基于林分状态特征的森林自然度评价研究
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摘要
森林可持续经营是现代林业发展的主题,如何科学的经营、保护和培育多功能的森林资源是当前国际上林学界所面临的一项重大课题。现存的森林群落大都是在人类长期干扰影响下,与立地环境长期适应的综合结果,已被迫或多或少地离开其天然状态,打上了历史上人类对它们影响的烙印。为评定和描述历史上人类对植被干扰影响的程度,更加科学地探究可持续的森林经营措施,人们提出了森林自然度的概念。本研究从林分状态特征的角度提出了森林自然度的评价方法,并以不同气候区的15个典型林分为例,分析了树种组成、结构特征、树种多样性、活力特征和干扰强度等状态特征,评价了林分的森林自然度,主要研究结论如下:
(1)提出了基于林分状态的森林自然度的概念,即现实森林与地带性原始群落或顶极群落在树种组成、结构特征、树种多样性和活力等方面的相似程度以及人为干扰程度的大小,它不仅包括森林的树种组成、水平结构特征、空间结构特征,而且包括森林的更新能力、生产能力及人为干扰程度。
(2)从森林的树种组成、结构特征、树种多样性、活力和干扰程度等5个方面选择了14指标来评价现实森林的自然度,提出了分为参照系存在和参照系不存在时2种方法进行森林自然度评价,实现了森林自然度量化分析,并运用定性与定量的方法把森林自然度划分为7个不同的等级。
(3)处于温带大陆性气候带的天然阔叶红松林树种组成丰富,树种多样性较高;54林班样地内各树种分布较均匀,且优势树种的集中性较高,而52林班B样地内各树种分布均匀性在3个林分中最差,优势树种集中性较低; 3个天然阔叶红松林林分的直径分布不合理;52林班A样地的林下更新不良,52林班B样地和54林班样更新良好;3个样地内都有一定数量的枯立(倒)木,以伴生树种和先锋树种为主;
(4)天然阔叶红松林林木分布格局为随机分布,林分平均混交度都处于强度混交向极强度混交过渡的状态;在52林班A样地中,杨树、核桃楸、枫桦、红松等树种在空间结构单元中占优势,而暴马子,蒙古栎、青楷槭、水榆花楸则处于劣势;在B样地中,杨树、稠李、黄菠萝、枫桦、核桃楸、蒙古栎和水曲柳在空间结构单元中占优势,白扭槭、千金榆、裂叶榆和暴马子在空间结构单元中处于被压状态;在54林班样地中,杉松、枫桦、水曲柳和鱼鳞云杉在结构单元中处于优势地位;红松、臭冷杉、榆树、椴树、色木槭和蒙古栎的在结构单元中整体上处于中庸状态,千金榆、白扭槭、青楷槭和暴马子处于中庸向劣势过渡的状态,没有处于绝对劣势的树种;3个林分的林层结构都为复层结构;
(5)处于暖温带向北亚热带过渡区的小陇山锐齿栎天然林树种组成比较复杂,树种丰富度和多样性较高,林下更新良好;在王安沟林分内存在大量的枯立(倒)木,而在响潭沟林分和白营西沟林分内未见到枯立(倒)木的存在。王安沟林分和响潭沟林分的直径分布为合理异龄林直径分布,白营西沟林分直径分布为多峰山状分布;王安沟林分和白营西沟林分的林木分布格局为随机分布,响潭沟林分为轻微团状分布;王安沟林分总体上为强度混交向极强度混交过渡,锐齿栎种群个体大小分化程度明显;响潭沟林分为强度混交,树种的大小分化程度较复杂;白营西沟林分则是中度混交向强度混交过渡,在结构单元中锐齿栎种群整体上为优势向中庸过渡;林分的林层结构都为复层结构;
(6)小陇山天然灌木林地改造人工林后,林分树种组成简单,多样性较低,林下更新良好,林分内几乎没有枯立(倒)木;林分的直径分布并没有都表现出人工林的直径分布特征;林分的林木分布格局除带状改造华山松为随机分布外,其它均为均匀分布;5种林分的平均混交度较低,属于弱度混交与中度混交的过渡类型;不同改造模式中树种大小分化程度明显,林分中针叶树种处于亚优势地位,阔叶树种处于劣势和绝对劣势的状态,林层结构简单,为单层林向复层过渡的状态。
(7)处于亚热带湿润气候带的贵州常绿阔叶混交林树种组成相对简单,多样性较低,直径分布不合理,林下更新良好,枯立(倒)木数量相对较多;针阔混交林树种组成复杂,多样性和均匀度较高,直径分布合理,林下更新良好,枯立(倒)木数量相对较少;常绿阔叶混交林的林木分布格局为随机分布,树种隔离程度较低,整体上处于中庸状态,青冈、枫树和漆树个体的大小分化程度明显,林层结构为复层结构;针阔混交林林木个体的整体分布格局为团状分布,树种隔离程度相对较高,各树种的大小分化程度较复杂,林层结构处于单层向复层过渡的状态;
(8)运用2种森林自然度评价方法分别评价了甘肃小陇山研究区7个林分的自然度,响潭沟天然林皆伐后天然恢复林分和白营西沟天然林择伐林分状态均为次生林状态,自然度等级为5;全面割灌改造华山松模式、带状割灌改造华山松模式、油松模式均为乡土树种混交林状态,自然度等级为4;全面割灌改造油松模式为乡土树种纯林状态,自然度等级为3;日本落叶松模式为外来树种与乡土树种混交状态,自然度等级为3;小陇山不同林分类型运用2种方法评价所得结果一致。
(9)运用熵权法支持下的层次分析法对东北阔叶红松林、贵州常绿阔叶混交林、针阔混交林等7个林分类型进行森林自然度评价,贵州常绿阔叶混交林和东北阔叶红松林54林班等3个林分为原生性次生林状态,自然度等级为6;贵州针阔混交林林分、东北红松阔叶林52林班林分等4个林分为次生林状态,自然度等级为5。
本研究从林分状态的角度出发,分为参照系存在和参照系不存在两种途径构建了森林自然度评价指标体系,提出了评价方法,实现了森林自然度评价的量化分析;将林分的空间结构特征和林分更新、枯立(倒)木等指标运用于森林自然度评价,在评价指标赋权过程中将熵权法与层次分析法相结合,使森林自然度的评价更加符合客观实际;本研究提出的森林自然度分析方法具有很好的区分度,能够反映出不同林分类型的近自然程度,易于操作,可释性强,为森林自然度评价提供了一个全新的视角,具有一定的实用价值。
Sustainable forest management is the topic of modern forestry development, the major issue of an international forestry academic circle facing is how to scientific management, protection and cultivation multi-functional forest resources. The existing forest communities are comprehensived the results of long-term interference in humans and adaptation of site environment; it has been marked brand of human impact in history and more or less forced to leave their natural state. In order to evaluating and descripting extend of human impact on forest communities in history and explore the sustainable forest management measures scientifically, the concept of the naturalness was proposed. This study put forward a new evaluating method of forest naturalness based on stand state and taken 15 typical stands in different climatic zones as example, analyzed the stand state characters that including the tree species composition, structure characters, tree species diversity, vigor feature and disturbance intensity, and so on, and evaluated the stands forest naturalness, the main conclusions are as follows:
1.This paper proposed an new concept of forest naturalness based on stand state that is similarity degree of the existing forest with zonal virgin or climax communities in tree species composition, structure characters, tree species diversity, vigor feature and the extend of the human disturbance, it not only including the forest tree species composition, spatial structure characteristics, non-spatial structure characteristics but also the forest regeneration ability, production capacity and human disturbance extend.
2. Fourteen indictors have been selected from forest tree species composition, structure character, tree species diversity, vigor feature and disturbance extend and two methods have been proposed included reference system existing and not existing to evaluate the forest naturalness, and these made forest naturalness quantitative analysis realized. Using the qualitative and quantitative methods divided forest naturalness into seven different grades.
3. The broad-leaved Korean pine natural forest in temperate continental climate zone has abundance tree species composition and high tree species diversity. The tree species distribution is evenly and dominant species concentration is high in plot of the 54th compartment, however, in plot B of the 52th compartment is the poorest. The diameter distribution of three stands is unreasonable uneven-aged forest diameter distribution and the undergrowth regeneration of plot A of the 52th compartment is bad, the plot B of the 52th compartment and plot of the 54th compartment are faverable. There have certein amount coarse woody debris in three plots and main composition is companion tree species and pioneer tree species.
4. Trees in the broad-leaved Korean pine natural forest distribute in random pattern, the average mingling status of stands lies between intensity mingling and very intensity mingling. In plot A of 52th compartment, Populus davidiana, Juglans mandshurica, Betula costata and Pinus koraiensis are predominate tree species and Syringa reticulate, Quercus mongolica, Acer tegmentosum and Sorbus alnifolia are disadvantages in spatial structure units; in plot B of 52th compartment, Populus davidiana, Padus racemosa, Phellodendron amurense, Betula costata, Acer tegmentosum, Quercus mongolica and Fraxinus mandshurica are predominate in spatial structure units, however, Acer mandshuricum, Carpinus cordata, Ulmus laciniata and Syringa reticulate are disadvantages; in plot of 54th compartment, Pinus koraiensis, Abies nephrolepis, Ulmus davidiana,Tilia amurensis, Acer mono and Quercus mongolica are intermediate status and Carpinus cordata, Acer mandshuricum, Acer tegmentosum and Syringa reticulate are between intermediate status to disadvantages status in spatial structure , there have no absolute disadvantages tree species in stands. The canopy structure of three broad-leaved Korean pine natural forest stands is typical multi layer structure.
5. Quercus aliena natural forest on Xiaolongshan in warm temperate and north subtropical transitional zone tree species composition is very complex and tree species richness and diversity is high relatively. There has plenty of coarse woody debris in Wangangou stand, however, there have no coarse woody debris in Xiangtangou and Baiyingou stands. The diameter distribution of Wanangou stand and Xiangtangou stand is reasonable uneven-aged forest diameter distribution; the Baiyinxigou stand diameter distribution is multi-peak mountain shape distribution. Trees in Wangangou and Baiyinxigou Quercus aliena natural forest distribute in random pattern and Xiangtangou in Quercus aliena natural forest distribute in slight cluster pattern. The average mingling of Wangangou stand lies between intensity mingling and very intebsity mingling and the individual size differentiation of Quercus aliena population is significant, Xiangtangou stand average mingling status is intensity mingling and the tree species individual size differentation is complex, the average mingling of Baiyinxigou stand lies between moderate and intensity mingling status and the individual size differentiation of Quercus aliena population lies between advantage and moderate in spatial structure units. The canopy structure of three Quercus aliena natural forest stands is typical multi layer structure.
6. Tree species composition is simple and tree species diversity is low in the stand which is the natural shrub transfrom plantation on Xiaolongshan, there has little coarse woody debris in stands, however, the undergrowth regeneration is favorable in all of the stands. Natural shrub transfrom plantation stands diameter distribution is complex and not all the stands diameter distribution is typical plantation diameter distribute character. Trees’distribution in uniform pattern of the most transfrom plantations except the zone transform plantation Pinus armandii which trees distribution is random pattern. The mean mingling of the five transform plantation stands is low relatively and lies between weakly mingling and moderate mingling; the trees individual size differentation of different transformation models in spatial structure is significant and the conifer species lies in sub-dominant and the broadleaved tree species lies between weakness status and absolute weakness status. The canopy structure of the five natural shrub transfrom plantation is simple and lies between single layer and multi layer status.
7. Tree species composition is simple and tree species diversity is low relatively of evergreen broad-leaved mixed forest in subtropical humid climate zone; the diameter distribution of the stands is unreasonable uneven-aged forest diameter distribution and the quantity of coarse woody debris and undergrowth regeneration is relative larger, however, the mixed forest tree species composition is complex and the tree spcies diversity and evenness is high relatively, the diameter distribution is typical uneven-aged forest distribution and the quantity of undergrowth regeneration is large relatively, there has little coarse woody debris in mixed forest. Trees’distribution is random pattern and the tree species segregation is low relatively in evergreen broad-leaved mixed forest, the individual size differentation of Cyclobalanopsis glauca, Liquidambar formosana and Rhus verniciflus is significant and the canopy structure of the evergreen broad-leaved mixed forest is typical multi layer structure status. Trees’distribution is cluster pattern and the tree species segregation is high relatively in mixed forest, the individual size differentation of tree species is complex and the canopy structure lies between single layer and multi layer status.
8. Evaluated the stands forest naturalness of the seven stands on Xiaolongshan in Gansu province by two kinds of forest naturalness evaluting methods respectively, the resulted show that the status of clear-cut of natural timber forest-natural regeneration in Xiangtangou and selective cutting as tending of natural timber forest in Baiyingxigou is secondary forest status, their forest naturalness grade is 5; the status of the clear-cut shrub transform Pinus armandii stand and zone transform Pinus armandii stand, Pinus tabulaeformis stand is native tree species mixed status, their forest naturalness grade is 4; the status of the clear-cut shrub transform Pinus tabulaeformis stand is native tree species pure forest status and the status of the clear-cut shrub transform Larix kaempferi stand is native tree species mixed with exotic tree species status, their forest naturalness grade is 3. The forest naturalness evaluating result consistent of the different stand types on Xiaolongshan by two methods.
9. Used the analytic hierarchy process based on entropy method evaluted the 7 stands forest naturalness which including the broad-leaved Korean pine natural forest in north-east china, evergreen broad-leaved mixed forest and mixed forest in Guizhou province, the resulted show that the status of evergreen broad-leaved mixed forest and the 54th compartment of broad-leaved Korean pine natural forest is original nature secondary forest status, their forest naturalness grade is 6; the status of mixed forest in Guizhou and the 52th compartment of broad-leaved Korean pine natural forest is secondary forest status, their forest naturalness grade is 5.
To sum up, this study put forward a new forest naturalness evaluating method based on stand status from reference system existing and not existing respectively, reallized the forest naturalness quantitative analysis. The first time used the stand spatial structure characters, undergrowth regeneration and coarse woody debris in forest naturalness evaluating; the entropy method and analytic hierarchy process combination in coress of evaluation indictors’weight distribute so that the evaluation of naturalness of forests more in line with objective reality. The evaluating method of forest naturalness has better distinguishing in descripting the near natural extend of the different stands types, it also have other features such as easy operation, well explained, and so on; the study provide a new perspective in evaluating forest naturalness and it has certain practical value.
(1)提出了基于林分状态的森林自然度的概念,即现实森林与地带性原始群落或顶极群落在树种组成、结构特征、树种多样性和活力等方面的相似程度以及人为干扰程度的大小,它不仅包括森林的树种组成、水平结构特征、空间结构特征,而且包括森林的更新能力、生产能力及人为干扰程度。
(2)从森林的树种组成、结构特征、树种多样性、活力和干扰程度等5个方面选择了14指标来评价现实森林的自然度,提出了分为参照系存在和参照系不存在时2种方法进行森林自然度评价,实现了森林自然度量化分析,并运用定性与定量的方法把森林自然度划分为7个不同的等级。
(3)处于温带大陆性气候带的天然阔叶红松林树种组成丰富,树种多样性较高;54林班样地内各树种分布较均匀,且优势树种的集中性较高,而52林班B样地内各树种分布均匀性在3个林分中最差,优势树种集中性较低; 3个天然阔叶红松林林分的直径分布不合理;52林班A样地的林下更新不良,52林班B样地和54林班样更新良好;3个样地内都有一定数量的枯立(倒)木,以伴生树种和先锋树种为主;
(4)天然阔叶红松林林木分布格局为随机分布,林分平均混交度都处于强度混交向极强度混交过渡的状态;在52林班A样地中,杨树、核桃楸、枫桦、红松等树种在空间结构单元中占优势,而暴马子,蒙古栎、青楷槭、水榆花楸则处于劣势;在B样地中,杨树、稠李、黄菠萝、枫桦、核桃楸、蒙古栎和水曲柳在空间结构单元中占优势,白扭槭、千金榆、裂叶榆和暴马子在空间结构单元中处于被压状态;在54林班样地中,杉松、枫桦、水曲柳和鱼鳞云杉在结构单元中处于优势地位;红松、臭冷杉、榆树、椴树、色木槭和蒙古栎的在结构单元中整体上处于中庸状态,千金榆、白扭槭、青楷槭和暴马子处于中庸向劣势过渡的状态,没有处于绝对劣势的树种;3个林分的林层结构都为复层结构;
(5)处于暖温带向北亚热带过渡区的小陇山锐齿栎天然林树种组成比较复杂,树种丰富度和多样性较高,林下更新良好;在王安沟林分内存在大量的枯立(倒)木,而在响潭沟林分和白营西沟林分内未见到枯立(倒)木的存在。王安沟林分和响潭沟林分的直径分布为合理异龄林直径分布,白营西沟林分直径分布为多峰山状分布;王安沟林分和白营西沟林分的林木分布格局为随机分布,响潭沟林分为轻微团状分布;王安沟林分总体上为强度混交向极强度混交过渡,锐齿栎种群个体大小分化程度明显;响潭沟林分为强度混交,树种的大小分化程度较复杂;白营西沟林分则是中度混交向强度混交过渡,在结构单元中锐齿栎种群整体上为优势向中庸过渡;林分的林层结构都为复层结构;
(6)小陇山天然灌木林地改造人工林后,林分树种组成简单,多样性较低,林下更新良好,林分内几乎没有枯立(倒)木;林分的直径分布并没有都表现出人工林的直径分布特征;林分的林木分布格局除带状改造华山松为随机分布外,其它均为均匀分布;5种林分的平均混交度较低,属于弱度混交与中度混交的过渡类型;不同改造模式中树种大小分化程度明显,林分中针叶树种处于亚优势地位,阔叶树种处于劣势和绝对劣势的状态,林层结构简单,为单层林向复层过渡的状态。
(7)处于亚热带湿润气候带的贵州常绿阔叶混交林树种组成相对简单,多样性较低,直径分布不合理,林下更新良好,枯立(倒)木数量相对较多;针阔混交林树种组成复杂,多样性和均匀度较高,直径分布合理,林下更新良好,枯立(倒)木数量相对较少;常绿阔叶混交林的林木分布格局为随机分布,树种隔离程度较低,整体上处于中庸状态,青冈、枫树和漆树个体的大小分化程度明显,林层结构为复层结构;针阔混交林林木个体的整体分布格局为团状分布,树种隔离程度相对较高,各树种的大小分化程度较复杂,林层结构处于单层向复层过渡的状态;
(8)运用2种森林自然度评价方法分别评价了甘肃小陇山研究区7个林分的自然度,响潭沟天然林皆伐后天然恢复林分和白营西沟天然林择伐林分状态均为次生林状态,自然度等级为5;全面割灌改造华山松模式、带状割灌改造华山松模式、油松模式均为乡土树种混交林状态,自然度等级为4;全面割灌改造油松模式为乡土树种纯林状态,自然度等级为3;日本落叶松模式为外来树种与乡土树种混交状态,自然度等级为3;小陇山不同林分类型运用2种方法评价所得结果一致。
(9)运用熵权法支持下的层次分析法对东北阔叶红松林、贵州常绿阔叶混交林、针阔混交林等7个林分类型进行森林自然度评价,贵州常绿阔叶混交林和东北阔叶红松林54林班等3个林分为原生性次生林状态,自然度等级为6;贵州针阔混交林林分、东北红松阔叶林52林班林分等4个林分为次生林状态,自然度等级为5。
本研究从林分状态的角度出发,分为参照系存在和参照系不存在两种途径构建了森林自然度评价指标体系,提出了评价方法,实现了森林自然度评价的量化分析;将林分的空间结构特征和林分更新、枯立(倒)木等指标运用于森林自然度评价,在评价指标赋权过程中将熵权法与层次分析法相结合,使森林自然度的评价更加符合客观实际;本研究提出的森林自然度分析方法具有很好的区分度,能够反映出不同林分类型的近自然程度,易于操作,可释性强,为森林自然度评价提供了一个全新的视角,具有一定的实用价值。
Sustainable forest management is the topic of modern forestry development, the major issue of an international forestry academic circle facing is how to scientific management, protection and cultivation multi-functional forest resources. The existing forest communities are comprehensived the results of long-term interference in humans and adaptation of site environment; it has been marked brand of human impact in history and more or less forced to leave their natural state. In order to evaluating and descripting extend of human impact on forest communities in history and explore the sustainable forest management measures scientifically, the concept of the naturalness was proposed. This study put forward a new evaluating method of forest naturalness based on stand state and taken 15 typical stands in different climatic zones as example, analyzed the stand state characters that including the tree species composition, structure characters, tree species diversity, vigor feature and disturbance intensity, and so on, and evaluated the stands forest naturalness, the main conclusions are as follows:
1.This paper proposed an new concept of forest naturalness based on stand state that is similarity degree of the existing forest with zonal virgin or climax communities in tree species composition, structure characters, tree species diversity, vigor feature and the extend of the human disturbance, it not only including the forest tree species composition, spatial structure characteristics, non-spatial structure characteristics but also the forest regeneration ability, production capacity and human disturbance extend.
2. Fourteen indictors have been selected from forest tree species composition, structure character, tree species diversity, vigor feature and disturbance extend and two methods have been proposed included reference system existing and not existing to evaluate the forest naturalness, and these made forest naturalness quantitative analysis realized. Using the qualitative and quantitative methods divided forest naturalness into seven different grades.
3. The broad-leaved Korean pine natural forest in temperate continental climate zone has abundance tree species composition and high tree species diversity. The tree species distribution is evenly and dominant species concentration is high in plot of the 54th compartment, however, in plot B of the 52th compartment is the poorest. The diameter distribution of three stands is unreasonable uneven-aged forest diameter distribution and the undergrowth regeneration of plot A of the 52th compartment is bad, the plot B of the 52th compartment and plot of the 54th compartment are faverable. There have certein amount coarse woody debris in three plots and main composition is companion tree species and pioneer tree species.
4. Trees in the broad-leaved Korean pine natural forest distribute in random pattern, the average mingling status of stands lies between intensity mingling and very intensity mingling. In plot A of 52th compartment, Populus davidiana, Juglans mandshurica, Betula costata and Pinus koraiensis are predominate tree species and Syringa reticulate, Quercus mongolica, Acer tegmentosum and Sorbus alnifolia are disadvantages in spatial structure units; in plot B of 52th compartment, Populus davidiana, Padus racemosa, Phellodendron amurense, Betula costata, Acer tegmentosum, Quercus mongolica and Fraxinus mandshurica are predominate in spatial structure units, however, Acer mandshuricum, Carpinus cordata, Ulmus laciniata and Syringa reticulate are disadvantages; in plot of 54th compartment, Pinus koraiensis, Abies nephrolepis, Ulmus davidiana,Tilia amurensis, Acer mono and Quercus mongolica are intermediate status and Carpinus cordata, Acer mandshuricum, Acer tegmentosum and Syringa reticulate are between intermediate status to disadvantages status in spatial structure , there have no absolute disadvantages tree species in stands. The canopy structure of three broad-leaved Korean pine natural forest stands is typical multi layer structure.
5. Quercus aliena natural forest on Xiaolongshan in warm temperate and north subtropical transitional zone tree species composition is very complex and tree species richness and diversity is high relatively. There has plenty of coarse woody debris in Wangangou stand, however, there have no coarse woody debris in Xiangtangou and Baiyingou stands. The diameter distribution of Wanangou stand and Xiangtangou stand is reasonable uneven-aged forest diameter distribution; the Baiyinxigou stand diameter distribution is multi-peak mountain shape distribution. Trees in Wangangou and Baiyinxigou Quercus aliena natural forest distribute in random pattern and Xiangtangou in Quercus aliena natural forest distribute in slight cluster pattern. The average mingling of Wangangou stand lies between intensity mingling and very intebsity mingling and the individual size differentiation of Quercus aliena population is significant, Xiangtangou stand average mingling status is intensity mingling and the tree species individual size differentation is complex, the average mingling of Baiyinxigou stand lies between moderate and intensity mingling status and the individual size differentiation of Quercus aliena population lies between advantage and moderate in spatial structure units. The canopy structure of three Quercus aliena natural forest stands is typical multi layer structure.
6. Tree species composition is simple and tree species diversity is low in the stand which is the natural shrub transfrom plantation on Xiaolongshan, there has little coarse woody debris in stands, however, the undergrowth regeneration is favorable in all of the stands. Natural shrub transfrom plantation stands diameter distribution is complex and not all the stands diameter distribution is typical plantation diameter distribute character. Trees’distribution in uniform pattern of the most transfrom plantations except the zone transform plantation Pinus armandii which trees distribution is random pattern. The mean mingling of the five transform plantation stands is low relatively and lies between weakly mingling and moderate mingling; the trees individual size differentation of different transformation models in spatial structure is significant and the conifer species lies in sub-dominant and the broadleaved tree species lies between weakness status and absolute weakness status. The canopy structure of the five natural shrub transfrom plantation is simple and lies between single layer and multi layer status.
7. Tree species composition is simple and tree species diversity is low relatively of evergreen broad-leaved mixed forest in subtropical humid climate zone; the diameter distribution of the stands is unreasonable uneven-aged forest diameter distribution and the quantity of coarse woody debris and undergrowth regeneration is relative larger, however, the mixed forest tree species composition is complex and the tree spcies diversity and evenness is high relatively, the diameter distribution is typical uneven-aged forest distribution and the quantity of undergrowth regeneration is large relatively, there has little coarse woody debris in mixed forest. Trees’distribution is random pattern and the tree species segregation is low relatively in evergreen broad-leaved mixed forest, the individual size differentation of Cyclobalanopsis glauca, Liquidambar formosana and Rhus verniciflus is significant and the canopy structure of the evergreen broad-leaved mixed forest is typical multi layer structure status. Trees’distribution is cluster pattern and the tree species segregation is high relatively in mixed forest, the individual size differentation of tree species is complex and the canopy structure lies between single layer and multi layer status.
8. Evaluated the stands forest naturalness of the seven stands on Xiaolongshan in Gansu province by two kinds of forest naturalness evaluting methods respectively, the resulted show that the status of clear-cut of natural timber forest-natural regeneration in Xiangtangou and selective cutting as tending of natural timber forest in Baiyingxigou is secondary forest status, their forest naturalness grade is 5; the status of the clear-cut shrub transform Pinus armandii stand and zone transform Pinus armandii stand, Pinus tabulaeformis stand is native tree species mixed status, their forest naturalness grade is 4; the status of the clear-cut shrub transform Pinus tabulaeformis stand is native tree species pure forest status and the status of the clear-cut shrub transform Larix kaempferi stand is native tree species mixed with exotic tree species status, their forest naturalness grade is 3. The forest naturalness evaluating result consistent of the different stand types on Xiaolongshan by two methods.
9. Used the analytic hierarchy process based on entropy method evaluted the 7 stands forest naturalness which including the broad-leaved Korean pine natural forest in north-east china, evergreen broad-leaved mixed forest and mixed forest in Guizhou province, the resulted show that the status of evergreen broad-leaved mixed forest and the 54th compartment of broad-leaved Korean pine natural forest is original nature secondary forest status, their forest naturalness grade is 6; the status of mixed forest in Guizhou and the 52th compartment of broad-leaved Korean pine natural forest is secondary forest status, their forest naturalness grade is 5.
To sum up, this study put forward a new forest naturalness evaluating method based on stand status from reference system existing and not existing respectively, reallized the forest naturalness quantitative analysis. The first time used the stand spatial structure characters, undergrowth regeneration and coarse woody debris in forest naturalness evaluating; the entropy method and analytic hierarchy process combination in coress of evaluation indictors’weight distribute so that the evaluation of naturalness of forests more in line with objective reality. The evaluating method of forest naturalness has better distinguishing in descripting the near natural extend of the different stands types, it also have other features such as easy operation, well explained, and so on; the study provide a new perspective in evaluating forest naturalness and it has certain practical value.
引文
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