。在抗病性状上,小麦抗白粉病基因Pm8在品种中分布很广,占供试品种的47.8%。已鉴定的优异抗病基因在现有品种很少,如抗白粉病基因Pm4、 Pm6、Pml2、Pm13、Pml7、Pm21、Pm24,抗条锈病基因Yr26,抗叶锈病基因Lr34/Yrl8、Lr24-Sr24。对发育相关基因的检测表明,春化反应敏感等位基因Vrn-D1在我国品种中分布广泛,占供试品种的34.6%；株高等位基因Rht-B1b、Rht-D1b和Rht8是目前调控我国小麦品种“降杆”的3个主要基因,分别占供试品种的36.8%、44.1%和22.8%。Rht-B1b在北部冬麦区品种中没有检测到,而Rht-D1b基因则分布较广泛。光周期反应敏感等位基因Ppd-D1b仅在春性品种克旱16、克旱21存在,其他品种均为光周期反应不敏感的Ppd-D1a类型。尽快向主推品种中转育上述优异的抗病、优质基因对提高我国小麦育种水平具有重要意义。
3、品种的表现型受基因功能、组成比例和互作决定春化等位基因组成与抗冻性有密切关系,含有Vrn-Al、 Vrn-B1的品种抗冻性都很差。只有少数抗逆性(抗旱、耐瘠薄)突出的品种尽管含有Vrn-Al、 Vrn-D1基因但耐寒性较好。供试品种的株高基因主要存在4种类型：RhtB1b、RhtD1b、RhtBlb+Rht8、 RhtD1b+Rht8。3个株高基因的降杆作用大小依次为RhtD1b>RhtB1b>Rht8,株高降低可导致穗粒数减少而千粒重增加。在RhtB1b或RhtD1b背景下,携带Rht8与否对株高降低无明显影响；同时携带RhtD1b和RhtB1b,对穗粒数和千粒重均有负作用。品种品质的差异主要受相关基因组成数量和比例决定,多个基因间的协同作用远大于单一“优异”基因的作用。对特定筋力类型品种而言,转育Dx5+Dy10与否对品质的改良无明显影响。以强调品质为首要育种目标时,强筋品种应尽量选择不携带1B/1R的后代材料。淘汰高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基和Pinb-D1b可做为弱筋小麦育种的选择指标。本研究中的品种抗病基因组成和表型鉴定表明,除Pm21基因外,其他抗病基因与表型间没有明显的规律。在抗病育种过程中应避免选择表型和基因型鉴定都感病的亲本。
4、提出了实际育种中转育和聚合优良基因的MAS策略分子标记检测的效率与标记类型和待检的基因类型均有密切关系。在F2代,利用显性标记检测显性基因或利用共显性标记检测隐性基因,含目标基因的概率约为20%～60%；利用显性标记检测隐性基因,含目标基因的概率约为10%～30%。共显性标记较显性标记可以大大提高对隐性基因的检测效率。在F3代选择到目标基因的概率较F2代显著降低。因此,对目标基因的选择应尽量在早期分离世代进行。基因聚合效率的高低与选择的目标基因和标记类型有密切关系。3个基因聚合出现目标基因的概率较2个基因聚合明显降低,现阶段应以聚合2个基因为佳。
In recent years, a large number of genes and QTLs related to disease resistance, quality, development and other traits have been mapped in wheat genome. Despite the widespread use of molecular markers in wheat improvement has been report; we have not yet seen their impact on wheat breeding through varieties release for several reasons. Firstly, the molecular markers for MAS in wheat are effective or not? Secondly. How to improve the efficiency of MAS in wheat breeding? Accordingly, the objective of the current study was to evaluate the utility of101molecular markers in MAS, and identify the genetic and phenotypic characteristics of136Chinese wheat varieties, then compare the correlation of some genes and phenotypes. At last, we investigated the different selection strategies and consideration of when to screen, what proportion to retain and the impacts of domaint vs.codominant marker. The mainly progresses were showed as follows:
1. There are significance differences in the utility of101molecular markers for MAS. According to the utility, the101markers can be classified into three types:51markers, accounting for50.5%of the total markers, can be directly used in MAS, such as Pm21D/Pm21E and WE173F/WE173R.22markers, accounting for27.2%, can be used as reference marker in MAS, such as Xcfd81-5DF/Xcfd81-5DR and Pm4a/bF/Pm4a/bR. The effects of such markers can be further evaluated through hybridization between the control carrying target gene and other varieties with different genetic backgrounds.28markers, accounting for21.8%, can not be used in MAS, such as Whs3501F/Whs350R and Whs3501F/Whs350. More closely linked markers to the target gene or QTL should be identified in future.
2. Some excellent genes should be transferred into Chinese major varieties as soon as possible. The Results indicated that lB/lR and Pm8is still high portion; dominate with frequencies of73.5%and47.8%, respectively. Some excellent genes and QTLs, which have a positive effect on quality and disease resistance, have not yet been fully utilized in wheat breeding. These genes include14+15,17+18, QPhs.ocs.3A-l, Wx-Alb, Wx-Dlb, Pm4, Pm6, Pm12, Pm13, Pm17, Pm21, Pm24, Yr26, Lr34/Yrl8, Lr24-Sr24, and so on. Four alleles related to development traits, including Vrn-Dl.Rht-Blb, Rht-Dlb and Rht8, are widely distributed, accounting for34.6%,36.8%,44.1%and22.8%. Interestingly, the dwarfing allele Rht-Blb was not detected in Northern China Plain Winter Wheat Region. The photoperiod sensitive allele Ppd-Dlb was only detected in the spring varieties Kehan16and Kehan21, all other genotypes carried the photoperiod insensitive allele Ppd-Dla. It is very important to transfer above disease resistance, high-quality genes into Chinese major varieties as soon as possible.
3. The phenotypes of varieties are controlled by not only gene function but also gene composition and gene interaction. The results indicated that the composition of vernalization genes is closely related to cold tolerance of varieties. Varieties with Vrn-Al and Vrn-Bl alleles are always poor low-temperature tolerance. Only few varieties with excellent abiotic stress tolerance, although with Vrn-Al or Vrn-Dl alleles, are still good cold-tolerance. The wheat varieties mainly contain four types of semi-dwarfing alleles:Rht-Blb, Rht-Dlb, and Rht-Blb+Rht8, and Rht-Dlb+Rht8genes. The effect of RhtDlb and RhtBlb on plant height reduction is obviously higher than Rht8. Additionally, plant height reduction improves kernel weight, while resulting in reduce number of grains per spike. Under the background of RhtBlb or RhtDlb, the plant height of varieties was not significantly affected by Rht8. Varieties carry with RhtDlb and RhtBlb, lead to reduce not only kernel weight but also number of grains per spike.The quality attributes is mainly determined by the composition and proportion of quality-related genes, not few "excellent" genes. To varieties with special glutein attributes, the high molecular mass glutenin subunits5+10had no obvious effect on the quality improvement. While the1BL/1RS translocation caused a significant decrease in technological properties of bread wheat. Elimination of the high molecular mass glutenin subunits and Pinb-Dlb alleles can be used as selection criterion for soft wheat breeding. In addition to Pm21, no certain rules can be found between other resistance genes and phenotypes. Therefore, the susceptible parents, both identified by phenotypic and genotypic selection, should not be used in disease resistance breeding.
4. A reasonable strategy of MAS selection in gene transfer and gene pyramiding was proposed. The results indicated that the probability of F2generation containing the target gene about20%to60%, when dormant gene was detected by dominant marker, or recessive gene was detected by codominant marker. Using dominant markers to detect recessive genes, the probability of F2generation containing the target gene about10%to30%. Therefore, Co-dominant markers can be more efficiency than dominant markers for the detection of recessive genes. The probability of selection to the target gene in F3generation was significantly lower than the F2generation. The choice of the target gene should be carried out in the early generation as soon as possible. The efficiency of marker assisted gene pyramiding is closely related to the types of target gene and molecular marker. The probability of pyramiding three genes was significantly lower than that of two genes. As a result, pyramiding two genes should be preferred in wheat molecular breeding.
1、不同分子标记用于MAS的有效性存在明显差异从实用性上,供试的101个标记可分为三类：(1)可用于MAS的标记51个,占供试标记的50.5%,如(?)Pm21D/Pm21E、WE173F/WE173R等。此类标记可直接用于分子标记辅助选择育种。(2)可做为MAS参考的标记22个,占供试标记的27.7%,如Xcfd81-5DF/Xcfd81-5DR, Pm4a/bF/Pm4a/bR等。对于该类标记可用不同遗传背景的亲本与对照品种杂交,观察不同遗传背景下携带标记多态性的后代表现型,来进一步验证标记的有效性。(3)不能用于MAS的标记28个,占供试标记的21.8%,如Whs3501F/Whs350R、Whs3501F/Whs350S等。需要继续寻找与目标基因/QTL更加紧密连锁的标记。
2、应尽快提高优异基因在推广品种中的利用率在品质性状上,1B/1R在我国主推品种中仍然占很大比例,约占供试品种的73.5%。一些对品质改良有积极作用的优异基因和QTL尚未得到充分利用,如Bxl4+By15、Bx17+Byl8, QPhs.ocs.3A-1、Wx-A1b、Wx-D1b等。在抗病性状上,小麦抗白粉病基因Pm8在品种中分布很广,占供试品种的47.8%。已鉴定的优异抗病基因在现有品种很少,如抗白粉病基因Pm4、 Pm6、Pml2、Pm13、Pml7、Pm21、Pm24,抗条锈病基因Yr26,抗叶锈病基因Lr34/Yrl8、Lr24-Sr24。对发育相关基因的检测表明,春化反应敏感等位基因Vrn-D1在我国品种中分布广泛,占供试品种的34.6%；株高等位基因Rht-B1b、Rht-D1b和Rht8是目前调控我国小麦品种“降杆”的3个主要基因,分别占供试品种的36.8%、44.1%和22.8%。Rht-B1b在北部冬麦区品种中没有检测到,而Rht-D1b基因则分布较广泛。光周期反应敏感等位基因Ppd-D1b仅在春性品种克旱16、克旱21存在,其他品种均为光周期反应不敏感的Ppd-D1a类型。尽快向主推品种中转育上述优异的抗病、优质基因对提高我国小麦育种水平具有重要意义。
3、品种的表现型受基因功能、组成比例和互作决定春化等位基因组成与抗冻性有密切关系,含有Vrn-Al、 Vrn-B1的品种抗冻性都很差。只有少数抗逆性(抗旱、耐瘠薄)突出的品种尽管含有Vrn-Al、 Vrn-D1基因但耐寒性较好。供试品种的株高基因主要存在4种类型：RhtB1b、RhtD1b、RhtBlb+Rht8、 RhtD1b+Rht8。3个株高基因的降杆作用大小依次为RhtD1b>RhtB1b>Rht8,株高降低可导致穗粒数减少而千粒重增加。在RhtB1b或RhtD1b背景下,携带Rht8与否对株高降低无明显影响；同时携带RhtD1b和RhtB1b,对穗粒数和千粒重均有负作用。品种品质的差异主要受相关基因组成数量和比例决定,多个基因间的协同作用远大于单一“优异”基因的作用。对特定筋力类型品种而言,转育Dx5+Dy10与否对品质的改良无明显影响。以强调品质为首要育种目标时,强筋品种应尽量选择不携带1B/1R的后代材料。淘汰高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基和Pinb-D1b可做为弱筋小麦育种的选择指标。本研究中的品种抗病基因组成和表型鉴定表明,除Pm21基因外,其他抗病基因与表型间没有明显的规律。在抗病育种过程中应避免选择表型和基因型鉴定都感病的亲本。
4、提出了实际育种中转育和聚合优良基因的MAS策略分子标记检测的效率与标记类型和待检的基因类型均有密切关系。在F2代,利用显性标记检测显性基因或利用共显性标记检测隐性基因,含目标基因的概率约为20%～60%；利用显性标记检测隐性基因,含目标基因的概率约为10%～30%。共显性标记较显性标记可以大大提高对隐性基因的检测效率。在F3代选择到目标基因的概率较F2代显著降低。因此,对目标基因的选择应尽量在早期分离世代进行。基因聚合效率的高低与选择的目标基因和标记类型有密切关系。3个基因聚合出现目标基因的概率较2个基因聚合明显降低,现阶段应以聚合2个基因为佳。
In recent years, a large number of genes and QTLs related to disease resistance, quality, development and other traits have been mapped in wheat genome. Despite the widespread use of molecular markers in wheat improvement has been report; we have not yet seen their impact on wheat breeding through varieties release for several reasons. Firstly, the molecular markers for MAS in wheat are effective or not? Secondly. How to improve the efficiency of MAS in wheat breeding? Accordingly, the objective of the current study was to evaluate the utility of101molecular markers in MAS, and identify the genetic and phenotypic characteristics of136Chinese wheat varieties, then compare the correlation of some genes and phenotypes. At last, we investigated the different selection strategies and consideration of when to screen, what proportion to retain and the impacts of domaint vs.codominant marker. The mainly progresses were showed as follows:
1. There are significance differences in the utility of101molecular markers for MAS. According to the utility, the101markers can be classified into three types:51markers, accounting for50.5%of the total markers, can be directly used in MAS, such as Pm21D/Pm21E and WE173F/WE173R.22markers, accounting for27.2%, can be used as reference marker in MAS, such as Xcfd81-5DF/Xcfd81-5DR and Pm4a/bF/Pm4a/bR. The effects of such markers can be further evaluated through hybridization between the control carrying target gene and other varieties with different genetic backgrounds.28markers, accounting for21.8%, can not be used in MAS, such as Whs3501F/Whs350R and Whs3501F/Whs350. More closely linked markers to the target gene or QTL should be identified in future.
2. Some excellent genes should be transferred into Chinese major varieties as soon as possible. The Results indicated that lB/lR and Pm8is still high portion; dominate with frequencies of73.5%and47.8%, respectively. Some excellent genes and QTLs, which have a positive effect on quality and disease resistance, have not yet been fully utilized in wheat breeding. These genes include14+15,17+18, QPhs.ocs.3A-l, Wx-Alb, Wx-Dlb, Pm4, Pm6, Pm12, Pm13, Pm17, Pm21, Pm24, Yr26, Lr34/Yrl8, Lr24-Sr24, and so on. Four alleles related to development traits, including Vrn-Dl.Rht-Blb, Rht-Dlb and Rht8, are widely distributed, accounting for34.6%,36.8%,44.1%and22.8%. Interestingly, the dwarfing allele Rht-Blb was not detected in Northern China Plain Winter Wheat Region. The photoperiod sensitive allele Ppd-Dlb was only detected in the spring varieties Kehan16and Kehan21, all other genotypes carried the photoperiod insensitive allele Ppd-Dla. It is very important to transfer above disease resistance, high-quality genes into Chinese major varieties as soon as possible.
3. The phenotypes of varieties are controlled by not only gene function but also gene composition and gene interaction. The results indicated that the composition of vernalization genes is closely related to cold tolerance of varieties. Varieties with Vrn-Al and Vrn-Bl alleles are always poor low-temperature tolerance. Only few varieties with excellent abiotic stress tolerance, although with Vrn-Al or Vrn-Dl alleles, are still good cold-tolerance. The wheat varieties mainly contain four types of semi-dwarfing alleles:Rht-Blb, Rht-Dlb, and Rht-Blb+Rht8, and Rht-Dlb+Rht8genes. The effect of RhtDlb and RhtBlb on plant height reduction is obviously higher than Rht8. Additionally, plant height reduction improves kernel weight, while resulting in reduce number of grains per spike. Under the background of RhtBlb or RhtDlb, the plant height of varieties was not significantly affected by Rht8. Varieties carry with RhtDlb and RhtBlb, lead to reduce not only kernel weight but also number of grains per spike.The quality attributes is mainly determined by the composition and proportion of quality-related genes, not few "excellent" genes. To varieties with special glutein attributes, the high molecular mass glutenin subunits5+10had no obvious effect on the quality improvement. While the1BL/1RS translocation caused a significant decrease in technological properties of bread wheat. Elimination of the high molecular mass glutenin subunits and Pinb-Dlb alleles can be used as selection criterion for soft wheat breeding. In addition to Pm21, no certain rules can be found between other resistance genes and phenotypes. Therefore, the susceptible parents, both identified by phenotypic and genotypic selection, should not be used in disease resistance breeding.
4. A reasonable strategy of MAS selection in gene transfer and gene pyramiding was proposed. The results indicated that the probability of F2generation containing the target gene about20%to60%, when dormant gene was detected by dominant marker, or recessive gene was detected by codominant marker. Using dominant markers to detect recessive genes, the probability of F2generation containing the target gene about10%to30%. Therefore, Co-dominant markers can be more efficiency than dominant markers for the detection of recessive genes. The probability of selection to the target gene in F3generation was significantly lower than the F2generation. The choice of the target gene should be carried out in the early generation as soon as possible. The efficiency of marker assisted gene pyramiding is closely related to the types of target gene and molecular marker. The probability of pyramiding three genes was significantly lower than that of two genes. As a result, pyramiding two genes should be preferred in wheat molecular breeding.
引文
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