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野生酸枣抗旱性研究
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摘要
酸枣(Zizyphus jujuba Mill),为鼠李科(Rhamnaceae)枣属(Zizyphus Mill)植物,为枣的原生种,是一种少为问津而经济价值较高的野生果树资源,也是主要的药用植物,还是防风固沙,保持水土造林中的先锋树种,在我国资源十分丰富。从陕西、山西、河北、河南、安徽、辽宁等部分酸枣产区调查收集的不同性状类型就有115个之多。因此,研究开发利用这一资源对于国民经济,丰富人民生活,改善生态环境具有重要的意义。
    本试验以太行山区常见的野生酸枣类型的根、叶为研究对象,通过切片显微观察和部分生理生化指标测定,获得以下结果:
    酸枣根系的分布受土壤条件的限制。在沙质土壤中,垂直根分布超过水平根分布,而在石砾(石棚)土壤中水平根分布超过垂直根分布。酸枣深或广的根系分布、大的根/冠比和根形态学基端的“泵根”,有利于根系吸收土壤中的有限水分,使其能够生存于水分短缺的环境条件下。
    通过双环境试验证明:野生酸枣根系具有提水作用,并且土壤越干旱,提水作用越强。
    通过对不同类型的酸枣叶的解剖学研究发现:酸枣具有适应旱生环境的典型结构特征:植株矮,叶面积小,上表皮厚于下表皮且无气孔分布,气孔分布于下表皮且密度高,具有较厚的角质层,栅栏组织细胞内叶绿体发达等。
    酸枣较低速率的地上部生长和较小而厚的叶片,能够降低由于极端天气和土壤干旱使得植株体内脱水而造成的致命伤害,所以酸枣个体的低速生长是对不良环境的一种适应。
    酸枣叶肉结构的演化趋势为:全栅型→异面型,即酸枣幼叶为全栅型结构(等面型),成龄叶为异面型结构。在叶肉类型的演化过程中,既有正常型的,也有不规则型的。从叶肉演化类型看,酸枣树幼叶比成龄叶更具适应旱生环境的能力,这与遗传因子和环境因子的影响变化关系十分密切,而遗传因子起了主导作用。
    抗旱性强的酸枣具有较高的RWC和较低的WSD;具有较低的比叶面积和较高的叶肉质化程度;酸枣叶片RWC日变化呈“W”型曲线,与苹果RWC的变化呈“V”型曲线不同。
This experimental Taihang mountain area common wild jujube the root, leaf research objects of types, show microcosmic examining and some physiology biochemical index survey through cutting into slices, get and fruit followingly:
    1. Receive soil the restrictions of termses of at the distributions of wild jujube root systemses. In the soil of sand quality, the perpendicular root was distributed and exceed the horizontal root and was distributed, among stone gravel( stone canopy) soil horizontal roots distribute and exceed perpendicular root distribute. Deeply or distribute at wild jujubes, heavy root /preceded than,help root system not to be lasted the limited moistures of soil, make its can survive under the environmental condition of the moisture in short .
    2. Through pair is environmental experiments prove: The wild jujube root system carries water function , and the more arid the soil, it is the stronger to propose water function.
    3. Pass whether it is different kinds of discover at wild jujube the anatomies of leaveses: The wild jujube adapts to the typical structure characteristic of growing the environment of drought: Short plant, little area leaf, upper epidermises thick on lower surface have air vent distribute for the time being, the density of air vent is high, have relatively thick cuticles, the bar is organized in cells the chloroplast waits developedly.
    4. Getting lower by more speed relatively in wild jujubes on the ground grow at department and getting lighter relatively and a thick blade, can reduce the deadly injury because extreme weather and soil aridity make the plant dehydrate in the body, so the wild jujube individual's low-speed grows it is to suit to one kind of the bad environment.
    5. Wild jujubes the evolution trendses of mesophylls structureses : The whole bar type .The bar type of ring , namely the young leaf of wild jujube is the structure of the whole bar type, becoming age, the leaf is the structure of bar type of ring . In the course of evolution of the meat type of leaf, normal type that have , there is irregular type too. Evolve type watch, sour jujube tree young leaveses than becoming leaf to have and meet drought ability to born environment age from mesophyll, It is very close that this changes the relation to influence of genetic factor and environmental factor, the genetic factor has played a leading role.
    6. High RWC and minuent WSD relativelies relatively at drought-resistances wild jujubes; Have the relatively low one than the meat ization degree of leaf of the area and relatively high of leaf; The change presents “W” type curve on the blade RWC day of wild jujube, present “V” type curve with changes of apple RWC differently.
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