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皮鞋鞋楦CAD/CAM系统中若干关键技术研究及实现
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摘要
鞋楦是制鞋工业中一个重要模具,各种式样的皮鞋都依赖于鞋楦,鞋楦的生产制造水平在皮鞋产业中起着非常重要的作用。面对皮鞋日益增长的多变需求,传统的作坊式生产已不能满足需要。因此将CAD/CAM技术引入鞋楦的设计制造中,用先进的计算机技术、信息技术改造传统制鞋业是未来的发展方向。我国在这一领域的发展相对滞后,所以针对这一问题,受国家攻关项目(编号85-604-20,八五攻关计划,九五实施)资助,本文对皮鞋鞋楦CAD/CAM技术进行深入研究,研制实用的鞋楦CAD/CAM软件系统,使其能在实际的应用中与鞋楦三维轮廓测量仪、数控刻楦机一起完成鞋楦测量、设计和制造,与鞋帮CAD/CAM系统结合组成具有独立知识产权的先进制鞋设备。本文针对鞋楦CAD/CAM软件系统实现的关键技术问题开展研究。
     论文分析了皮鞋鞋楦CAD/CAM技术的国内外现状,从一般的建模技术出发,经过分析和比较,用三次B样条曲线连接楦面离散点来进行鞋面描述,提出了离散数学模型,在数据格式上阐述了将复杂的楦面描述问题化为曲线描述问题并最终简化为平面曲线的描述问题,大大简化了后续算法的复杂性。在此基础上确定了整个鞋楦CAD/CAM系统研究的主基调,即用标准数据流的方法对测楦机、鞋楦CAD、数控刻楦机进行整体研究,为鞋楦CAD/CAM技术的实现打下了基础。
     在介绍了鞋楦数据的二维、三维变换方法后,为实现后续算法灵活、方便以及在保证精度的前提下尽可能简化算法。本文介绍了研究的主要数学方法:在楦面上任意点的计算中,研究了细分线性化计算法;在楦体的各种变换中,研究了用已知平面切割鞋楦求平面与鞋楦交线上交点的自适应求交法(AT算法);在边沿点计算(边沿轮廓提取)中,研究了用曲率平面识别法识别尖点所在区域,再进行尖点插补的方法。这些主要的数学方法在软件涉及的算法中多次运用。
     鞋楦设计包括鞋楦局部设计和楦体形状设计。为实现对楦面的局部修改,本文通过对物体一般变形技术的分析研究,指出了这些方法应用到楦体存在的问题。作者提出了根据曲面上曲线斜率的变化来决定变形强度的方法——基于斜率变化的自适应变形法(SAD算法),根据楦体的形状变化进行局部修改,将复杂的修改问题化为对主U线或主V线的修改,根据修改后的各点形成新的其它V线或U线的修改点,并在此基础上,根据设计规范,实现了楦体形状(如宽窄、长度、整体缩放、变跷等)的修改设计。对修改后的各特征点,用三次B样条曲线进行连接并将数据格式化。对于楦面局部修改引起的楦体边沿点的变化,本文研究了先修改边沿轮廓,再进行局部修改的混合修改方法。
    
    重庆大学博士学位论文
     在鞋植CAM系统的刀位点计算中,根据数控刻植机要求,本文研究了加工轴
    线和测量轴线不一致的调整方法及鞋植加工模型生成方法。针对项目中提出的离
    散曲面动态求交(DSDT)算法前期研究的不足,提出了完善DSDT的三个技术问
    题和相应解决方法:采用局部结构层和微观结构层调整投影区域,用特征点的计
    算确定加工点的大致范围,用点邻域的处理确定最终加工点。研究了植体旋转过
    程中植体沿中心轴方向与刻刀的相对运动以及植体旋转时投影区域数据的调整问
    题,使鞋植刻制过程中的干涉现象得到改善。
     最后本文介绍了鞋植CAD/CAM系统软件的设计框架和部份操作界面。论文
    的研究圆满的完成课题的各项攻关技术指标,已研制出鞋植CAD/CAM系统样机,
    为皮鞋鞋植CAD/C AM技术的实用化奠定了坚实的基础。课题已通过了重庆市计
    委组织的技术鉴定。
Shoe last is an important model tool in shoemaking. Its producing level plays a key role in shoe industry. So it is the trend in the future that the advanced technologies such as CAD/CAM, computer and information processing are required to improve traditional shoe procedure, because we lag considerably behind of Western counterparts in this field. Supported by the national fund plan, a project is carried out by our group, which includes the CAD/CAM software system, shoe last 3-dimensional measurement instrument, numerical control machine and shoe leather design. The thesis mainly researches about the key techniques in CAD/CAM software system.
    After analyzing the technology's development status quo and comparing the modeling techniques, the author presents a discrete mathematic model for shoe last by using cubic B-sampling curve. The description of a complex shoe last surface is simplified to curve expression and then to plane curves, which results in considerable simplification of algorithms in shoe CAD/CAM. Under this discrete model, the whole system data are standardized and make it easier and possible to realize many shoe last CAD/CAM techniques.
    Several mathematic methods are described in chapter 3. They are: l)Iinear fractionization in any point calculation of shoe surface. 2) Adaptive Tangency (AT) method with known plane sectioning shoe last in shoe last transform. 3) curvature of plane discrimination to recognize sharp points region and sharp points interpolation in edges detection. These methods are very important and useful in algorithms realization.
    Shoe last design is divided into local modified design and whole shape design. As traditional deformation methods are not suitable to shoe last, this paper puts forward a novel method named Slope Adaptive Deformation (SAD), based on curve slope change. For deformation quantity, local modification is converted to change main U lines and V lines coordinates to form new U lines and V lines. According to design standardization, such modifications design as shoe last width, length, whole amplification and reduction are implemented and then the new characteristic point data are recombined and standardized by cubic B-sampling curve.. As local revision brings to edges point change, a combined method is given to overcome the existed problem.
    In the calculation of knife position point in shoe last CAM system, we first adjust the shoe's machined axel line to make it consistent to measuring axel line, and then
    
    
    
    form the machining data. Aiming at the defection of Discrete Surface Dynamic Tangency (DSDT), we point out three existed problems and give corresponding solving methods, i.e. adjusting projected region by using local structure layer and micro-structure layer, estimating the position region of machining point by calculating characteristic point step by step, and obtaining final accurate machining points through point-neighborhood processing, hi shoe last machining, relative motion data is constantly adjusted to avoid interference occurrence.
    Finally the developed shoe last CAD/CAM system software with friendly interface and full functions is introduced. Based on all research work, the whole system has reached or exceeded the initial specifications and the system prototype is developed successfully, which establish a firm foundation for shoe last CAD/CAM technology practice.
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