生态沟渠水生植物对农区氮磷面源污染的拦截效应研究
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摘要
农业面源污染已成为水体氮、磷的重要污染源,因此构建流域源头农业面源污染的生态沟渠控制技术体系对减少下游水体氮、磷养分负荷、改善环境质量具有重要意义。沟渠,作为农业和农村生活污水的最初汇聚地,是农业面源污染物进入河流的通道。为有效拦截氮、磷等农业面源污染,本试验以亚热带红壤小流域沟渠系统作为主要研究区域,首先对以观赏植物水生美人蕉(Canna glauca)、铜钱草(Hydrocotyle vulgaris)、黑三棱(Sparganium stoloniferum)、狐尾藻(Myriophyllum verticillatum)和灯心草(Juncus effusus)等为试验植物的生态沟渠进行研究,通过对生态沟渠水、植物与底泥中氮、磷含量的监测、植物光合特性的测定、植物收割管理以及生态沟渠不同植物区与原自然沟渠底泥的磷吸附试验等,探讨了降雨时氮、磷在生态沟渠中的迁移转化规律以及生态沟渠对农业面源污染物氮磷的拦截效应。同时,还选择该区域的另外一条沟渠,即种植梭鱼草(Pontederia cordata)的飞跃沟渠,研究了梭鱼草的最佳收割期以及比较了梭鱼草沟渠的生态拦截与自然沟渠净化的效果,分析了降雨对飞跃沟渠水体中氮、磷污染物流失的影响,以此揭示降雨条件下氮、磷的迁移转化规律。最后,研究了收割后的水生植物覆盖茶园产生的生态和经济效益,为水生植物的资源化利用提供了新的途径和思路。主要研究结论如下：
1.生态沟渠灌溉、降雨条件下水体污染物的变化规律及季节变化规律
(1)水体中总氮、氨态氮含量在灌溉初期或雨后第3d达到最高,磷含量在灌溉初期或雨后第2d达到最高；降雨条件下总氮、总磷在沟渠中沿程呈递减变化；(2)水体季节变化中以冬季总氮、氨态氮和磷浓度最高；(3)生态沟渠对水体总氮去除率为64%,总磷为70%。
2.生态沟渠中水生植物吸收和拦截泥沙全年可带走的污染物量
(1)不同水生植物全年可带走氮和磷的范围20.34～109.12g.m-2、3.41～17.95g.m-2,其中狐尾藻、水生美人蕉吸收能力最强,其收割可带走的氮、磷也最多,狐尾藻和水生美人蕉可作为沟渠中的优选水生植物物种；(2)水生美人蕉、黑三棱和灯心草因根系庞大拦截泥沙效果好,铜钱草、狐尾藻也因走茎对泥沙具有很好的拦截效果,不同植物区每年拦截泥沙量与泥沙中全氮、全磷累积量分别为86.68-106.78kg.m-2、66.94-92.78g.m-2和24.51～47.23g.m-2。
3.生态沟渠植物光合作用与氮磷去除效果的相关关系
(1)铜钱草和水生美人蕉叶片净光合速率日变化出现不对称的双峰型,中午均出现光合“午休”现象,但净光合速率日均值水生美人蕉>铜钱草；(2)铜钱草净光合速率受光合有效辐射和气孔导度的影响较大,而气孔导度是影响水生美人蕉净光合速率的主要影响因子；(3)两种水生植物的净光合速率与生态沟渠氮的净化效果呈显著正相关,而与磷去除率相关性不明显；(4)基于上述规律,水生植物净光合速率(Pn)可作为沟渠水体净化植物选择的重要依据之一,故水生美人蕉可作为优选植物。
4.生态沟渠植物收割对底泥和水体中氮磷污染物的影响
(1)收割沟渠中水生植物(黑三棱除外)使收割区底泥的总氮、总磷含量以及pH值和有机质含量均低于未收割区,且各植物收割区的底泥氮、磷削减率一般在1月份时达到最大值；5种植物区的平均总氮、总磷削减率均依次为：水生美人蕉>狐尾藻>铜钱草>灯心草>黑三棱；(2)收割水生植物(黑三棱除外)也提高了生态沟渠流经水体中氮、磷的去除率。
5.生态沟渠底泥属性与磷的吸附能力
(1)与原来的自然杂草沟渠相比,生态沟渠底泥理化特性具有明显的垂直分布；水生美人蕉、铜钱草和狐尾藻能迅速增加生态沟渠底泥有机碳含量；(2) Freundlich方程模拟底泥吸附等温线优于Langmiur方程,种植铜钱草和狐尾藻后的底泥磷的吸附能力方面比其他三种研究植物有较高的Kf和Smax值；同时也证明生态沟渠底泥比自然沟渠底泥有较高的磷保留能力；(3)生态沟渠拦截磷的效应优于原自然沟渠,生态沟渠能消纳水体中磷负荷,水生植物在调节沟渠底泥磷吸附能力上能发挥重要作用,该结果表明沟渠中优选植物种植更有利于磷吸附和磷沉降,对降低农业面源污染中磷流失风险有更重要意义。
6.梭鱼草对飞跃沟渠氮磷污染物的拦截效应
(1)梭鱼草段与无植物段都能降低沟渠水中的氮磷含量,全氮、全磷含量的降低(3.37%-33.33%)一般要高于硝态氮、氨态氮的变化(-3.66%-7.14%),梭鱼草段拦截氮磷的能力(6.82%-33.33%)明显高于无植物段的自然净化(-3.66%-6.67%)；(2)降雨后,沟渠水中全氮、硝态氮含量呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,氨态氮含量变化则不稳定,全磷含量在雨后第2天含量达到最高,然后趋于平稳；(3)梭鱼草氮磷含量以及生物量季节动态变化在10月份达到最高值,可确定此时为其最佳收割期,其氮磷含量分别为28.38g.kg-1、4.10g.kg-1,生物量为0.19kg·m-2。梭鱼草收割全年可从沟渠带走氮、磷分别为5.36g.m-2、0.78g.m-2。本研究结果对开发观赏植物在沟渠修复中的应用提供理论依据。
7.收割后的水生植物资源化利用
收割后的水生植物不仅每年带走大量的氮磷污染物,还可将这部分养分覆盖还田,循环利用,将其覆盖茶园：(1)覆盖后,改良了土壤理化性状。覆盖与对照茶园相比明显增加了土壤表层(0～20cm)有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、有效磷的含量,也增加了土壤微生物量氮、磷含量,且其土壤各养分均随深度的增加而递减；(2)覆盖后,控制了杂草优势种群,减少了杂草种类,也降低了杂草的株高、密度和生物量；(3)覆盖后,通过改善茶园的生态条件,提高了茶叶品质和产量。
The agricultural non-point pollutants have become important source of nitrogen and phosphorus in water. For the purpose of reducing nutrient loads of downstream water and improving environmental quality, so it is necessary to construct the control technology system of ecological ditch on agricultural non-point source pollutants of catchment headwaters. Ditch, as the initial convergence of agricultural and rural sewage, is always the channel of the agricultural non-point pollutants into river.In order to effectively intercept the agricultural non-point source pollutants such as nitrogen and phosphorus, this experiment choosed the subtropical red soil watershed ditch system as the main study subject. First, did the research on the ecological ditch which planted ornamental aquatic plants of Canna glauca, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Sparganium stoloniferum. Myriophyllum verticillatum. Juncus effusus. etc. Then, discussed transportation and transformation of nitrogen and phosphorus in ecological ditches in rainfall conditions and the effects of ecological ditch on interception of agricultural non-point pollutants by the monitoring of nitrogen and phosphorus changes in water-sediment-plant system.determination of plant photosynthetic characteristics, plant harvesting management and sediment phosphorus adsorption experiment of ecological ditches of different plant area and the original natural ditch. Meanwhile, did the research on the other ditch of this this area, which are Feiyue ditch which planted Ponlederia cordata, determined the best time of Pontederia cordata to harvest and compared the effect of purification water of Pontederia cordata ditch (eco-ditch) and natural ditch through analyzing the raining influence on the nitrogen and phosphorus losing, and revealed the transportation and transformation of the nitrogen and phosphorus in the ditch in rainfall conditions. At last, did the research on the ecological benefits and economic benefits which using the aquatic plant after harvesting to cover tea garden produced. It provided ways and thought for the utilization of Aquatic plants. The main conclusions were as follows:
1. The changes of total nitrogen, total phosphorus content of ecological ditch in irrigation or raining condition and seasonal changes
(1)The total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen content were at their highest in irrigation or in3d after the rainfall, and phosphorus were content at their highest in irrigation or in2d after the rainfall. The total nitrogen, total phosphorus decreased gradually at different sections after the rainfall.(2)In the water seasonal change, the highest content of total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen and total phosphorus is in winter.(3)The removal rates of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in water of ecological ditch were64%and70%. respectively.
2. Aquatic plants absorbing, intercepted sediment and the removal amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus the whole year in ecological ditch
(1) Different aquatic plants could take away nitrogen and phosphorus scope20.34-109.12g.m-2、3.41～17.95g.m-2the whole year. Myriophyllum verticillatum and Canna glauca had the strongest absorbing capacity among them, especially during their harvest time, and they had been choose as the optimizing plant used in ditches.(2)Canna glauca, Sparganium stoloniferum and Juncus effusus had the strongest capacity on intercepting sediment as they have huge roots. Hydrocotyle vulgaris and Myriophyllum verticillatum also had the interception effect on sediment because of their stolon. Every year. The intercepted sediment cumulant and the cumulant of total nitrogen and total phosphorus of different plants have range of variation:86.68～106.78kg.m-2、66.94～92.78g.m-2and24.51～47.23g.m-2
3. Correlated relationship between net photosynthetic rate and nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency in ecological ditch
(1) the net photosynthetic rate of Hydrocotyle vulgaris and Canna glauca changed in a double-peak curve, both of them appears a photosynthetic "midday depressions" at noon; but the Canna glauca's net photosynthetic rate was greater than the Hydrocotyle vulgaris s.(2) stomatal conductance (Gs) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were the important factors that affected the Hydrocotyle vulgaris's net photosynthetic rate, and the stomatal conductance(Gs) was the main affective factor for the Canna glauca's net photosynthetic rate.(3) Both plants' net photosynthetic rate had obviously positive correlation with ditch nitrogen's purifying effect, while had no obviously relationship with phosphorus removal rate.(4) Based on all the patterns above, the net photosynthetic rate of aquatic plants could be one of the important basis and the Canna glauca could be the best choice.
4. The aquatic plants harvesting on affects of removal of nitrogen and phosphorus of ecological ditch sediment and water
(1) In addition to Sparganium stoloniferum, the harvest could improve the removal rate of nitrogen and phosphorus in sediment of other aquatic plants. Compared with the non-harvested plot, the harvest could improve the removal rate of sediment total nitrogen and phosphorus in the following order:Canna glauca>Myriophyllum verticillatum> Hydrocotyle vulgaris> Juncus effusus>Sparganium stoloniferum.(2) In addition to Sparganium stoloniferum, cutting aquatic plants could improve the removal rate of TN and TP in water.
5. The sediment physicochemical properties and phosphorus sorption capacities in ecological ditch
(1) In compared with ditch soil in the original drainage ditch, the physicochemical properties of ditch soils from the novel constructed ditch had obvious vertical distribution; Among the five study plants, vegetation of Canna glauca, Hydrocotyle vulgaris and Myriophyllum verticillatum in the novel drainage ditch quickly increased TOC content of ditch soils.(2) The Freundlich equation modeled soil sorption isotherms was better than the Langmiur equation;P adsorption capacity in ditch soils with Hydrocotyle vulgaris and Myriophyllum verticillatum had higher KF and Smax than those with other three study plants.and ditch soils from the novel drainage ditch had higher P retention capacity than that from original drainage ditch.(3) The ecological ditch converted in agricultural area has better interception effect of the phosphorus loss than the natural ditch;The results indicated that the ditch soils vegetating with proper plants was available for further P adsorption and could be P sink, which had more significance for reducing P loss risk in agricultural headwater catchment.
6. Interception effect of nitrogen and phosphorus of Pontederia cordata ditch in Feiyue ditch
(1) Eco-ditch(Pontederia cordata ditch) and natural ditch could purify nitrogen and phosphorus contents of water, and reduction range (3.37%-33.33%) of total nitrogen and total phosphorus was higher than reduction range (-3.66%-7.14%) of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen, the interception capacity of eco-ditch (6.82%-33.33%) was obviously higher than natural purification of natural ditch (-3.66%-16.67%).(2) After raining the content of total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in ditch water had the tendency of increasing firstly and then declining, while the content of ammonium nitrogen was unstable, the content of total phosphorus reached highest values after raining the2nd, then tended to steadily.(3) Seasonal dynamics of the contents of aboveground nitrogen, phosphorus and biomass of Pontederia cordata reached highest values in October, so, it was the best time to harvest. The content of the aboveground nitrogen, phosphorus was28.38g.kg-1and4.10g.kg-1and biomass was0.19kg.m-2.The harvest of Pontederia cordata would remove5.36g.m-2of nitrogen and0.78g.m-2of phosphorus every year, the objective is to provide the theory basis for restoration application of the development ornamental plant in ditch.
7. Resource recycling utilization of aquatic plant after harvest
Aquatic plant after harvesting not only take a lot of nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants, but also may be this nutrient muching. recycling utilization and coverage of the tea plantation.(1) Covering Aquatic plants in the tea plantation could improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil, it obviously increased the content of the soil layer (0-20cm) organic material, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, alkali-hydro nitrogen and available phosphorus, meanwhile, increased the content of Soil microbial biomass nitrogen and phosphorus. The soil nutrient declined with the increase of the depth.(2) Covering Aquatic plants in the tea plantation could prevent the dominant species of weeds, significantly drop weed density and biomass, and reduce the competition effects between weeds and tea trees.(3) Covering Aquatic plants in the tea plantation could improve the growing and ecological conditions of tea garden and improve the quality and production of the tea.
1.生态沟渠灌溉、降雨条件下水体污染物的变化规律及季节变化规律
(1)水体中总氮、氨态氮含量在灌溉初期或雨后第3d达到最高,磷含量在灌溉初期或雨后第2d达到最高；降雨条件下总氮、总磷在沟渠中沿程呈递减变化；(2)水体季节变化中以冬季总氮、氨态氮和磷浓度最高；(3)生态沟渠对水体总氮去除率为64%,总磷为70%。
2.生态沟渠中水生植物吸收和拦截泥沙全年可带走的污染物量
(1)不同水生植物全年可带走氮和磷的范围20.34～109.12g.m-2、3.41～17.95g.m-2,其中狐尾藻、水生美人蕉吸收能力最强,其收割可带走的氮、磷也最多,狐尾藻和水生美人蕉可作为沟渠中的优选水生植物物种；(2)水生美人蕉、黑三棱和灯心草因根系庞大拦截泥沙效果好,铜钱草、狐尾藻也因走茎对泥沙具有很好的拦截效果,不同植物区每年拦截泥沙量与泥沙中全氮、全磷累积量分别为86.68-106.78kg.m-2、66.94-92.78g.m-2和24.51～47.23g.m-2。
3.生态沟渠植物光合作用与氮磷去除效果的相关关系
(1)铜钱草和水生美人蕉叶片净光合速率日变化出现不对称的双峰型,中午均出现光合“午休”现象,但净光合速率日均值水生美人蕉>铜钱草；(2)铜钱草净光合速率受光合有效辐射和气孔导度的影响较大,而气孔导度是影响水生美人蕉净光合速率的主要影响因子；(3)两种水生植物的净光合速率与生态沟渠氮的净化效果呈显著正相关,而与磷去除率相关性不明显；(4)基于上述规律,水生植物净光合速率(Pn)可作为沟渠水体净化植物选择的重要依据之一,故水生美人蕉可作为优选植物。
4.生态沟渠植物收割对底泥和水体中氮磷污染物的影响
(1)收割沟渠中水生植物(黑三棱除外)使收割区底泥的总氮、总磷含量以及pH值和有机质含量均低于未收割区,且各植物收割区的底泥氮、磷削减率一般在1月份时达到最大值；5种植物区的平均总氮、总磷削减率均依次为：水生美人蕉>狐尾藻>铜钱草>灯心草>黑三棱；(2)收割水生植物(黑三棱除外)也提高了生态沟渠流经水体中氮、磷的去除率。
5.生态沟渠底泥属性与磷的吸附能力
(1)与原来的自然杂草沟渠相比,生态沟渠底泥理化特性具有明显的垂直分布；水生美人蕉、铜钱草和狐尾藻能迅速增加生态沟渠底泥有机碳含量；(2) Freundlich方程模拟底泥吸附等温线优于Langmiur方程,种植铜钱草和狐尾藻后的底泥磷的吸附能力方面比其他三种研究植物有较高的Kf和Smax值；同时也证明生态沟渠底泥比自然沟渠底泥有较高的磷保留能力；(3)生态沟渠拦截磷的效应优于原自然沟渠,生态沟渠能消纳水体中磷负荷,水生植物在调节沟渠底泥磷吸附能力上能发挥重要作用,该结果表明沟渠中优选植物种植更有利于磷吸附和磷沉降,对降低农业面源污染中磷流失风险有更重要意义。
6.梭鱼草对飞跃沟渠氮磷污染物的拦截效应
(1)梭鱼草段与无植物段都能降低沟渠水中的氮磷含量,全氮、全磷含量的降低(3.37%-33.33%)一般要高于硝态氮、氨态氮的变化(-3.66%-7.14%),梭鱼草段拦截氮磷的能力(6.82%-33.33%)明显高于无植物段的自然净化(-3.66%-6.67%)；(2)降雨后,沟渠水中全氮、硝态氮含量呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,氨态氮含量变化则不稳定,全磷含量在雨后第2天含量达到最高,然后趋于平稳；(3)梭鱼草氮磷含量以及生物量季节动态变化在10月份达到最高值,可确定此时为其最佳收割期,其氮磷含量分别为28.38g.kg-1、4.10g.kg-1,生物量为0.19kg·m-2。梭鱼草收割全年可从沟渠带走氮、磷分别为5.36g.m-2、0.78g.m-2。本研究结果对开发观赏植物在沟渠修复中的应用提供理论依据。
7.收割后的水生植物资源化利用
收割后的水生植物不仅每年带走大量的氮磷污染物,还可将这部分养分覆盖还田,循环利用,将其覆盖茶园：(1)覆盖后,改良了土壤理化性状。覆盖与对照茶园相比明显增加了土壤表层(0～20cm)有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、有效磷的含量,也增加了土壤微生物量氮、磷含量,且其土壤各养分均随深度的增加而递减；(2)覆盖后,控制了杂草优势种群,减少了杂草种类,也降低了杂草的株高、密度和生物量；(3)覆盖后,通过改善茶园的生态条件,提高了茶叶品质和产量。
The agricultural non-point pollutants have become important source of nitrogen and phosphorus in water. For the purpose of reducing nutrient loads of downstream water and improving environmental quality, so it is necessary to construct the control technology system of ecological ditch on agricultural non-point source pollutants of catchment headwaters. Ditch, as the initial convergence of agricultural and rural sewage, is always the channel of the agricultural non-point pollutants into river.In order to effectively intercept the agricultural non-point source pollutants such as nitrogen and phosphorus, this experiment choosed the subtropical red soil watershed ditch system as the main study subject. First, did the research on the ecological ditch which planted ornamental aquatic plants of Canna glauca, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Sparganium stoloniferum. Myriophyllum verticillatum. Juncus effusus. etc. Then, discussed transportation and transformation of nitrogen and phosphorus in ecological ditches in rainfall conditions and the effects of ecological ditch on interception of agricultural non-point pollutants by the monitoring of nitrogen and phosphorus changes in water-sediment-plant system.determination of plant photosynthetic characteristics, plant harvesting management and sediment phosphorus adsorption experiment of ecological ditches of different plant area and the original natural ditch. Meanwhile, did the research on the other ditch of this this area, which are Feiyue ditch which planted Ponlederia cordata, determined the best time of Pontederia cordata to harvest and compared the effect of purification water of Pontederia cordata ditch (eco-ditch) and natural ditch through analyzing the raining influence on the nitrogen and phosphorus losing, and revealed the transportation and transformation of the nitrogen and phosphorus in the ditch in rainfall conditions. At last, did the research on the ecological benefits and economic benefits which using the aquatic plant after harvesting to cover tea garden produced. It provided ways and thought for the utilization of Aquatic plants. The main conclusions were as follows:
1. The changes of total nitrogen, total phosphorus content of ecological ditch in irrigation or raining condition and seasonal changes
(1)The total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen content were at their highest in irrigation or in3d after the rainfall, and phosphorus were content at their highest in irrigation or in2d after the rainfall. The total nitrogen, total phosphorus decreased gradually at different sections after the rainfall.(2)In the water seasonal change, the highest content of total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen and total phosphorus is in winter.(3)The removal rates of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in water of ecological ditch were64%and70%. respectively.
2. Aquatic plants absorbing, intercepted sediment and the removal amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus the whole year in ecological ditch
(1) Different aquatic plants could take away nitrogen and phosphorus scope20.34-109.12g.m-2、3.41～17.95g.m-2the whole year. Myriophyllum verticillatum and Canna glauca had the strongest absorbing capacity among them, especially during their harvest time, and they had been choose as the optimizing plant used in ditches.(2)Canna glauca, Sparganium stoloniferum and Juncus effusus had the strongest capacity on intercepting sediment as they have huge roots. Hydrocotyle vulgaris and Myriophyllum verticillatum also had the interception effect on sediment because of their stolon. Every year. The intercepted sediment cumulant and the cumulant of total nitrogen and total phosphorus of different plants have range of variation:86.68～106.78kg.m-2、66.94～92.78g.m-2and24.51～47.23g.m-2
3. Correlated relationship between net photosynthetic rate and nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency in ecological ditch
(1) the net photosynthetic rate of Hydrocotyle vulgaris and Canna glauca changed in a double-peak curve, both of them appears a photosynthetic "midday depressions" at noon; but the Canna glauca's net photosynthetic rate was greater than the Hydrocotyle vulgaris s.(2) stomatal conductance (Gs) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were the important factors that affected the Hydrocotyle vulgaris's net photosynthetic rate, and the stomatal conductance(Gs) was the main affective factor for the Canna glauca's net photosynthetic rate.(3) Both plants' net photosynthetic rate had obviously positive correlation with ditch nitrogen's purifying effect, while had no obviously relationship with phosphorus removal rate.(4) Based on all the patterns above, the net photosynthetic rate of aquatic plants could be one of the important basis and the Canna glauca could be the best choice.
4. The aquatic plants harvesting on affects of removal of nitrogen and phosphorus of ecological ditch sediment and water
(1) In addition to Sparganium stoloniferum, the harvest could improve the removal rate of nitrogen and phosphorus in sediment of other aquatic plants. Compared with the non-harvested plot, the harvest could improve the removal rate of sediment total nitrogen and phosphorus in the following order:Canna glauca>Myriophyllum verticillatum> Hydrocotyle vulgaris> Juncus effusus>Sparganium stoloniferum.(2) In addition to Sparganium stoloniferum, cutting aquatic plants could improve the removal rate of TN and TP in water.
5. The sediment physicochemical properties and phosphorus sorption capacities in ecological ditch
(1) In compared with ditch soil in the original drainage ditch, the physicochemical properties of ditch soils from the novel constructed ditch had obvious vertical distribution; Among the five study plants, vegetation of Canna glauca, Hydrocotyle vulgaris and Myriophyllum verticillatum in the novel drainage ditch quickly increased TOC content of ditch soils.(2) The Freundlich equation modeled soil sorption isotherms was better than the Langmiur equation;P adsorption capacity in ditch soils with Hydrocotyle vulgaris and Myriophyllum verticillatum had higher KF and Smax than those with other three study plants.and ditch soils from the novel drainage ditch had higher P retention capacity than that from original drainage ditch.(3) The ecological ditch converted in agricultural area has better interception effect of the phosphorus loss than the natural ditch;The results indicated that the ditch soils vegetating with proper plants was available for further P adsorption and could be P sink, which had more significance for reducing P loss risk in agricultural headwater catchment.
6. Interception effect of nitrogen and phosphorus of Pontederia cordata ditch in Feiyue ditch
(1) Eco-ditch(Pontederia cordata ditch) and natural ditch could purify nitrogen and phosphorus contents of water, and reduction range (3.37%-33.33%) of total nitrogen and total phosphorus was higher than reduction range (-3.66%-7.14%) of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen, the interception capacity of eco-ditch (6.82%-33.33%) was obviously higher than natural purification of natural ditch (-3.66%-16.67%).(2) After raining the content of total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in ditch water had the tendency of increasing firstly and then declining, while the content of ammonium nitrogen was unstable, the content of total phosphorus reached highest values after raining the2nd, then tended to steadily.(3) Seasonal dynamics of the contents of aboveground nitrogen, phosphorus and biomass of Pontederia cordata reached highest values in October, so, it was the best time to harvest. The content of the aboveground nitrogen, phosphorus was28.38g.kg-1and4.10g.kg-1and biomass was0.19kg.m-2.The harvest of Pontederia cordata would remove5.36g.m-2of nitrogen and0.78g.m-2of phosphorus every year, the objective is to provide the theory basis for restoration application of the development ornamental plant in ditch.
7. Resource recycling utilization of aquatic plant after harvest
Aquatic plant after harvesting not only take a lot of nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants, but also may be this nutrient muching. recycling utilization and coverage of the tea plantation.(1) Covering Aquatic plants in the tea plantation could improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil, it obviously increased the content of the soil layer (0-20cm) organic material, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, alkali-hydro nitrogen and available phosphorus, meanwhile, increased the content of Soil microbial biomass nitrogen and phosphorus. The soil nutrient declined with the increase of the depth.(2) Covering Aquatic plants in the tea plantation could prevent the dominant species of weeds, significantly drop weed density and biomass, and reduce the competition effects between weeds and tea trees.(3) Covering Aquatic plants in the tea plantation could improve the growing and ecological conditions of tea garden and improve the quality and production of the tea.
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