海冰对圆桩和斜坡结构作用及其防护设施的物理模拟研究
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摘要
海冰对人类日益增多的海上生产活动构成了严重威胁,因此海冰对结构物作用的问题一直以来广受关注。针对海冰对海上直立圆柱型单桩和群桩结构物的作用开展试验研究,同时对海冰在斜坡结构物上的堆积、爬坡过程进行了试验研究,并对浅水区海上直立和斜坡结构物的防护设施进行了研究。
首先讨论了海冰在全球气候系统中占有举足轻重的地位,介绍了近年来国际上的海冰灾害事件,并对我国渤海最近40年以来冬季遭遇的海冰灾害进行了统计,然后重点对海冰对结构物作用的研究方法和现状进行了陈述,并介绍了全文的主要工作。
随后讨论了海冰对结构物作用的试验条件,包括试验的相似原则。同时介绍了国内外冰池及模型冰的发展概况,并重点阐述了DUT-1模型冰的基本物理、力学指标,并对本文涉及的模型试验设备和测试仪器进行了介绍。
对计算大面积浮冰对单直立结构物的静冰力公式进行了讨论并分类,利用模型冰开展海冰与不同直径的单直立圆桩挤压冰力的模型试验,将经典的Afanasev公式适用范围由宽厚比D/H≤6扩大到D/H≤50,同时对其进行了简化和改进。而对于桩间距复杂的直立群桩结构(其中包含倾角较大的斜桩)挤压冰力,通过将群桩结构分解成数个单元分别测量冰力,并与相同直径单直桩受力进行比较,从而解决了群桩总冰力在各个单元的分配和单元间作用力的遮蔽关系。
通常直立结构物均基于挤压力作为设计冰荷载,对于动能较小浮冰对直立结构物的撞击作用如果按照挤压力进行设计,将偏于保守,不经济。为此以高桩码头的群桩结构为例,开展浮冰与群桩的撞击试验,以确定不同动能下浮冰对圆桩的撞击力。采用上包络线确定了单桩撞击力上限与浮冰抗压强度、动能的关系。采用相同的方法获得了群桩的撞击力上限。由于位于水流上游的角桩通常最先遭遇浮冰撞击,专门进行了角桩的撞击试验。结果表明角桩受力较大,因此在设计时应增强角桩的抗冰能力。
针对大面积浮冰对直立结构物产生挤压力的危害,开展了一种新型破冰结构保护直立结构物的试验研究。以圆桩结构为例,通过对比冰排对圆桩挤压力以及安放破冰结构后的破碎冰块对圆桩的撞击力,检验破冰结构对圆桩的冰力降低作用。引用冰力降低率量化破冰结构对圆桩的冰力降低作用,分析了相对水深、相对距离对冰力降低率的影响,发现水位较高时,相对水深对冰力降低率的影响较为显著。同时,为检验破冰结构的稳定性,测试了冰排对破冰结构的水平作用力,并进行了破冰结构的滑移和倾覆试验。结果表明在水位低于破冰结构顶部时,破冰结构稳定性良好。
大面积浮冰在合适的潮流或风速风向等作用下易发生堆积、爬坡行为,对斜坡结构物的安全构成严重威胁。为此通过在海冰前进方向放置破冰结构的模型,模拟海冰在破冰结构上的爬坡和堆积过程,以检验对后方斜坡式结构物的保护作用。试验分析了模型冰爬坡和下滑角度、最大堆积高度等关键参数以及模型冰断裂长度的统计特性及其与弹性模量的关系,还讨论了破冰结构在浅海区的应用前景。试验结果表明,当水位低于破冰结构顶部时,五种不同厚度冰排均可发生弯曲破坏成小冰块。破冰结构诱导浮冰在后方被保护的斜坡式结构物前发生堆积、爬坡行为,对其保护作用较为明显。试验还发现破碎冰堆积高度一定时,堆积高度不再增加,而是在来冰方向形成二次堆积,这种现象有利于斜坡结构物的安全运行。
Sea ice generates great threaten to the growing human productivities in ice covered seas. The actions of sea ice on offshore structures have received extensive attention throughout the world. This thesis focused on the ice forces on vertical individual cylinder pile and pile groups. Ice pile-up and ride-up against inclined structures were also studied in laboratory. The effect of the ice protection structure on vertical and inclined structures in shallow waters was studied.
The key factor of sea ice in the global climate-change was firstly illustrated. Ice damages in the world for the recent years were shown. The ice damage incidents from the last forty winters in Bohai Sea were listed. The methods and progresses of the research on the actions of sea ice against offshore structures were illustrated, and the main work for this thesis was also illustrated.
Then the basis of the model tests on sea ice and structures interactions, including modeling laws, were illustrated. The development of ice tanks and model ice at home and abroad were introduced. The physical and mechanical properties and their testing methods of DUT-1model ice were emphatically expounded. The equipments and testing machines for the model tests in this thesis were also illustrated.
The formulas for calculating crushing ice forces on an individual vertical structure were discussed and classified. Taking use of DUT-1model ice, the crushing forces of sea ice against cylinder piles with different diameters were conducted. The scope of application of the aspect ratio for Afanasev Formula was, therefore, enlarged from D/H<6to D/H<50. Meanwhile, the Afanasev Formula was improved and simplified. For the crushing ice loads on the complicated vertical pile-group structures (including large obliquity inclined piles), decomposing method was used to separate the whole structures into several elements. The load on each element was measured and compared with that on an individual vertical pile with the same size. Therefore, the distribution of the total force on the pile-group structures and the sheltering effect among the elements were determined.
The design of vertical structures in icy waters is usually based on ice crushing forces. So it is of conservative and uneconomical if the same crushing-force criterion is used for the design ice load on the vertical structures under the conditions. Taking the case of high-pile wharf, we conducted a series of tests of ice loads on cylindrical piles subjected to the impacts of drifting ice to determine the impact ice load for them. Upper border of envelope was applied to determine the relationship between the upper limit of the ice load for an individual pile and the compressive strength of the ice floe and its kinetic energy. With the same method, the upper bound limit load for the pile groups was determined. Considering the corner pile from upstream, always firstly resisted the floating ice, special tests of impact against the corner pile were carried out. The result shows the load on the corner pile was larger than that on an individual pile so that its strength should be strengthened.
In order to reduce large crushing ice force on vertical offshore structures from large-size of ice floes, the test of a new kind of icebreaking structure to protect these structures was conducted in laboratory. A vertical cylinder pile was taken as an example; the ice-load reduction effect of the ice breaking structure to it was determined by comparing the crushing ice force on the pile and the ice pieces broken by the ice breaking structure against it. A ratio of ice-load reduction was applied to quantify the ice-load reduction effect. The influence of relative water level and relative distance on the ratio for load reduction was analyzed. The ice-load reduction was obvious while the water level was lower than the summit of it. The level ice load on the structure was measured, and the test of sliding and overturning itself was carried out to determine the stability of the icebreaking structure. The results showed that the stability of the structure was good.
Large-area ice floes pile up and ride up under the driving force from tidal currents and winds occur easily, and thus threatening the safety of inclined structures. By laying the ice-breaking structure in the ice movement direction, laboratory model tests were conducted to simulate sea ice pile-up and ride up on it to study its ice protection effect for inclined structures. The climbing angle, the sliding angle, the break length of ice sheet s and the maximum height of climbing slope, and the correlation between the breaking length and the elastic modulus were discussed. The future application of the icebreaking structure in shallow waters was also discussed. The results indicate that as the water level lower than the top of the ice-breaking structure, five different thickness of ice sheets were broken in flexural failure mode. The protection effect of the ice breaking structure to the inclined structure behind it was obvious by initiating the ice ride up and pile up in front of the inclined structure. When the pile height approached to an appropriate value, the height cannot rise any more with the moving ice. Instead, a new ice pile on the sloping slope of the previous one appeared which will be helpful for the safety of inclined structures.
首先讨论了海冰在全球气候系统中占有举足轻重的地位,介绍了近年来国际上的海冰灾害事件,并对我国渤海最近40年以来冬季遭遇的海冰灾害进行了统计,然后重点对海冰对结构物作用的研究方法和现状进行了陈述,并介绍了全文的主要工作。
随后讨论了海冰对结构物作用的试验条件,包括试验的相似原则。同时介绍了国内外冰池及模型冰的发展概况,并重点阐述了DUT-1模型冰的基本物理、力学指标,并对本文涉及的模型试验设备和测试仪器进行了介绍。
对计算大面积浮冰对单直立结构物的静冰力公式进行了讨论并分类,利用模型冰开展海冰与不同直径的单直立圆桩挤压冰力的模型试验,将经典的Afanasev公式适用范围由宽厚比D/H≤6扩大到D/H≤50,同时对其进行了简化和改进。而对于桩间距复杂的直立群桩结构(其中包含倾角较大的斜桩)挤压冰力,通过将群桩结构分解成数个单元分别测量冰力,并与相同直径单直桩受力进行比较,从而解决了群桩总冰力在各个单元的分配和单元间作用力的遮蔽关系。
通常直立结构物均基于挤压力作为设计冰荷载,对于动能较小浮冰对直立结构物的撞击作用如果按照挤压力进行设计,将偏于保守,不经济。为此以高桩码头的群桩结构为例,开展浮冰与群桩的撞击试验,以确定不同动能下浮冰对圆桩的撞击力。采用上包络线确定了单桩撞击力上限与浮冰抗压强度、动能的关系。采用相同的方法获得了群桩的撞击力上限。由于位于水流上游的角桩通常最先遭遇浮冰撞击,专门进行了角桩的撞击试验。结果表明角桩受力较大,因此在设计时应增强角桩的抗冰能力。
针对大面积浮冰对直立结构物产生挤压力的危害,开展了一种新型破冰结构保护直立结构物的试验研究。以圆桩结构为例,通过对比冰排对圆桩挤压力以及安放破冰结构后的破碎冰块对圆桩的撞击力,检验破冰结构对圆桩的冰力降低作用。引用冰力降低率量化破冰结构对圆桩的冰力降低作用,分析了相对水深、相对距离对冰力降低率的影响,发现水位较高时,相对水深对冰力降低率的影响较为显著。同时,为检验破冰结构的稳定性,测试了冰排对破冰结构的水平作用力,并进行了破冰结构的滑移和倾覆试验。结果表明在水位低于破冰结构顶部时,破冰结构稳定性良好。
大面积浮冰在合适的潮流或风速风向等作用下易发生堆积、爬坡行为,对斜坡结构物的安全构成严重威胁。为此通过在海冰前进方向放置破冰结构的模型,模拟海冰在破冰结构上的爬坡和堆积过程,以检验对后方斜坡式结构物的保护作用。试验分析了模型冰爬坡和下滑角度、最大堆积高度等关键参数以及模型冰断裂长度的统计特性及其与弹性模量的关系,还讨论了破冰结构在浅海区的应用前景。试验结果表明,当水位低于破冰结构顶部时,五种不同厚度冰排均可发生弯曲破坏成小冰块。破冰结构诱导浮冰在后方被保护的斜坡式结构物前发生堆积、爬坡行为,对其保护作用较为明显。试验还发现破碎冰堆积高度一定时,堆积高度不再增加,而是在来冰方向形成二次堆积,这种现象有利于斜坡结构物的安全运行。
Sea ice generates great threaten to the growing human productivities in ice covered seas. The actions of sea ice on offshore structures have received extensive attention throughout the world. This thesis focused on the ice forces on vertical individual cylinder pile and pile groups. Ice pile-up and ride-up against inclined structures were also studied in laboratory. The effect of the ice protection structure on vertical and inclined structures in shallow waters was studied.
The key factor of sea ice in the global climate-change was firstly illustrated. Ice damages in the world for the recent years were shown. The ice damage incidents from the last forty winters in Bohai Sea were listed. The methods and progresses of the research on the actions of sea ice against offshore structures were illustrated, and the main work for this thesis was also illustrated.
Then the basis of the model tests on sea ice and structures interactions, including modeling laws, were illustrated. The development of ice tanks and model ice at home and abroad were introduced. The physical and mechanical properties and their testing methods of DUT-1model ice were emphatically expounded. The equipments and testing machines for the model tests in this thesis were also illustrated.
The formulas for calculating crushing ice forces on an individual vertical structure were discussed and classified. Taking use of DUT-1model ice, the crushing forces of sea ice against cylinder piles with different diameters were conducted. The scope of application of the aspect ratio for Afanasev Formula was, therefore, enlarged from D/H<6to D/H<50. Meanwhile, the Afanasev Formula was improved and simplified. For the crushing ice loads on the complicated vertical pile-group structures (including large obliquity inclined piles), decomposing method was used to separate the whole structures into several elements. The load on each element was measured and compared with that on an individual vertical pile with the same size. Therefore, the distribution of the total force on the pile-group structures and the sheltering effect among the elements were determined.
The design of vertical structures in icy waters is usually based on ice crushing forces. So it is of conservative and uneconomical if the same crushing-force criterion is used for the design ice load on the vertical structures under the conditions. Taking the case of high-pile wharf, we conducted a series of tests of ice loads on cylindrical piles subjected to the impacts of drifting ice to determine the impact ice load for them. Upper border of envelope was applied to determine the relationship between the upper limit of the ice load for an individual pile and the compressive strength of the ice floe and its kinetic energy. With the same method, the upper bound limit load for the pile groups was determined. Considering the corner pile from upstream, always firstly resisted the floating ice, special tests of impact against the corner pile were carried out. The result shows the load on the corner pile was larger than that on an individual pile so that its strength should be strengthened.
In order to reduce large crushing ice force on vertical offshore structures from large-size of ice floes, the test of a new kind of icebreaking structure to protect these structures was conducted in laboratory. A vertical cylinder pile was taken as an example; the ice-load reduction effect of the ice breaking structure to it was determined by comparing the crushing ice force on the pile and the ice pieces broken by the ice breaking structure against it. A ratio of ice-load reduction was applied to quantify the ice-load reduction effect. The influence of relative water level and relative distance on the ratio for load reduction was analyzed. The ice-load reduction was obvious while the water level was lower than the summit of it. The level ice load on the structure was measured, and the test of sliding and overturning itself was carried out to determine the stability of the icebreaking structure. The results showed that the stability of the structure was good.
Large-area ice floes pile up and ride up under the driving force from tidal currents and winds occur easily, and thus threatening the safety of inclined structures. By laying the ice-breaking structure in the ice movement direction, laboratory model tests were conducted to simulate sea ice pile-up and ride up on it to study its ice protection effect for inclined structures. The climbing angle, the sliding angle, the break length of ice sheet s and the maximum height of climbing slope, and the correlation between the breaking length and the elastic modulus were discussed. The future application of the icebreaking structure in shallow waters was also discussed. The results indicate that as the water level lower than the top of the ice-breaking structure, five different thickness of ice sheets were broken in flexural failure mode. The protection effect of the ice breaking structure to the inclined structure behind it was obvious by initiating the ice ride up and pile up in front of the inclined structure. When the pile height approached to an appropriate value, the height cannot rise any more with the moving ice. Instead, a new ice pile on the sloping slope of the previous one appeared which will be helpful for the safety of inclined structures.
引文
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